Safety Requirements Research Articles

In Vitro Preliminary Characterization of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum BG112 for Use as a Starter Culture for Industrial Dry-Fermented Meats

The objective of this study was to perform a preliminary in vitro characterization of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum BG112, assessing its safety and technological features for potential application as a culture starter for an industrial fermented dry meat product. In vitro assays assessed its viability, probiotic properties, and safety for use in food formulations. The strain was characterized through morphological and biochemical tests, carbohydrate fermentation profiling, and various in vitro assays based on FAO/WHO criteria for probiotic selection. These included proteolytic activity, auto-aggregation capacity, tolerance to simulated gastric juice and bile salts, antimicrobial activity, and resistance to sodium chloride, nitrite, and low pH. Safety evaluations were also performed by testing antibiotic susceptibility, hemolytic activity, and DNAse production. The results showed that L. plantarum BG112 exhibited strong tolerance to adverse environmental conditions typically found during sausage fermentation and ripening, along with significant inhibitory activity against pathogenic bacteria, such as Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Staphylococcus aureus. The strain also demonstrated no hemolytic or DNAse activity and presented a favorable antibiotic sensitivity profile, meeting key safety requirements for probiotic use. Further studies using meat matrices and in vivo models are needed to validate these findings. This study contributes to the early-stage selection of safe and technologically suitable strains for use in fermented meat products. These findings support the potential application of L. plantarum BG112 as a safe and effective starter culture in the development of high-value, premium fermented meat products, aligned with current consumer demand for health-enhancing and natural foods.

АНАЛИЗ ПРИЧИН И ОБСТОЯТЕЛЬСТВ АВАРИЙ С УЧАСТИЕМ ГОРЮЧИХ ГАЗОВ НА ОПАСНЫХ ПРОИЗВОДСТВЕННЫХ ОБЪЕКТАХ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ В 2014–2024 гг.

The necessity of searching and analyzing information about the causes and circumstances of accidents and incidents at hazardous production facilities in the Russian Federation related to the handling of flammable gases is demonstrated. Attention is focused on the fact that the accident checklists generated by the Federal environmental, technological and nuclear supervision service have significant potential for processing using artificial intelligence technologies. Based on the analysis of the annual reports and checklists of the Federal environmental, technological and nuclear supervision service, information is provided on the distribution of fires and explosions at protection facilities, including by type of ignition source, type of work performed and the area of violations of fire safety requirements. Recommendations are given on the organization of an accident and incident accounting system at hazardous production facilities.

Cross-Code Verification of Neutronics Analysis Tools at INL Applied for 238Pu Production in the Advanced Test Reactor

Analyses are completed for experiments prior to experiment irradiation in the Advanced Test Reactor (ATR) at Idaho National Laboratory (INL). Various codes are used to qualify all experiments planned for insertion in the reactor, thereby ensuring that all safety and programmatic requirements are satisfied preirradiation. Among the common experiment analysis tools at INL are MCNP5 coupled to ORIGEN2 (MOPY) and MC21. MOPY uses MCNP5 for transport calculations along with calculations for fluxes and select reaction rates, and then ORIGEN2 handles the step-by-step and postirradiation depletion. MC21 handles all in-reactor transport and step-by-step, during-irradiation, depletion calculations, and then ORIGEN (SCALE 6.2.3) is used for decay and dose calculations postirradiation. The MOPY results, along with those obtained via two variations of the MC21 model, were compared in terms of 238Pu production in the ATR’s H10 position. For the MOPY model, the MC21 model utilizing the HELIOS-based fission product (FP) library, and the MC21 model utilizing the expanded 1300 FP library, the during-cycle irradiation in-core heating results were sufficiently equivalent; however, the MOPY model and the MC21 model with the HELIOS library showed some differences relating to the respective FP libraries. Ultimately, the MC21 model with a 1300 FP library produced the most consistent results throughout the cycle, whereas the MC21 model that utilized the (smaller) HELIOS library was able to handle during-irradiation analysis but lacked certain short-lived FPs that significantly contributed to the total decay heat at shutdown. MOPY, on the other hand, was found to overpredict fission gas production, as a result of limitations in the ORIGEN2 code.

Real‐Time Prediction of Overpressure‐Induced Pipeline Failure via Edge‐Optimized Machine Learning

ABSTRACTThis study proposes a machine learning‐based framework for dynamic overpressure risk prediction in gas–liquid pipelines, addressing the limitations of traditional hydraulic models in real‐time operational scenarios. Unlike conventional physics‐based approaches, the data‐driven methodology integrates multidimensional field influence, including transient flowrates, pressure fluctuations, pigging operations, venting operations, and terrain‐induced variations, to forecast overpressure‐induced failure risks. Eight computationally efficient machine learning models are trained on field data and hydraulic simulation benchmarks, optimized for edge deployment with millisecond‐level inference latency and minimal hardware resource consumption. The optimized algorithms demonstrate 99.6% faster computation than traditional hydraulic models while achieving satisfied prediction accuracy within 30‐s warning windows, enabling real‐time risk anticipation. By systematically comparing model performance across diverse operational cases, this work establishes a scalable predictive maintenance paradigm that bridges data‐driven analytics with industrial safety requirements.

Entomophagy: Nutritional Value, Benefits, Regulation and Food Safety.

The consumption of insects as food is an ancient practice that remains widespread in many regions of Asia, Africa, Latin America, and Oceania. However, this tradition has largely disappeared in Western countries, where it is often met with aversion. Nutritionally, insects can contain up to 60-70% protein (dry weight), along with beneficial fats, minerals, and vitamins, making them comparable to commonly consumed protein sources. Additionally, they contain bioactive compounds that offer health benefits and can contribute to reducing social inequalities in food access. As a sustainable protein source, insects have the potential to meet the demands of a projected global population of 9.7 billion by 2050. From a regulatory perspective, legislation on edible insects is still emerging in many parts of the world, with significant regional differences in the approval process, safety requirements, and permitted species. However, ensuring their safety-particularly in terms of production, preservation, storage, and potential health risks-is crucial. By addressing these concerns, it may be possible to shift the prevailing negative perception in Western societies and enhance consumer acceptance. Thus, we performed a literature review encompassing several issues regarding entomophagy, like insects' nutritional composition, legislation, benefits, and food safety, and also addressing future perspectives.

ПРОБЛЕМЫ КВАЛИФИКАЦИИ ПРЕСТУПЛЕНИЯ, ПРЕДУСМОТРЕННОГО СТ. 238 УГОЛОВНОГО КОДЕКСА РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

Introduction: in the scientific article author considers the problematic aspects of the qualification of the crime provided by Article 238 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. Literature Review: the author studied the works of A.V. Sukhanov, A.V. Pshenichnykh, N.Y. Skripchenko, A.L. Santashov, T.V. Uskov, and other scholars dedicated to issues of criminal liability for the sale of goods and production, performance of work, and provision of services which aren’t meeting safety requirements. Materials and Methods: The research materials include strategic planning documents; federal legislation related to consumer rights protection; contemporary criminal legislation of Russia; resolutions of the Plenary Session of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation; and materials from judicial practice. The methodological foundation of the research consists of analysis, induction, deduction, generalization, and formal-logical methods of cognition. Results: The author identifies problems in qualifying the crime specified in Article 238 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, one of the reasons for which is the broad subject matter of the crime covered by this article. The range of objects protected by this article also overlaps with the legal protection provided by other articles of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, which complicates the qualification process. Discussion and Conclusions: The author concludes that criminal liability for violations of safety requirements during work execution should be concentrated within the framework of Article 216 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. This change would eliminate competition between norms establishing liability for performing work that does not meet safety requirements. The author proposes to present Article 238 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation in the following wording: production, storage, transportation, or sale of goods and products, provision of services that do not meet safety requirements.

Design and Performance Verification of a Novel Eccentric Rotational Cutting Tool for Removal of Vascular Calcification Tissue

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of human mortality, and calcified tissue blocking blood vessels is the main cause of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Rotational Atherectomy (RA) is a minimally invasive catheter-based treatment method that involves high-speed cutting of calcified tissue using miniature tools for removal. However, the cutting forces, heat, and debris can induce tissue damage and give rise to serious surgical complications. To enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of RA, a novel eccentric rotational cutting tool, with one side comprising axial and circumferential staggered micro-blades, was designed and fabricated in this study. In addition, a series of experiments were conducted to analyze their performance across five dimensions: tool kinematics, force, temperature, debris, and surface morphology of the specimens. Experimental results show that the force, temperature and debris size of the novel tool were well inhibited at the highest rotational speed. For the tool of standard clinical size (diameter 1.25 mm), the maximum force is 0.75 N, with a maximum temperature rise in the operation area of 1.09 ℃. Debris distribution followed a normal distribution pattern, with 90% of debris measuring smaller than 9.12 μm. All tool metrics met clinical safety requirements, indicating its superior performance. This study provides a new idea for the design of calcified tissue removal tools, and contributes positively to the advancement of RA.

Case study on force compliant robot arm controller for nasopharyngeal swab insertion

The nasopharyngeal (NP) swab sample test, commonly used to detect COVID-19 and other respiratory illnesses, involves moving a swab through the nasal cavity to collect samples from the nasopharynx. While typically this is done by human healthcare workers, there is a significant societal interest to enable robots to do this test to reduce exposure to patients and to free up human resources. The task is challenging from the robotics perspective because of the dexterity and safety requirements. While other works have implemented specific hardware solutions, our research differentiates itself by using a ubiquitous rigid robotic arm. This work presents a case study where we investigate the strengths and challenges using compliant control system to accomplish NP swab tests with such a robotic configuration. To accomplish this, we designed a force sensing end-effector that integrates with the proposed torque controlled compliant control loop. We then conducted experiments where the robot inserted NP swabs into a 3D printed nasal cavity phantom. Ultimately, we found that the compliant control system outperformed a basic position controller and shows promise for human use. However, further efforts are needed to ensure the initial alignment with the nostril and to address head motion.

On-Site Safety Inspections Through Marker-Less Augmented Reality and Blockchain Notarization of BIM-Based Processes

The digitization that is impacting the construction sector still encounters areas where it is hindered. Safety is one of them—in Italy, even health and safety plans have to be digitally modeled. In this article, a methodology is presented for the digitization of health and safety plans and their visualization on-site using augmented reality and a seamless system for indoor–outdoor localization. Safety requirements for equipment are modeled as customized property within BIM models. Then, the interoperable-format IFC is used to upload the model in a BIM platform. On-site outdoor localization is ensured by a GPS-RTK system, while for indoor spaces, an artificial intelligence algorithm that recognizes features is used. In this research, an application that supports a seamless outdoor–indoor transition is proposed, with the display of inspection information through augmented reality and a blockchain notarization of images taken on-site and aligned with BIM models. The results of indoor and outdoor alignment are presented below. The experiment regarding augmented reality information display and the photo notarization procedure are also reported. This methodology improves the site inspection process by supporting the traceability of operations.

Sub–Structure Analysis of BTS Tower on Low Soil Bearing Area

The construction of BTS towers to fulfill equitable communication requires analysis of structural construction calculations so the tower can be standing properly in locations that have low soil bearing capacity. This research aims to analyze the design of the BTS tower sub-structure to withstand in structural loads, wind, overturning, and uplift forces so the tower can be standing properly. To achieve the research objectives, studies and analyses were conducted through literature study, load analysis, structural modeling through software analysis and interaction diagrams, evaluation of soil bearing capacity, and verification of applicable construction standards in Indonesia. The analysis shows the dead load of the sub-structure, the overturning moment of 6.539 x 10³ kN.m in the X direction and 5.352 x 10³ kN.m in the Y direction meet the safety value of 1, thus ensuring stability according to SNI 8460: 2017. The maximum ground pressure is 97,808 kN/m², below the required 294,200 kN/m² at a depth of 1.4 m, with safety factors of soil bearing capacity (3.008), shear capacity (2.897), and shear strength (1.5) all meeting safety standards. The reinforcement analysis follows SNI 03: 2847-2019, specifying that D16-200 reinforcement is required for bottom and top with a ratio of 0.002 and 0.001. Torsional shear for axial (1,225 x 10³ kN.m) and compression (1,578 x 10³ kN.m) stress conditions, as well as ratios exceeding 1% ensure the safety of the support. Overall all structural elements meet the safety requirements, ensure the stability of the tower and comply with relevant standards.

Advances in the In Situ Synthesis of Hydrogen Peroxide Using Hydrogen Substitutes

ABSTRACTHydrogen peroxide (H2O2), as a prevalently green oxidant in the chemical industry, confronts many bottlenecks in the conventional anthraquinone‐based methods, such as organic solvents dependency, energy‐intensive complex operations and inherent safety risks from centralized production. The direct synthesis route from H2 coupled with O2 presents a promising alternative, but remains constrained by the safety requirement and the reaction control demand. This article systematically reviews breakthroughs in non‐hydrogen catalytic systems for in situ synthesis of H2O2. Through elucidating the mechanism of two‐electron oxygen reduction pathways, renewable hydrogen substitutes with enhanced safety including CO, HCOOH, glucose and alcohols have been highlighted. Their efficient conversion of O2 to H2O2 and the integration with sustainable processes such as selective oxidation are also discussed. It is expected to provide fundamental insights into the synergistic mechanism in heterogeneous catalysis and offer a new viewpoint for developing a decentralized H2O2 synthesis system for practical applications, moving toward a greener and more economical H2O2 production approach.

System Safety Monitoring of Learned Components Using Temporal Metric Forecasting

In learning-enabled autonomous systems, safety monitoring of learned components is crucial to ensure their outputs do not lead to system safety violations, given the operational context of the system. However, developing a safety monitor for practical deployment in real-world applications is challenging. This is due to limited access to internal workings and training data of the learned component. Furthermore, safety monitors should predict safety violations with low latency, while consuming a reasonable computation resource amount. To address the challenges, we propose a safety monitoring method based on probabilistic time series forecasting. Given the learned component outputs and an operational context, we empirically investigate different Deep Learning (DL)-based probabilistic forecasting to predict the objective measure capturing the satisfaction or violation of a safety requirement ( safety metric ). We empirically evaluate safety metric and violation prediction accuracy, and inference latency and resource usage of four state-of-the-art models, with varying horizons, using autonomous aviation and autonomous driving case studies. Our results suggest that probabilistic forecasting of safety metrics, given learned component outputs and scenarios, is effective for safety monitoring. Furthermore, for both case studies, the Temporal Fusion Transformer (TFT) was the most accurate model for predicting imminent safety violations, with acceptable latency and resource consumption.

Identifying the mining enterprise units with a significant level of non-compliance with occupational safety requirements using the example of a coal mine

Purpose. The research aims to develop a process for identifying mining enterprise units with a significant level of non-compliance with occupational safety and health requirements of employees using the Grey Relational Analysis method. Methods. To identify the units of a mining enterprise with a significant level of non-compliance with occupational safety and health requirements of employees, the Grey Relational Analysis method is used, which allows ranking the mining enterprise units according to actual and target (reference) indicators. Findings. A nine-step process has been developed for identifying mining enterprise units with a significant level of non-compliance with occupational safety and health requirements of employees using the Grey Relational Analysis method. A checklist for internal audit of units on compliance with occupational safety and health requirements of miners is proposed, which allows determining the coefficient of non-compliance with occupational safety and health requirements of miners in accordance with ISO 45001:2018 standard, as the ratio of positive and negative responses of auditors. Based on the results of calculating the numerical values of compliance with occupational safety and health requirements of miners, it has been determined that the worst coefficient of non-compliance, which is more than 20%, is at the sites of conveyor transport and assembling / disassembling operations. It is proposed to determine the materiality criterion of non-compliance with occupational safety and health requirements of employees as the difference between the reference and current level of compliance with occupational safety and health requirements of employees. Originality. The scientific novelty of the research is to identify the relationship between the coefficient of compliance (non-compliance) with occupational safety and health requirements and the materiality criterion of non-compliance, which characterize the attitude of miners to occupational safety requirements. Practical implications. A process has been developed to identify mining enterprise units with significant non-compliance with occupational safety and health requirements of employees, which allows for the introduction of appropriate precautionary and protective measures to reduce occupational risks.

MODERN APPROACHES TO ASSESSING THE PERFORMANCE EFFICIENCY OF CONFECTIONERY INDUSTRY ENTERPRISES

The article explores current scientific and practical approaches to assessing the performance efficiency of enterprises in the confectionery industry under conditions of economic transformation and high market competition. The need to revise and modernize traditional efficiency assessment methods – primarily based on financial and economic indicators – is emphasized, in order to incorporate modern management tools, dynamic environmental changes, and the growing role of intangible assets. The analysis systematizes the main groups of indicators used in contemporary practice: financial, production-technological, marketing, innovation, and socio-environmental. Special attention is given to the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) concept, which enables strategic performance evaluation by integrating both quantitative and qualitative parameters. The article also examines integrated evaluation methods that provide a generalized assessment of a company's performance based on a set of criteria. Industry-specific features affecting efficiency assessment in confectionery production are identified, including demand seasonality, limited product shelf life, high quality and safety requirements, dependence on imported raw materials, and high energy consumption. The role of digital technologies, management process automation, and Business Intelligence tools in ensuring transparency and objectivity of evaluation is also analyzed. The authors propose recommendations for developing an adaptive efficiency assessment system that combines traditional and modern approaches, taking into account both internal enterprise characteristics and external influencing factors. It is emphasized that integrating such approaches into strategic management practice will enhance enterprise flexibility, improve responsiveness to market challenges, optimize resource use, and ensure sustainable growth in competitiveness over the long term.

An Intelligent Vibration System for Concrete in Nuclear Power Engineering

In nuclear power engineering, the quality requirements for concrete are extremely stringent. Concrete structures must exhibit high durability to withstand the effects of nuclear radiation, chemical corrosion, and environmental changes. In particular, nuclear power projects impose higher design standards and safety requirements regarding concrete density. Traditional manual vibration and visual inspection methods are difficult to ensure the required level of concrete compaction. This paper presents an intelligent vibration technology for concrete in nuclear power engineering to enhance construction quality and efficiency. By integrating intelligent sensors, control systems, and data processing algorithms, the technology enables real-time monitoring and evaluation of the vibration process. Results show that intelligent vibration technology effectively ensures the density and uniformity of concrete in nuclear power engineering, thereby improving structural safety and reliability.

Integrating Fuzzy AHP and Fuzzy TOPSIS Models for Construction Equipment Maintenance Strategy Selection

Maintenance is the combination of all technical, administrative, and managerial actions during the life cycle of an item intended to retain it in, or restore it to a state in which it can perform the required function under normal stated operating conditions. Maintenance management is a crucial element that governs the economic value of the organization itself. Maintenance costs constitute a major part of the total operating costs of all construction equipment. Currently, industries are facing a lot of challenges encountered due to the continually evolving world of technologies, and environmental and safety requirements. Thus, the study was focused on Integrating Fuzzy AHP and Fuzzy TOPSIS Models for Construction Equipment Maintenance Strategy Selection. The evaluation was a multiple-criteria decision-making problem. The fuzzy AHP and fuzzy TOPSIS methods were used as an evaluation tool. To achieve the objective, the data were collected from primary and secondary source of data collection. The method of data analysis for this study was made by integrated methodology, and the analysis was made by using Microsoft Excel. The study revealed that skill development, production waste, product quality, health and safety training, and facilities are important criteria. The finding revealed that preventive maintenance and time-based maintenance were the best maintenance strategies.

Physical-chemical characteristics of slag-lime cement compounds containing liquid phase of accumulated high-level waste

Relevance. In the period from 1968 to 1986, as a result of the application of precipitation technologies in processing irradiated nuclear reactor fuel, a significant amount of highly radioactive waste was accumulated. Storing this type of waste in liquid form does not provide an adequate level of safety in the long term. The transfer of the mortar part of the accumulated highly radioactive waste of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise “Mayak Production Association” into a stable cement form will increase the level of radiation safety during their further long-term storage and burial. Aim. To evaluate chemical durability and physical and mechanical properties of cement samples with various degree of salt incorporation. Methods. Continuous leaching in distilled water and evaluation of ultimate compressive strength. Results and conclusions. Filtered material after sorption purification and the concentrated liquid phase of alkaline high-level waste have been cement-solidified into dry mixtures based on blast furnace slag blended with bentonite and vermiculite sorption materials. The content of blast furnace slag in the dry mixture ranged from 87.5 to 96%, bentonite from 0 to 10% and vermiculite from 0 to 1.5%. The degree of inclusion of the components of the solution part of alkaline high-level waste in dry mixtures was 10.9 and 21%. The authors have analyzed chemical durability of cement compound and evaluated the rate and degree of 137Cs leaching. The rate of 137Cs leaching from the cement compound was found to comply with the Safety Requirements NP-019-15. Data on mechanical strength of initial cement compound samples and samples after freeze-thaw cycles were obtained. Mechanical strength of the cement compound after lengthy immersion into water was determined. The tests shown that among the studied dry mixtures, a composition containing 89.7% blast furnace slag and 10% bentonite allows for the solid fixation of 137Cs radionuclide. The resulting compounds meet safety requirements in terms of chemical resistance and mechanical strength.

РОЗПОДІЛЕННЯ ЕЛЕКТРОСТАТИЧНОГО ПОЛЯ У НЕЕКРАНОВАНИХ СИЛОВИХ КАБЕЛЯХ З РІЗНОЮ КОНФІГУРАЦІЄЮ СТРУМОПРОВІДНИХ ЖИЛ

Introduction. Nuclear energy is an undeniable component of green energy and makes a significant contribution to achieving sustainable development goals and increasing the country's energy security. It is a reliable and predictable source of electricity for up to 60 years with an average cost of energy produced of 0.4 euros/kWh. Problem. Nuclear power plants consist of different zones that differ in ambient temperature, radiation level, and requirements for testing resistance to accidents. Cables for nuclear power plants are constantly exposed to difficult conditions throughout their entire service life and must provide reliable power supply, meet environmental safety and economic efficiency requirements. The introduction of modern innovative polymer compositions requires a comprehensive analysis of the influence of electrical insulation on the electrical parameters of cables of various designs at the stage of their design and production to ensure a high level of operational functionality at nuclear power plants. The purpose of the work is to analyze the distribution of the electrostatic field around insulated conductive cores of various configurations with the determination of their electrical capacitance in unshielded power cables of local power supply systems of the turbine compartment of nuclear power plants. The methodology is based on determining the electric charge density by the secondary source method based on the Fredholm integral equations of the first and second kind in models of unshielded power cables with sector and round conductive cores. Scientific novelty. The distribution of the plane-parallel electrostatic field in unshielded power cables has been determined depending on the scheme of applying an electric potential (zero and non-zero, equal to 1000 V) to conductive cores of various configurations. It has been proven that in a power cable with cores of a uniform configuration, under the condition of creating a dipole spatial distribution of the electrostatic field, the electric capacitances between the cores have the largest values. The correctness of the obtained theoretical provisions has been experimentally confirmed, which is confirmed by the coincidence of the calculated values ​​of the electric capacitance with the experimental values ​​with a difference of 8.5%. Practical significance. The electric field strength on the surface of the electrical insulation of the cores has been determined depending on the inspection scheme when applying the working and increased test voltage. It is proposed to fill the interphase space with a dielectric material with a dielectric permittivity ε1=2.0 to reduce the electrostatic field strength by 2 times in the air gaps at the technological stage of cable manufacturing. The presented methodology for determining the spatial distribution of the electrostatic field around insulated conductive cores of various configurations can be used to estimate the values ​​of the electrical capacitance of insulating gaps as reference for controlling cables at the technological stage of manufacturing during acceptance tests and in operational conditions. References 27, figures. 7.

Overview of the Patents and Patent Applications on Upper Guardrail Protection Systems for Motorcyclists

Upright-posture motorcycle crashes against steel safety barriers (SSBs) often result in severe upper-body injuries due to the sharp upper edge of the rail. While solutions for sliding crashes on curves, called a ‘motorcyclist-friendly barrier’, are already implemented in practice, protective measures for upright-posture impacts remain underdeveloped. This study systematically reviews patents and patent applications addressing upper guardrail protection for motorcyclists. We identified and analysed a small number of existing innovations aimed at mitigating the consequences of upright crashes. The selected solutions were evaluated according to their technical design, ease of installation, potential for recycling, environmental compatibility, and expected costs. Our comparative analysis reveals that while some patents or patent applications offer promising features, such as flexible caps, bent plates, or modular attachments, none comprehensively address all safety, environmental, and economic requirements. The findings provide a basis for further development of motorcyclist-friendly SSB designs and suggest specific criteria that should be included in future guidelines and standard updates.

APPLICATION OF METHODS FOR ASSESSING HUMAN RELIABILITY IN OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY MANAGEMENT

The article analyzes the issues of ensuring technogenic safety at enterprises of the mining and metallurgical complex, whose industrial facilities use flammable and explosive substances and materials. Accidents at these facilities can lead to large-scale fires and technogenic disasters. The purpose of the work is to study technogenic threats at enterprises that use, store and transport fuels and lubricants (for example, gas stations), as well as the use of modern information technologies to model the consequences of emergencies (fires, explosions) associated with violation of safety requirements. The assessment of the consequences, scale and levels of development of an accident at a gas station is traditionally carried out using generally accepted methods using reference data. This approach entails significant labor costs for performers, unreasonably large time costs, and there is also the possibility of errors in the process of data preparation and processing. That is why, in modern conditions, it is recommended to use the specialized ALOHA program, designed to simulate common hazards associated with chemical spills, fires, and explosions. As a result of modeling the consequences of a gasoline explosion in a horizontal cylindrical tank of a gasoline truck, it was found that a potentially deadly zone for a person is a circle with a diameter of more than three hundred meters centered at the explosion site, and people can receive second-degree burns at a distance of more than four hundred and eighty meters. The use of the results obtained allows for an assessment of threat zones, as well as for substantiating preventive measures for industrial safety and emergency measures. Based on the requirements of regulatory documents and taking into account the results of modeling and research, preventive measures for safety and minimization of man-made threats are substantiated.