Safety Of Lithium-ion Batteries Research Articles

Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Flame-Retardant Additive Dimethyl Methylphosphonate on Combustion Behaviors of Electrolytes

Abstract Adding flame-retardant additives to electrolytes can significantly enhance the safety of lithium-ion batteries. To clarify the effects of flame-retardant additive dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) on electrolyte flammability under practical battery fire conditions, experimental studies are conducted on an electrolyte pool fire setup. It is observed that the flame of carbonate solvent is blue, while the flames of electrolyte and electrolyte with DMMP addition are yellow, due to the formation of phosphorus-containing particles in the flame. With 30 wt% DMMP addition, the combustion duration, combustion mass ratio, and flame height decrease significantly by 40%. The electrolyte achieves non-flammability when the additive fraction increases to 40%. It is observed that with DMMP addition the charred layer forms on the surface of electrolyte liquid, and slows down the heat and mass transfer between the gas and electrolyte liquid. This is the flame-retardant mechanism of DMMP in the condensed phase. The flame spectrum results show that with LiPF6 and DMMP addition the OH emission intensities are weakened dramatically. This is because LiPF6 and DMMP decompose to the radicals containing phosphorus, which can scavenge the vital radicals (H and OH), and then suppress the combustion chain branching reactions. This is the flame-retardant mechanism of LiPF6 and DMMP in the gas phase.

Sulfur-containing soft Lewis base polymers for improved lithium-ion conductivity under polymer-in-salt conditions

Abstract Solid polymer electrolytes have been intensively studied to improve the safety and energy density of lithium-ion batteries (LiBs). Although high-rate performance of LiBs has been reported in electrolytes under polymer-in-salt conditions with an excess of lithium salts and polymers, effective conditions for achieving high ionic conductivity remain unresolved. In this study, we elucidate the mechanism and high Li-ion transportability of poly(sulfone-thioether) under polymer-in-salt conditions. In particular, the composition of the polymer with an asymmetric Li salt, lithium(fluorosulfonyl)(trifluoromethane sulfonyl)imide (LiFTFSI), induced a high ionic conductivity above 10−5 S/cm, which is higher than that of the poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)-Li salt system. Under polymer-in-salt conditions, the enhanced conductivity of poly(sulfone-thioether) contrasts with the conductivity drop observed in the conventional PEO system. These results show the superiority of polymers with soft Lewis bases, such as sulfur donor atoms, for Li-ion transport under polymer-in-salt conditions.

Evolution mechanism and non-destructive assessment of thermal safety for lithium-ion batteries during the whole lifecycle

The thermal safety variations of lithium-ion batteries during operational usage pose a significant threat to the safe application of electric vehicles. This work initially investigates the battery thermal safety evolution mechanism under different degradation paths. Lithium plating is identified as the critical common degradation mechanism leading to the decline of battery thermal safety through multi-angle characterization analysis. However, lithium plating generated by different formation mechanism has different impact on the battery thermal stability. The most severe degradation of battery thermal safety is caused by lithium plating which is induced by the limited lithium intercalation rate under low-temperature cycling and high-rate cycling. Further, the mechanism of internal degradation on the battery thermal safety is elucidated through multi-scale thermal test analysis. It is indicated that lithium plating and transition metal dissolution are crucial factors leading to the decreased thermal stability of the anode and cathode respectively, which consequently results in a significant reduction of T1 and T2. Furthermore, based on the principle of internal degradation synchronously affecting electrochemical characteristics and thermal stability characteristics, the mapping relationship between the observation indicators of electrochemical characteristics and the characterization parameters of thermal safety is established, realizing the non-destructive assessment of battery thermal safety during the whole lifecycle.

How does room temperature cycling ageing affect lithium-ion battery behaviors under extreme indentation?

Safety of lithium-ion battery (LIB) cells throughout the whole lifecycle has drawn enormous research interest. Understanding how cycling ageing affects the mechanical-electrical-thermal responses of LIB cells under mechanical abuse is meaningful for more considerate safety design. In the present study, impact of room temperature ageing on morphology of lithium-ion pouch cell was experimentally explored at first, which clearly identified the deposition phenomenon on electrodes induced by electrolyte consumption. Spherical indentation along out-of-plane direction was carried out on both pristine and aged cells, in which the mechanical-electrical-thermal responses were all monitored. Test results indicate that the mechanical response of the aged cells is quite distinct from the pristine ones, characterized by a rightward shift of the force-displacement curve. Electrical and thermal responses of the aged cells were comparatively less severe. It is inferred that those deposits generated during the ageing process postpone the failure of cells. The short circuit of aged cells behaves relatively tenderly as short contact is alleviated by deposits on the surface of electrodes. By combining the present results with previous researches, correlation between the ageing mechanism and the mechanical abuse failure was sorted for different cells subjected to different ageing processes. It is recognized that changes in mechanical, electrical, and thermal responses of aged cells are highly dependent on both ageing condition and battery configuration.

Stabilizing high-Ni cathodes with gradient surface Ti-enrichment

High-Ni cathodes are being intensely pursued worldwide for electric vehicles and other energy-dense applications due to their high capacity and low cost. However, structural instabilities during electrochemical cycling and when subjected to thermal treatment have been the major issues hindering their practical deployment. We here report a rational design of coating-integrated-into-synthesis protocol for fabricating surface Ti-enriched LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 (NMC811#Ti) material. The coating to intermediates is crucial to obtain high structural ordering, both in the bulk and surface of high-Ni cathodes, and the Ti substitute has a unique tri-valence (Ti3+) in a gradient surface distribution. The simulations of projected density of states in the atomistic understanding further certify significantly enhanced stability of lattice oxygen for the NMC811 through such a Ti3+-based structure reinforcement. Consequently, the NMC811#Ti cathode delivers a high capacity up to 200 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C, along with superior stabilities during air-storage and thermal treatment (up to 297 °C at the fully charged state under differential scanning calorimetric measurements). The corresponding NMC811#Ti||graphite full cell exhibits a desired 83.6 % capacity retention after 1000 cycles at 0.5 C in a voltage range of 2.8–4.3 V. This work demonstrates a delicate surface reinforcement to stabilize high-Ni cathodes for long-life and safe lithium-ion batteries.

Study on fire characteristics of lithium battery of new energy vehicles in a tunnel

In order to explore fire safety of lithium battery of new energy vehicles in a tunnel, a numerical calculation model for lithium battery of new energy vehicle was established. This paper used eight heat release rate (HRR) for lithium battery of new energy vehicle calculation models, and conducted a series of simulation calculations to analyze and compare the fire development characteristics of fuel vehicles and new energy vehicles with different HRR in a tunnel. This paper investigated temperature distribution below the ceiling and smoke diffusion in a tunnel, as well as the distribution of CO2 and CO concentrations, to explore the spread of lithium battery of new energy vehicle fires in a tunnel. Then, the accuracy of the numerical simulation was verified through comparison with existing examples. The results showed that there is a correlation between the temperature distribution below the ceiling in a tunnel and the HRR of lithium battery of new energy vehicle fires, with higher HRR and higher temperature below the ceiling in a tunnel. In addition, the heat release of fuel vehicles in a tunnel is lower than that of lithium battery of new energy vehicles. The analysis of the ceiling temperature of new energy vehicles in tunnels after a fire showed that for different HRR, the temperature below the ceiling increases with the increase of HRR. In tunnel fires, lithium battery of new energy vehicles generate higher temperature, smoke, and CO emission concentrations than fuel vehicles. Therefore, the risk of fire for lithium battery of new energy vehicles in tunnels is higher than that of fuel vehicles, and their fire safety needs to be paid more attention.

Mesoscale mechanical models for active materials in lithium-ion batteries using the multi-particle finite element method

The stability and mechanical integrity of electrode active materials have a significant impact on the safety and performance of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The study of mechanical properties of active materials is crucial for the safety design of batteries. Researchers have conducted several models for describing the mechanical behavior of active materials. However, an accurate mechanical model that can reflect the packing structure of active particles and achieve the multiscale mechanical analysis of active materials is still lacking. To bridge this gap, a three-dimensional (3D) mesoscopic model based on the multi-particle finite element method (MPFEM) is proposed in the present study. The numerical simulation results show that the established model is in good agreement with the experimental results for the description of the compression behavior of the active material. Based on the model, the effects of various factors on the mechanical behavior of the active materials are analyzed. The results deepen the understanding of the multiscale mechanical behavior of anode active materials and provide fundamental insights for the future development of safety design for LIBs.

A Novel Solver for an Electrochemical–Thermal Ageing Model of a Lithium-Ion Battery

To estimate the state of health, charge, power, and safety (SoX) of lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) in real time, battery management systems (BMSs) need accurate and efficient battery models. The full-order partial two-dimensional (P2D) model is a common physics-based cell-level LiB model that faces challenges for real-time BMS implementation due to the complexity of its numerical solver. In this paper, we propose a method to discretise the P2D model equations using the Finite Volume and Verlet Integration Methods to significantly reduce the computational complexity of the solver. Our proposed iterative solver uses novel convergence criteria and physics-based initial guesses to provide high fidelity for discretised P2D equations. We also include both the kinetic-limited and diffusion-limited models for Solid Electrolyte Interface (SEI) growth into an iterative P2D solver. With these SEI models, we can estimate the capacity fade in real time once the model is tuned to the cell–voltage curve. The results are validated using three different operation scenarios, including the 1C discharge/charge cycle, multiple-C-rate discharges, and the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory dynamic stress test. The proposed solver shows at least a 4.5 times improvement in performance with less than 1% error when compared to commercial solvers.

Circulating oil-immersed battery thermal management system for cylindrical lithium-ion battery module

Since the lifetime of lithium-ion battery (LIB) is directly related to the operating temperature, it is important to investigate efficient and safe thermal management strategies. This paper mainly studies the effects of pipe position and coolant flow rate on oil-immersed battery thermal management system (BTMS) during circulating cooling. In addition, the theoretical analysis of heat transfer in the 1 C, 1.5 C and 2 C discharge processes is carried out on the oil circulation cooling system. The study found that the temperature of the battery module submerged in the transformer oil dropped by about 34% compared to natural air cooling. In the 9 sets of pipe positions, the inlet and outlet pipeline positions are diagonally distributed, that is, the design of C 4, C 5 and C 6 pipeline positions shows good cooling performance as a whole. Under the condition of high rate discharge, changing the flow rate has a significant impact on the cooling performance of the battery module. The theoretical analysis shows that the influence of forced convection can be ignored in the oil-immersed cooling system at low Re, and with the increasing increase of Re, forced convection dominates the heat transfer of the system. This study provides a new supplement for the process safety of LIB and BTMS applications.

Thermal behavior of LiFePO4 battery at faster C-rates and lower ambient temperatures

Extensive focus is needed on the thermal safety of lithium-ion batteries at extreme operating conditions to prevent fire incidents. To accurately investigate the thermal behavior, this study employs a robust electrochemical-thermal model (P2D-T). The model incorporates temperature and concentration-dependent electrochemical parameters translating into an accurate prediction of temporal-spatial temperature variations, heat generation terms and shift in controlling mechanisms. The model has been validated with experimental data (18650 LiFePO4) and computed for a discharge rate of 1 C to 5 C and ambient temperature of 258.15 K to 328.15 K. Results reveal that at normal ambient temperature, the cell temperature gradient rises with the discharge rate (∆T5c2.3=∆T3c1.6=∆T1C). Since, the discharge is electronic conductivity controlled (σs <<σl), spatial non-uniform heat generation peaks form at the positive electrode. The dominant polarization heat (47% contribution, affected by overpotential and local current density) rises, complementing ohmic heat (27% contribution affected by transport resistance), while reversible reaction heat shifts to exothermic near the end of each discharge, contributing to the overall rise in cell temperature. At extreme conditions such as the discharge rate of 5 C and ambient temperature below 263.15 K (-10°C), the cell revealed a critical shift in heat generation mechanisms. Ohmic heat generation starts dominating (31% contribution) where ion transfer limitations (electrolyte diffusivity controlled) lead to non-uniform heat generation at the negative electrode rendering unsafe heat distribution with underutilization of energy (drops by 1.9 Wh/kg).

Online capacity estimation of lithium-ion batteries based on convolutional self-attention

ABSTRACT It is of great significance to improve the safety, efficiency, and economy of lithium-ion batteries by improving the capacity estimation accuracy of lithium-ion batteries. In this paper, feature extraction and correlation analysis are carried out on the data of lithium-ion battery charging process, and the voltage curve of constant current charging stage is extracted. The difference characteristics between each cycle are used to describe the battery capacity, and these statistical characteristics are proved to be highly correlated with the battery capacity. Furthermore, an online estimation model of battery capacity based on convolution self-attention is established, and the above characteristics of constant current charging process and the battery capacity of the latest cycle are fused as input vectors of the model to realize online estimation of battery capacity. Finally, an open data set is used to verify the model experiment. The results show that the prediction error of MAE is 0.17% and that of RMSE is 0.22%.

Thermally stable poly-aromatic solid electrolyte coated polyethylene membrane as high-performance lithium-ion battery separator

Improving the dimensional stability and electrolyte wettability of polyolefin separators is crucial to enhancing the safety and performance of power lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). In this work, composited separators that significantly improve both thermal stability and solvent wettability are prepared by coating polyaromatic solid electrolyte (sulfonated poly(aryl ether ketone), SPAEK) onto the surface of commercial polyethylene (PE) separators. Interestingly, the coating layer formed by SPAEK with a 60% sulfonation degree exhibits abundant porous structure owing to the polar sulfonic group inducing a retarded phase separation process. The polyelectrolyte coating layer enables both super-electrolyte affinity and higher electrolyte uptake of the composite separator. Moreover, the composited separator presents much better comprehensive properties, including thermal stability and ionic conductivity. As a result, the SPAEK-coated composite separator assembles LiNi0.83Co0.11Mn0.06O2 (NCM811)/Li battery exhibits a higher capacity retention rate of 84.01% at 2 C with a specific capacity of 151.25 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles. Hence, this modified separator is a potential material that facilitates high performance and safety for Li-ion batteries.

Quasi-solid electrolytes based on ZIF-8 to improve the electrochemical properties of lithium-ion batteries across a wide temperature range

Poor safety of liquid electrolytes and low ionic conductivity of solid electrolytes under room temperature are two major constraints for high energy density, long-term stability and safety of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). In order to remedy the deficiencies, a quasi-solid electrolyte (QSE) is developed by immobilizing liquid electrolyte into the host of porous 2-Methylimidazole zinc salt (ZIF-8), and then mixing them with solid polymer electrolyte solvent of polyoxyethylene (PEO). The QSE has an ionic conductivity of 0.44 mS cm−1 at 20 °C and 2.27 mS cm−1 at 50 °C. The assembled LiFePO4/QSE/Li batteries exhibit excellent electrochemical performance in a wide temperature range. A reversible capacity of 129.7 mAh g−1 at 0.5 C and 20 °C and high capacity retentation of 94.7% at 0.5 C and 50 °C are achieved after 100 cycles. Especially, the LiFePO4/QSE/graphite pouch full cell exhibits a capacity retention of 97.7% at 0.5 C and 25 °C. These results indicate that QSE is a suitable candidate for enhancing the electrochemical performance of LIBs.

A novel flexible composite phase change material applied to the thermal safety of lithium-ion batteries

Large deformation of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) under mechanical load can cause internal short circuit of the battery. Further, the LIBs generate a large amount of heat during the rapid charging and discharging process. The internal short circuit and heat accumulation in the battery can lead to explosion or fire, so mechanical damage and thermal runaway are the two major safety issues that hinder the practical application of LIBs. To this end, we have designed a new type of flexible composite phase change material (FCPCM) with dual functions of anti-extrusion and heat absorption. Firstly, paraffin wax (PW) is adsorbed in the pores of expanded graphite (EG) to obtain EG/PW composite phase change material (CPCM). Then, the powdered PW/EG and flake copper powder (FCP) as the heat conductive filler are coated in a thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) for secondary encapsulation, and the FCPCM with a high latent heat (137 J/g) is obtained. TPE not only reduces the leakage rate of PW but also improves the deformation capacity of CPCM and absorbs extrusion energy. As a filler with high thermal conductivity, FCP can effectively improve the thermal conductivity of the FCPCM. When the FCP content is 5 wt%, the thermal conductivity is as high as 3.357 W/mK. In the battery extrusion experiment, when the loading displacement reaches 13 mm, the battery does not suffer mechanical damage and internal short circuit. Next, the prepared FCPCM is applied to the thermal management of a battery. Experiments and simulations were combined to investigate the heat dissipation capacity of the FCPCM for battery at different discharge rates and different ambient temperatures, and 3 cycles at the maximum discharge rate (5C) and an ambient temperature of 30 °C were able to meet the requirements for practical use. The results verify that FCPCM exhibits immense application potential in the thermal management of batteries. Overall, we provide a new method for the design of CPCMs with excellent mechanical extrusion energy absorption and heat dissipation performance.

High-performance and safe lithium-ion battery with precise ultrathin Al2O3-coated polyethylene separator

Lithium-ion batteries that utilize polyethylene (PE) separators still require improvement. To improve the electrochemical properties and thermal stability of the PE separators, an-ultrathin Al2O3 layer (∼10 nm) was precisely coated onto the surface of a 7 μm thick PE separator via atomic layer deposition. The resulting ultrathin Al2O3 ALD-PE separators exhibited the excellent thermal dimensional stability and flexibility, and the tensile strength was considerably improved. Moreover, the ultrathin Al2O3 ALD-PE separator demonstrated better electrolyte wettability, higher ionic conductivity, and lower interface impedance. The 4.5 V high-voltage LiCoO2/Li coin-cells with the PE-75 separator exhibited better initial specific discharge capacity (184.3 mAh/g) and capacity retention rate (96 % after 300 cycles at 0.5C) compared to the PE separator (176.8 mAh/g; 87.7 % after 300 cycles at 0.5C). Furthermore, the Li/PE-75/Li symmetric cell had stably cycled for 1000 h without significant dendrites generation. Finally, the pouch-cell using the PE-75 separator was less prone to thermal runaway at high temperatures, indicating its improved safety.

Non-flammable Gel Polymer Electrolyte for Enhancing the Safety and High-Temperature Performance of Lithium-Ion Batteries.

As the applications of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have expanded, battery safety has emerged as a major concern because of the thermal runaway of LIBs arising from the use of flammable liquid electrolytes (LEs). Gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) have been considered as potential candidates to replace LEs and improve the thermal safety of LIBs. In our study, a chemically cross-linked nonflammable GPE was synthesized and used in an LIB. A cross-linking agent, spirocyclic pentaerythritol diphosphate perfluorinated ether acrylate, comprising a phosphorus moiety and a fluoroether chain, was designed and synthesized to prepare a nonflammable cross-linked GPE. The obtained GPE effectively suppressed the deleterious reactions of the LE and imparted nonflammable characteristics. The pouch-type graphite/LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 cell with a nonflammable GPE delivered an initial discharge capacity of 146.7 mAh g-1 with a capacity retention of 71.1% after 300 cycles at 0.5 C and 55 °C. Moreover, the chemically cross-linked GPE exhibited excellent dimensional and thermal stability, which allowed for the safer operation of LIBs even under harsh conditions. This work provides guidelines for designing nonflammable electrolyte systems for advanced LIBs with high safety, enhanced thermal stability, and good cycling characteristics at elevated temperatures.

Thermal runaway propagation behavior and gas production characteristics of NCM622 battery modules at different state of charge

Due to the complex thermal runaway propagation behavior of lithium-ion battery modules and the generation of a substantial amount of combustible mixed gases during the process, their safety performance is compromised, hindering their large-scale application in the fields of energy storage and automotive industries. Therefore, in this paper, the thermal runaway propagation behavior and gas production characteristics of Li (Ni0.6Co0.2Mn0.2) O2 battery modules with different state of charge were investigated in closed space. The results show that no thermal runaway occurred in the battery module when the state of charge was below 25% in closed space. With the decrease of the state of charge, both the internal thermal propagation speed and the surface temperature of the lithium-ion battery were reduced. The total gas production volume from 17.48 mol to 6.17 mol when the state of charge was reduced from 100% to 50%. The main gases produced during thermal runaway were CO2, CO, H2, CH4, and C2H4. With the decrease of the state of charge, the content of CO2 increased, the content of C2H4 and CO decreased, and the content of H2 and CH4 remained unchanged with the state of charge. The results contribute to safety measures for preventing thermal runaway accidents in lithium-ion batteries, offering guidance for the secure design of lithium-ion battery packs, and thus enhancing the overall safety of lithium-ion batteries.

Silicon dioxide-enhanced composite phase change materials for the thermal management of retired lithium-ion batteries

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been regarded as the hearts of electric vehicles (EVs). However, the thermal safety of LIBs is considered to be a common and crucial technical issue, especially for large-scale retired LIBs. In this study, a novel composite phase change material (CPCM) based on paraffin (PA)/cubic boron nitride (CBN)/silicon dioxide (SiO2) was proposed and further utilized for decommissioned battery modules. First, CPCMs with different SiO2 ratios were prepared by employing a physical mixing melting method. Then the effects of different ratios of SiO2 on the thermal properties, thermal conductivity, thermal stability, mechanical strength, electrical insulation properties, and flow properties of the CPCMs were studied from macroscopic and microscopic perspectives. Eventually, the CPCM possessing 5 % SiO2 was used in the battery module for thermal management evaluation. The corresponding results indicated that even under the severe conditions of high temperature (40 °C) and a 1.5C higher discharge rate uninterrupted charge–discharge cycle, the maximum temperature and maximum temperature difference of the CPCM battery module were reduced by 8.45 and 5.40 °C, respectively compared with forced air cooling (FAC). This outcome can provide fundamental data and theoretical support for the thermal management strategy and thermal safety improvement of high energy density power systems.

Unlocking superior safety, rate capability, and low-temperature performances in LiFePO4 power batteries

The safety concerns associated with lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have sparked renewed interest in lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) batteries. It is noteworthy that commercially used ester-based electrolytes, although widely adopted, are flammable and fail to fully exploit the high safety potential of LiFePO4. Additionally, the slow Li+ ion diffusion and low electronic conductivity of LiFePO4 batteries limit their utility in high-power applications. Despite the crucial role played by liquid electrolytes in LIBs, achieving simultaneous improvements in safety, rate capability, and low-temperature performance remains a formidable challenge. In this study, we addressed these challenges by innovatively applying a single solvent ethyl vinyl sulfone (EVS) electrolyte to graphite/LiFePO4 batteries. While renowned for its broad electrochemical window, low freezing point and superior safety performance, the EVS electrolyte exhibited compatibility issues with the graphite anode. To overcome this hurdle effectively, we utilized vinylene carbonate as an additive with lower reductive reactivity than EVS to modify the interphase formed by EVS successfully. Simultaneously, the EVS-based electrolyte was found to create a sulfone-rich interphase on the LiFePO4 cathode surface, significantly enhancing Li+ ion diffusion both across the interphase and within the material. These modifications culminated in a conspicuous improvement in the performance of graphite/LiFePO4 batteries. Our study illuminates the potential of EVS-based electrolytes in boosting the rate capability, low-temperature performance, and safety of LiFePO4 power lithium-ion batteries. It yields valuable insights for the design of safer, high-output, and durable LiFePO4 power batteries, marking an important stride in battery technology research.

Recent Advances in Thermal Management Strategies for Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Comprehensive Review

Effective thermal management is essential for ensuring the safety, performance, and longevity of lithium-ion batteries across diverse applications, from electric vehicles to energy storage systems. This paper presents a thorough review of thermal management strategies, emphasizing recent advancements and future prospects. The analysis begins with an evaluation of industry-standard practices and their limitations, followed by a detailed examination of single-phase and multi-phase cooling approaches. Successful implementations and challenges are discussed through relevant examples. The exploration extends to innovative materials and structures that augment thermal efficiency, along with advanced sensors and thermal control systems for real-time monitoring. The paper addresses strategies for mitigating the risks of overheating and propagation. Furthermore, it highlights the significance of advanced models and numerical simulations in comprehending long-term thermal degradation. The integration of machine learning algorithms is explored to enhance precision in detecting and predicting thermal issues. The review concludes with an analysis of challenges and solutions in thermal management under extreme conditions, including ultra-fast charging and low temperatures. In summary, this comprehensive review offers insights into current and future strategies for lithium-ion battery thermal management, with a dedicated focus on improving the safety, performance, and durability of these vital energy sources.