Saccharum Research Articles

En Colombia, el departamento de Boyacá tiene uno de los mayores rendimientos de caña de azúcar (Saccharum spp.), para la producción de panela; sin embargo, los productores demandan constantemente la evaluación de material genético, que pueda aumentar los rendimientos por unidad de área y las características agroindustriales de los materiales tradicionales, de mayor dominio en la región. Con la finalidad de estimar los rendimientos de caña y de panela por hectárea, se evaluaron, a nivel experimental, los cultivares CC 01-1940, CC 99-2282, CC 05-940, CC 03-469, CC 06-791, en el municipio de Moniquirá, Boyacá. Posteriormente, se realizaron pruebas comerciales de molienda, con el mejor cultivar en Moniquirá y en San José de Pare, Boyacá, junto a los testigos de cada zona Caña Buena y RD 75-11, respectivamente. Experimentalmente, se destacó el cultivar CC 01-1940, con una producción de 183,3t/ha de caña (TCH), 24,2 toneladas de panela por hectárea (TPH), así como una conversión de 13,2% de panela (CP). En prueba comercial de molienda en San José de Pare, se encontró que CC 01-1940 alcanzó una producción de 221,9 TCH y 26,1 TPH, superando por más de 30 toneladas de caña y 5,2 toneladas de panela, al reporte alcanzado por RD 75-11. Para el municipio de Moniquirá, CC 01-1940 obtuvo 158,5 TCH, 18,5 TPH y 11,6% CP, superando al cultivar testigo Caña Buena.

Effects of onion juice and Moringa oleifera leaf juice on the shelf life of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) cultivar R579 juice were studied. R579 sugarcane cultivar was selected based on its juice yield (1500 ml/2.5 kg) compared to Saccharum officinarum cultivars R570 (1000 ml/2.5 kg), Bungara (1200 ml/2.5 kg) and Galagaza (800 ml/2.5 kg). The concentrations for onion and Moringa oleifera leaf juice were chosen based on recommended dietary allowance (RDA) where design expert software was used to establish the ratios. There was a significant growth of microbes in non-pasteurized sugarcane juice and stored at room temperature. The yeast/mould and Leuconostoc sp. counts were 5.48 and 4.45, 9.48 and 10.45, and 4.43 and 3.48 (log CFU/ml) at 12, 168 and 672 hours of storage, respectively. The addition of onion juice (20%), Moringa oleifera leaf juice (30%) and combination of 20% onion juice and 30% Moringa oleifera leaf juice to the pasteurized sugarcane juice and stored at refrigeration temperature (4 ± 2 °C) significantly controlled the growth of yeasts/moulds and Leuconostoc sp. to 1.96 and 0.00, 1.68 and 1.55, and 0.00 and 0.00 (log CFU/ml), respectively, at 672 hours of storage. A combination of 20% onion juice and 30% moringa leaf juice and storage conditions had significance influence on the shelf life of sugarcane juice. Keywords: Sugarcane juice; onion juice; moringa leaf juice; shelf life; microbial analysis;

Functional foods have emerged as a new approach to improve human health in term of nutraceutical to prevent people from illness rather than cure patients through medical treatment. In Asian society, particularly in Thailand, the utilizations of functional ingredients have been integrated in every parts of ordinary life. In this study, the tyrosine kinase activity of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibiting properties of 23 Thai’s herbs-ethanol extracts have been examined. The crude extracts of only four species that inhibit the activity of EGFR-tyrosine kinase, Azadirachta indica (neem, Sa-dao), Brucea javanica (L.) Merr. (Rajadad), Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (Roselle, Krachiap daeng), and Saccharum chinensis Roxb. (Red sugar cane). Moreover, only ethanol extractions from A. indica and B. javanica were also showed antitumor effect to non-small cell lung cancer, A549 cells.

Drought Resistance Evaluation of F1 on Hybrid Generation from Reciprocal Crosses Between Saccharum robustum 57NG208 and Nanjian Chewing Cane

Sugarcane is a complex allopolyploid hybrid with erratic flowering due to various geo -climatic factors hence deliberate hybridization for varietal improvement is a dilemma in most of the countries where sugarcane is cultivated. Somaclonal variations is an alternate strategy used for development of disease resistance and improvement in yield attributes, but point mutation in candidate genes is questionable. The aim of this study was to develop somaclones resistant to red rot and Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) in obsolete sugarcane varieties and their genetic integrity assessment in candidate gene's exon regions. A total of 581 somaclones were developed, of which 201 survived after hardening and 121 after transplantation and screened against red rot and SCMV. Only 10% somaclones were found resistant to red rot in susceptible and moderately susceptible varieties while SCMV concentration was recorded less than negative control in somaclones. Four candidate genes namely; catalase (CAT1), sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS), gibberellin 2-xidase 4 (GA 2-oxidase 4) and tillering branched 1 (TB1) were evaluated for possible SNPs in their exon regions. Sequences of five representative somaclones were aligned with their parental clones and no possible SNP changes were observed. Somaclonal variations was a good source of genetic improvement of sugarcane for disease resistance with no SNP changes in candidate genes.

This study aimed to assess the operational quality of mechanized planting and semi-mechanized sugarcane for RB835054 and SP813250 varieties. The sugarcane has significant importance in Brazil, as it is a strong presence of culture in the economic field, with sugar and ethanol production. The mechanization of agricultural operations has been implemented in order to increase operational performance and reduce cost, thus presenting some possible advantages as the semi-mechanized plantation system. The experimental design was a completely randomized design. There were qualitative differences as regards the number of gems, damage to gems, parallelism and failure of deposition seedlings. The planting system, semi mechanized has better indices for the variables: total gems, viable gems and failures. For furrow depth, the values are similar between the two systems. Mechanized planting system showed better quality for variable row spacing. Among the varieties, there were similar values for almost all variables, but for failures in the deposition of seedlings, SP813250 variety obtained unsatisfactory results as compared to RB835054 in mechanized planting system. Key words: Mechanization, quality control, Saccharum officinarum, varietal efficiency.

The red maple (Acer rubrum) and sugar maple (Acer saccharum) species, which are endemic to eastern North America, are widely known for their sap which is used produce the natural sweetener, maple syrup. Interestingly, various parts of the red maple tree have been used as traditional medicines by the indigenous people of North America and our laboratory has identified a series of glucitol‐core containing gallotannins (GCGs) from its aerial parts. These GCGs show a wide range of biological activities including antioxidant, anti‐diabetic, anti‐glycation, and anti‐proliferative effects. Herein, we report the biological evaluation of a red maple leaf extract (MLX) for functional food/nutraceutical applications. The MLX was evaluated in a panel of in vitro assays antioxidant, anti‐glycation, and anti‐acetylcholinesterase effects. At concentrations ranging from 20 to 500 μg/mL, MLX scavenged free radicals in the DPPH assay, as well as displayed ferric reducing antioxidant power in the FRAP assay. MLX showed inhibitory effects against the formation of advanced glycation endproducts and acetylcholinesterase enzyme with IC50 values of 157.6 and 327.3 μg/mL, respectively. In summary, this study suggests that MLX should be further investigated for functional food/beverage applications given its GCGs content and biological activities. Future studies in our laboratory will include the evaluation of MLX in animal models.

Klebsiella pneumoniae VRE36 as a PGPR isolated from Saccharum officinarum cultivar Co99004

The sugarcane aphid [ Melanaphis sacchari (Zethner) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)] feeds on several graminaceous host-plants and it is a serious pests for sugarcane ( Saccharum officinarum ) and sorghum ( Sorghum spp ). This aphid causes direct damage by suction of the plant’s sap and indirectly transmits ScYLV (Sugarcane Yellow Leaf Virus), which causes losses in ethanol and sugar production. The aim of this work was to compare biological parameters, and population growth of sugarcane aphid in its major host-plants: sweet sorghum (cv. BRS506) and sugarcane (cv. RB867515). Newborn nymphs were reared on excised leaves in climatic chambers with controlled environmental conditions. Survivorship offspring was recorded in order to obtain biological parameters derived from life tables. Some parameters were significantly different by contrast and clearly showed that sweet sorghum cv. RB867515 is more suitable for population growth of sugarcane aphid than sugarcane RB867515.

During the 18th century British encyclopaedias included in their lemmata an increasing number of botanical lexis, that is the terminology pertaining to “that branch of natural history which treats of the uses, characters, classes, orders, genera, and species of plants. […] and what useful and ornamental purposes may be expected from the cultivation of it [i.e. botany]” (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1768-1771, s.v. Botany). More often than not, these terms represented migrating plants coming from exotic places, new geographical areas, whether eastwards or westwards. The general aim of this survey is to investigate the representation of the botanical science in 18th-century universal and specialized encyclopaedias, starting from prefaces and going on with the micro-texts of the single entries s.v. Botany. The starting point is thus theoretical botany. A further point in the analysis focuses on applied botany and discusses those plants such as Camellia Sinensis, Coffea Arabica, Theobroma Cacao, Saccharum Officinarum and Cinchona Officinalis which were mostly exploited for commercial and/or medical reasons. The individual entries include the most tiny details on the single headwords-topics and also display an acceptable plurality of beliefs, viewpoints and perspectives, focussing on botanical descriptions, historical information, socio-cultural issues, legal, political and commercial considerations.

Glutamate decarboxylase [GAD (EC 4.1.1.15)], a g-aminobutyric acid (GABA) metabolizing enzyme is characterized in sugarcane ( Saccharum officinarum L.) Var. Co 86032. The sugarcane GAD was purified by 7.8 folds and SDS-PAGE analysis revealed presence of apparent 65 and 52 kD GAD isomers. Biochemical characterization of Sugarcane GAD revealed the Km values of 1.6 mM for L-glutamate, 2 µM for PLP, 3.5 µM for Ca +2 and 6.3 nM for CaM at a sharp optimum pH of 6.0. Ca +2 /CaM induced sugarcane GAD by 360%, however Ca +2 alone was ineffective. In absence of Ca +2 , CaM induced the activity by 150% at pH 6.0, but no such induction was found at neutral pH. Metal ion and inhibitor studies revealed that the sugarcane GAD gets induced by Co +2 , 1-10 phenanthroline and requires -SH groups. Isolation of GAD gene through cDNA yielded 1481 bp stretch of sequence occupying distant position in the phylogram of plant GADs. Further analysis confirmed the presence of a plant specific C-terminal extension of 30-amino acid lacking authentic CaM binding domain. The results indicate the presence of at least two forms of GAD in sugarcane.

Expressed sequence tags (ESTs) have provided opportunity for development of powerful marker SSR when high-quality EST clusters are available. EST clustering is commonly performed on the basis of nucleotide similarity to reduce redundancy and increase the sequence quality. The degree of similarity is one of the important parameters affecting the EST cluster quality. This work aimed to determine EST cluster quality with various degrees of nucleotide similarity and identifying SSR locus within the defined EST clusters. A collection of 2,268 ESTs from mature stalk of sugarcane ( Saccharum spp.) hybrid cultivar CP72-2036, available in dbEST of GenBank, was passed into pre-processing steps to eliminate the sequencing errors and contaminant sequences. This resulted in 2,167 clean ESTs. EST clustering with sequence identity P = 85, 90, 95 and 100% reduced the EST data set. The lowest number of clusters was obtained at P = 85%. Exploring of SSR locus also yielded the lowest number of SSR in EST clusters defined at the P value = 85%.

In the present investigations, 13 species of grasses belonging to 10 genera of tribe Andropogoneae (Poaceae) were collected from salt range area of Pakistan. The purpose of the study is to identify and differentiate the grasses on the basis of leaf anatomical characters, at the specific and generic level within the tribe. Variations are observed in different characters of T.S. of leaf (presence and absence of sclerenchyma girders or strands, ribs, furrows and prickles adaxially and abaxially in different species), which are valuable in taxonomy and identification and differentiation of grasses of tribe Andropogoneae. The studies showed thatDicanthium foveolatum and Saccharum spontaneum are differentiated by anchor shaped abaxial and anchor shaped sclerenchyma girders, while the presence of large air spaces in the mesophyll of S. spontaneum and Vetiveria zizanoidesmakes them distinct from other species of the tribe. Bulliform cells in irregular and fan shaped groups and radial arrangement of chlorenchyma cells around the vascular bundles is the characteristic of all the species of the tribe, showing panicoid type of leaf with kranz type of anatomy. It is concluded that anatomical characters of leaves in tribe Andropogoneae are used as taxonomic markers at generic and specific level. Key words: Taxonomic utilization, anatomical characters, tribe Andropogoneae.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de metil jasmonato e silicato de potássio sobre o parasitismo de Meloidogyne incognita na variedade RB863129 de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum sp.) e a atividade enzimática da peroxidase e β-1,3-glucanase elicitada, em condições de casa de vegetação. Metil jasmonato diminuiu significativamente o número de ovos por grama de raiz, mas não afetou à biomassa da parte aérea da planta. Sete dias após a aplicação, os dois indutores afetaram a atividade de β-glucanase na plantas parasitadas e, aos 14 e 21 dias, promoveram variações significativas nos níveis de peroxidase e β-1,3-glucanase, muito embora, ao contrário da peroxidase, a atividade β-1,3-glucanase não diferiu entre plantas inoculadas e não inoculadas.

Des semis d'erable a sucre (Acer saccharum Marsh.) de deux ans sont exposes en chambre a ciel ouvert a un large gradient d'O 3 (0 to 300 nL.L -1 ) pendant 85 jours sous deux environnements lumineux (20 ou 80 % de plein soleil, journee ensoleillee a midi). Avec l'augmentation des concentrations d'O 3 , on observe une reduction de la croissance des semis ayant un ou deux flushs de feuilles. La reduction de croissance est particulierement importante pour le deuxieme flush de feuilles qui se developpe pendant le traitement. Des dommages foliaires apparaissent durant la saison et sous fortes concentrations d'O 3 . La strategie de croissance de survie de l'erable a sucre, montre par le rapport racine/tige, de meme que les stimulations enzymatiques de la glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, la phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase et la glutathion reductase permettent une tolerance aux doses d'O 3 recues. Cependant, a la fin de la saison, le stress oxydatif cumulatif dans le deuxieme flush des semis exposes a des concentrations d'O 3 superieures a 150 nL.L -1 est trop fort et excede la capacite de detoxification et reparation des semis.

Sorption and desorption kinetics are essential components for modeling the movement and retention of applied agricultural chemicals in soils and the fraction of chemicals susceptible to runoff. In this study, we investigated the retention characteristics of sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrid) mulch residue for atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-1,3,5-triazine) based on studies of sorption-desorption kinetics. A sorption kinetic batch method was used to quantify retention of the mulch residue for a wide range of atrazine concentrations and reaction times. Desorption was performed following 504 h of sorption using successive dilutions, followed by methanol extraction. Atrazine retention by the mulch residue was well described using a linear model where the partitioning coefficient (K(d)) increased with reaction time from 10.40 to 23.4 cm3 g(-1) after 2 and 504 h, respectively. Values for mulch residue K(d) were an order of magnitude higher than those found for Commerce silt loam (fine-silty, mixed, superactive, nonacid, thermic Fluvaquentic Endoaquepts) where the sugarcane crop was grown. A kinetic multireaction model was successful in describing sorption behavior with reaction time. The model was equally successful in describing observed hysteretic atrazine behavior during desorption for all input concentrations. The model was concentration independent where one set of model parameters, which was derived from all batch results, was valid for the entire atrazine concentration range. Average atrazine recovery following six successive desorption steps were 63.67 +/- 4.38% of the amount adsorbed. Moreover, a hysteresis coefficient based on the difference in the area between sorption and desorption isotherms was capable of quantifying hysteresis of desorption isotherms.

A field experiment was conducted at the Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research, Lucknow, during 1996 98 and 1998 2000 with 3 cropping systems, viz. wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori Paol.) sugarcane (Saccha rum officinarum L.), sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) sugarcane and sunflower sugarcane, and 3 planting ma terials for sugarcane (conventional 3 bud setts setts obtained from 750 ppm a.i. ethephon sprayed solution in seed cane 10 days before planting and polythene bag raised settlings PBS). The highest number of millable canes (158,70Olha), cane yield (116.9 tonneslha) and cane equivalent yield (145.9 tonneslha) were obtained when sugarcane (ethephon sprayed) was planted with spring sunflower. Sugarcane intercropping with sunflower increased 41.43% cane yield (1 11 tonneslha) over sunflower sugarcane system. Sunflower t sugarcane (CP) system produced taller cane (214 cm) than other systems. Use of polythene bag raised settlings increased the cane yield by 17% in wheat sugarcane system. The variation in cane yield was observed due to variation in date \ of planting under different systems. Sugarcane sunflower (ethephon sprayed) system also produced the highest number of millable canes (1 59,000) and cane yield (72.9 tonneslha) in subsequent ratoon. Sugarcane (ethephon sprayed) sunflower system fetched highest net return (Rs 78,000lha) and benefit :cost ratio (3.27). However, for .late planting conditions in wheat cane system the use of polythene bag raised settlings was found quite remu nerative (Rs 69,596lha net return and benefit : cost ratio 3.16)

Study of the influence of the aplication of different vinasses doses in the initial growth of the sugar cane (Saccharum spp) in oxisol

Les effets d'une a deux saisons d'exposition a l'ozone (O 3 ), a des concentrations variant de sous-ambiante a 1,7 fois la concentration ambiante, sur les echanges gazeux de l'erable a sucre (Acer saccharum Marsh.) et du tulipier de Virginie (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) ont ete etudies dans des chambres d'exclusion standards de 3 m de diametre. Les expositions cumulatives a O 3 basees sur l'indice SUM00 variaient de 16 a 107 ppm.h en 1990 et de 31 a 197 ppm.h en 1991. Durant les 120 jours d'exposition en 1990, les taux de photosynthese nette et de conductance stomatale du feuillage de l'erable a sucre n'ont pas ete affectes. En se basant sur les courbes de reponse a la lumiere, la photosynthese nette a saturation lumineuse, la respiration nocturne, l'irradiance de compensation et l'efficacite quantique n'ont pas ete affectees dans les feuilles d'erable a sucre exposees a des concentrations elevees de O 3 . Le taux d'echange gazeux des feuilles du tulipier de Virginie cultive en presence de concentrations elevees de O 3 a subi une reduction significative en 1990 et 1991 lorsque compare a celui du feuillage de semis cultives dans de l'air filtree au charbon de bois. En 1990, la photosynthese nette mensuelle saisonniere des feuilles du tulipier de Virginie a ete reduite de 11,7% en presence de 1,5 fois la concentration ambiante de O 3 comparativement a celle des feuilles de semis cultives dans de l'air filtree au charbon de bois. La reponse a la lumiere du feuillage du tulipier de Virginie n'a generalement pas ete affectee par une exposition a O 3 , ni en 1990 ni en 1991, a l'exception en 1991 d'une reduction de la photosynthese nette a saturation lumineuse de 13 a 42% chez les feuilles des semis exposes a 1,7 fois la concentration ambiante de O 3 par comparaison a celle des feuilles des semis cultives en presence d'air filtree au charbon de bois. Le taux de conductance stomatale n'a generalement pas ete affecte, ni en 1990 ni en 1991, par une exposition a O 3 . En 1991, les feuilles recemment parvenues a maturite (nodes 3 a 5 a partir de l'apex) et les feuilles plus vieilles (nodes 8 a 12 a partir de l'apex) furent comparees chez les semis de tulipier de Virginie exposes a O 3 et elles ont reagi de la meme facon a une concentration elevee de O 3 . Les effets de l'ozone sur la reponse de la photosynthese diurne saisonniere des feuilles du tulipier de Virginie recemment parvenues a maturite et des feuilles plus âgees ont ete observes en 1991. Des reductions de 21 a 42% du taux de photosynthese nette des feuilles du tulipier de Virginie exposees a des concentrations elevees de O 3 ont ete observees pour la premiere fois apres 42 jours d'exposition (113 ppm.h). La respiration et la conductance stomatale mesurees juste avant l'aube et apres le coucher du soleil n'etaient pas affectees par une exposition a des concentrations elevees a O 3 . Malgre la reduction significative de la photosynthese nette chez les semis de tulipier de Virgine exposes a O 3 a chaque saison, aucun effet significatif sur la croissance n'a ete observe avant la recolte finale en juin 1992. Le ratio racines:tige des semis de tulipier de Virginie exposes a 1,7 fois la concentration ambiante de O 3 a ete reduit de 30% comparativement a celui des semis exposes a de l'air filtree au charbon de bois.

Dans cette etude, les auteurs ont defini les parametres du modele de simulation TREGRO en se servant de donnees allometriques et phenologiques deja publiees dans le but de produire un erable a sucre (Acer saccharum Marsh.) de 160 ans en effectuant une simulation pour une periode de 3 ans. L'erable a sucre simule par TREGRO a ete calibre de telle sorte (1) que le gain en carbone (C) dans chacune des composantes de l'arbre (feuillage, branches, tige, racines fines et grosses racines) et le gain total de l'arbre en C se situent en dedans de 10% des valeurs extrapolees au moyen des relations allometriques contenues dans la litterature et (2) que l'arbre simule conserve la proportion d'hydrates de carbone non structuraux (TNC) et le rapport entre la portion allouee pour la structure et celle pour le bois dans chacune des composantes qui faisaient partie de l'arbre de base. En utilisant ce groupe de parametres et les relations photosynthetiques rapportees pour des semis d'erable a sucre soumis a l'ozone dans des chambres d'exclusion a l'Institut Boyce Thompson, une serie de simulations furent effectuees afin d'evaluer les effets potentiels que pourrait avoir une exposition a O 3 sur la physiologie d'un erable a sucre mature. Des concentrations atmospheriques de O 3 deux fois plus elevees que la concentration ambiante de O 3 a Ithaca, dans l'etat de New York, ont reduit le gain en C de l'erable a sucre simule de 160 ans. La reduction de C de l'arbre s'est produite seulement dans les portions des pools de C servant a l'emmagasinage (TNC) apres une simulation pour une periode de 3 ans. Des reductions semblables des pools de TNC ont ete observees chez des erables a sucre qui croissaient en foret et montraient des symptomes de stress physiologique. Les simulations presentees ici, malgre qu'elles representent une estimation de la reaction d'un seul arbre a Ithaca, peuvent servir de base pour comprendre les interactions entre le stress du a O 3 et les reactions physiologiques d'un arbre mature jusqu'ici inconnues a cause du cout et des autres contraintes associees aux experimentations sur le terrain.