Rye Inbred Lines Research Articles

Chromosomal localization of selected SCARs converted from new RAPD, ISSR and R-ISSR markers linked to rye (Secale cereale L.) tolerance to nutrient deprivation stress identified using bulk segregant analysis

Background: An adaptive mechanism in plant roots is initiated in the event of nitrogen and potassium deficiency, and it facilitates the active uptake of these elements in order to ensure plant growth and survival in stress conditions. Signaling and transduction of signals in response to changing nitrogen and potassium concentrations is a complex process, affected by interactions between various gene expression products, and often subjected to modifications. Results: In order to identify genotypic differences between phenotypes of two populations of recombinant inbred rye lines (153/79-1 x Ot1-3 and Ot0-6 x Ot1-3) in response to nutrition stress caused by nitrogen and potassium deficiency at the seedling stage, bulk segregant analysis was utilized. Identification of genotypic differences between and within pooled DNA samples involved 424 RAPD, 120 ISSR primers and 50 combinations of R-ISSR. Identified markers were sequenced and converted to SCAR, attributing to them unique ESTs annotations, and chromosomal ones to selected localizations. Significant relationships with the examined trait were described for nine and eight RAPD markers, four and five ISSR, one and three R-ISSR markers for population 153/79-1 x Ot1-3 and Ot0-6 x Ot1-3, respectively. Sequences identified for the rye genome were characterized by a uniqueness and a similarity to the sequence of aquaporin PIP1, a gene encoding protein related to the function of the transcription factor in plant response to iron deficiency and the putative ethylene-responsive transcription factor, cytosolic acetyl-CoA carboxylase, HvHKT1 transporter, as well as HCBT proteins. Conclusion: Identified molecular markers differentiating rye genotypes of extreme response of root system on nitrogen and potassium deficiency play a significant role in systemic plant response to stress, including stress caused by nitrogen and potassium deficiency. They may constitute a system facilitating selection, and together with the material they are described in, they may be a starting point for research on mechanisms of sensing and transduction of signal across the plant.

The genotypic and phenotypic interaction of wheat and rye storage proteins in primary triticale

The creation of new triticale germplasm from its wheat and rye progenitors is an important source of potentially beneficial alleles. This research focused on the inheritance of glutenin and secalin alleles in triticale and their interaction in the hybrid offspring in terms of both subunit expression and gluten strength. Multiple crosses between five durum lines and two inbred rye lines were performed to create a set of 23 fertile amphidiploid lines. The SDS-PAGE banding patterns of the denatured HMW glutenins, LMW glutenins, HMW secalins and 75k γ-secalins (termed secaloglutenin) were compared to their exact parental plants, and their SDS-sedimentation was evaluated. Secaloglutenin subunits were simply inherited and expressed in all primary triticales. The few observed variations in banding patterns were accounted for within measured heterogeneity of the exact rye parental plants, for which the secalin alleles were thoroughly described. However, the possibility remains that mixed protein oligomers were formed between polymeric and monomeric storage proteins at the ultrastructure level. Furthermore, significant differences in the gluten strength of primaries derived from different durum parents were observed. This research suggests triticale of high gluten strength can be obtained by selection of parents with favourable glutenin alleles.

Agronomic Properties Assessed for Population of Recombinant Inbred Lines of Rye (Seceale cereale L.) with Known Responses to Nutrient Deficiency Stress at the Seedling Stage

The experiment was established and carried out in light and slightly acidic soil in the years 2008-2010. The research material included one hundred thirty-eight RILs (F8:10) of rye with known response to nutrient stress were determined at the seedling stage obtained in vitro in mature embryos cultures and in two parental inbred lines and F1. The following factors were determined in the full maturity stage of each RIL: plant height, spike length, plant tillering, spikelet number per spike, grain number per spike, spike fertility, grain weight per spike, grain weight per plant and 1000 grain weight. Differences in the examined traits were found between parental inbred lines, and the heterosis effect was observed in F1 hybrid. The range of variability of the examined functional traits demonstrated in the population of RILs proved the transgression effect. The analyzed RILs were arranged into six groups and described with the use of Ward’s agglomerative method and grouping variables: spike fertility, grain weight per spike and per plant, thousand grain weight. Significant differences were found among other things between spike morphology and fertility traits and yield per a plant. The possibility of selection of RILs with extreme traits described both in the field and laboratory experiments in comparison with known tolerance to nutrient stress was described. The obtained correlation coefficients for the examined functional traits of RILs were in accordance with those published in reference literature. The correlation coefficients determined for selected seedling traits from the laboratory experiment and for selected traits of a mature plant may prove the usefulness of the test in studies on selection of genotypes desired for sustainable agriculture or for research on heritability of traits of tolerance to nutrient stress.

Discrimination of population of recombinant inbred lines of rye (Secale cereale L.) for different responses to nitrogen-potassium stress assessed at the seedling stage under in vitro conditions

Background: Plants differ in the methods used to acquire nutrients from environments with low nutrient availability, and may change the morphology of their ‘root architecture’ to be able to take up nutrients. Results: In the present study rye response to stress caused by high and low nitrogen-potassium treatments in mature embryos cultures was described within a population consisting of one hundred and thirty eight recombinant inbred lines of rye. Characterization of the response of recombinant inbred lines (RILs) to nutrient stress was presented as the results of analyses of morphological traits, and physiological and biochemical parameters of the seedlings grown in both treatments. A wide range of variability of individual RILs to induced stress was observed in the population of recombinant inbred lines, and was presented as the difference between the means of each of the analysed traits described at high- and low-nitrogen-potassium levels. Lines were grouped using Ward's agglomerative method on the basis of differences in coleoptyle length, with the longest root length and root number used as variables. Conclusions: Recombinant inbred lines at low nitrogen-potassium treatment developed: longer, shorter, or roots of similar length in comparison with the high nitrogen-potassium treatment. Discriminant function analysis showed that the discriminant variable able to clearly differentiate recombinant inbred lines in terms of their response to nutrient stress was the trait of the longest root length.

Estimation of winter rye (Secale cereale L.) susceptibility to infection by powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis F. sp. secalis)

In cold and wet years, powdery mildew (<em>Blumeria graminis</em>) causes losses in the yield of winter rye (<em>Secale cerale</em> L.) amounting to 20%. In order to control the incidence of this disease and reduce the use of fungicides, it is recommendable to grow winter rye cultivars that are resistant or tolerant to infection by <em>Blumeria</em> <em>graminis</em>. The first step in the programmes of resistance-oriented cultivation of winter rye is the choice of adequate components for crossing. Such components should be characterized by resistance to powdery mildew infection, a trait which would be passed onto the new genotypes to be obtained. The paper discusses the outcome of research aimed at selecting inbred lines of winter rye distinguishable by the lowest susceptibility to infection by <em>Blumeria graminis</em>. The evaluation covered 233 winter rye genotypes which had been inoculated with a field population of the pathogen mentioned. The level of infection was defined in a five-point scale from 0 to 4 (the authors’ own scale). Next, the results were analyzed statistically. The genotypes under study were divided using Duncan’s test into homogeneous groups. Seven such groups were distinguished. The first homogeneous group, of the lowest level of infection, comprised five inbred lines of rye. These lines can serve as components for crossing experiments in programmes of resistance-oriented breeding.

Factors contributing to enhanced pink snow mould resistance of winter rye (Secale cereale L.) – Pivotal role of crowns

Frost tolerance, resistance to Microdochium nivale and associated biochemical changes were investigated in leaves and crowns of six winter rye inbred lines. Investigated lines differed in their susceptibility to snow mould but not in frost tolerance. It was shown that winter rye resistance is linked to defence response in crowns expressed by higher activity of antioxidant enzymes – CAT, SOD and total peroxidases – on the 1st day after inoculation and β-d-glucosidase activation during the course of pathogenesis. It could be postulated that changes in leaves are attributed to reaction to cold while changes in crowns are attributed to pathogen reaction.

SSAP markers based on a novelTy1-copialike element are a powerful tool for the assessment of genetic diversity in rye (Secale cerealeL.) inbred lines

A partial sequence of a Ty1-copia retrotransposon was isolated from the genome of the rye (Secale cereale L.) inbred line L318 using degenerate primers targeted at the RNaseH sequence. Its putative 3’LTR region exhibited similarity to LTRs of known plant retrotransposons such as BARE-1, while no significant similarity to known rye retrotransposon sequences was found. A Sequence Specific Amplification Polymorphism (SSAP) protocol employing primer designed to correspond to the putative polypurine tract was developed and used for analysis of 30 rye inbred lines. Values of the parameters calculated to evaluate the efficiency of the method as well as the results of cluster analysis demonstrate that it is a powerful tool for genetic diversity analyses of rye.

Morphological and Cytological Response of Selected Recombinant Inbred Lines of Rye (Secale cereale L.) to Nutrient Deprivation Stress Assessed at the Seedling Stage

The response of fifty-nine recombinant inbred lines (RILs) of rye (F9) to stress caused by low nitrogen and potassium deficiencies in a medium for mature embryo cultures is described in the present study. We demonstrated that the recombinant inbred lines responded in different ways to nutrient stress. On average they developed longer coleoptyles, shorter roots and less numerous roots in the medium with high N and K content in comparison with the deficient medium. Also other responses were observed, which included RILs developing significantly shorter roots in the low-nitrogen-potassium treatment when compared to the high-nitrogen-potassium treatment. The lines were clustered depending on their individual response to stress with the use of Ward’s agglomerative method. The dendrogram shows four main groups (a-d) with RILs with similar response to caused stress. Susceptible lines were identified in groups ‘a’-‘b’, while tolerant lines clustered in groups ‘c’-‘d’. Cytological analyses of the elongation zone of the seminal roots of seedlings subjected to caused stress were carried out with the use of an inverted microscope. The analysis showed fluorescence of dichlorofluorescein (DCF) in the epidermal zone of the seminal roots, which proves the presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The appearance of ROS in the seminal roots could have resulted from the activation of the mechanisms for sensing and responding to induced stress.

From RNA-seq to large-scale genotyping - genomics resources for rye (Secale cereale L.)

BackgroundThe improvement of agricultural crops with regard to yield, resistance and environmental adaptation is a perpetual challenge for both breeding and research. Exploration of the genetic potential and implementation of genome-based breeding strategies for efficient rye (Secale cereale L.) cultivar improvement have been hampered by the lack of genome sequence information. To overcome this limitation we sequenced the transcriptomes of five winter rye inbred lines using Roche/454 GS FLX technology.ResultsMore than 2.5 million reads were assembled into 115,400 contigs representing a comprehensive rye expressed sequence tag (EST) resource. From sequence comparisons 5,234 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified to develop the Rye5K high-throughput SNP genotyping array. Performance of the Rye5K SNP array was investigated by genotyping 59 rye inbred lines including the five lines used for sequencing, and five barley, three wheat, and two triticale accessions. A balanced distribution of allele frequencies ranging from 0.1 to 0.9 was observed. Residual heterozygosity of the rye inbred lines varied from 4.0 to 20.4% with higher average heterozygosity in the pollen compared to the seed parent pool.ConclusionsThe established sequence and molecular marker resources will improve and promote genetic and genomic research as well as genome-based breeding in rye.

Gene mutations in rye causing embryo lethality in hybrids with wheat: allelism and chromosomal localisation

In crosses between hexaploid wheat and inbred lines of rye, a small number of rye genotypes produce seeds carrying undifferentiated, non-viable embryos. Hybrids between such lines and those not showing this phenotype were used as pollen donors in crosses with bread wheat in order to determine the genetic basis of disturbed embryo development. A single gene, designated Eml-R1b, is causing this character. Molecular markers associated with F2 genotypes derived from a contrasting rye inbred progeny were used for a linkage study. Recombinant inbred lines of an F5 population served as testers. Eml-R1b maps to chromosome arm 6RL, along with two co-segregating microsatellite loci, Xgwm1103 and Xgwm732. Complementary interactions of deleterious genes in wheat and rye are discussed.

Gene mutations in rye causing embryo lethality in hybrids with wheat: allelism and chromosomal localisation

In crosses between hexaploid wheat and inbred lines of rye, a small number of rye genotypes produce seeds carrying undifferentiated, non-viable embryos. Hybrids between such lines and those not showing this phenotype were used as pollen donors in crosses with bread wheat in order to determine the genetic basis of disturbed embryo development. A single gene, designated Eml-R1b, is causing this character. Molecular markers associated with F2 genotypes derived from a contrasting rye inbred progeny were used for a linkage study. Recombinant inbred lines of an F5 population served as testers. Eml-R1b maps to chromosome arm 6RL, along with two co-segregating microsatellite loci, Xgwm1103 and Xgwm732. Complementary interactions of deleterious genes in wheat and rye are discussed.

Transfer to wheat (Triticum aestivum) of small chromosome segments from rye (Secale cereale) carrying disease resistance genes

One hundred wheat lines, derived from monosomic additions of chromosome 1R of rye inbred line R12 (Chinese rye), were detected by PCR amplification using rye-specific primer pairs. Only 5 wheat lines, 1R296, 1R330, 1R314, 1R725, and 1R734, were determined to contain rye chromatin. While 1R296 and 1R330 were highly susceptible to stripe rust and powdery mildew, 1R314, 1R725 and 1R734 were highly resistant to both diseases. Acid-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that the omega-secalin bands were absent in 1R314, but present in the other 4 wheat lines. Genomic in situ hybridization indicated that 1R296, 1R330, and 1R725 contained translocations involving the whole short arm of chromosome 1R. However, 1R314 and 1R734 contained a pair of wheat chromosomes with small, terminal, rye-derived chromosome segments. The results suggest that the translocation breakpoint of 1RS in 1R314 was located between the Sec-1 locus and the disease-resistance loci, while in line 1R734, the breakpoint was located between the Sec-1 locus and the centromere. Taking account of the improved disease resistance of 1R725, 1R314 and 1R734, the chromosome arm 1RS of R12 may represent new and valuable disease resistance resources for wheat improvement.

Comparison of RAPD, ISSR and SSR markers in assessing genetic diversity among rye (Secale cereale L.) inbred lines

Comparison of RAPD, ISSR and SSR markers in assessing genetic diversity among rye (Secale cereale L.) inbred lines Forty eight inbred lines of winter rye, of various origin and pedigree, were analysed using 19 RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) primers, 8 ISSR (inter-simple sequence repeats) primers and 13 SSR (simple sequence repeats) primer pairs. On the basis of particular marker types, there were created three separate dendrograms and one combined similarity tree, prepared on account of the whole data. Correlation coefficients for individual technique based on genetic similarity matrices were not significant. By comparing the GS data obtained on the basis of singular methods with collective matrix, it was observed that the highest correlation rate was for ISSR method (r=0.68). The utility of each marker technique was compared by using marker index MI. Diversity detecting index (DDT) was suggested in the paper, which may prove helpful in planning and comparing researches on phenetic relationships.

AN INVESTIGATION OF THE PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS IN TWO SPECIES OF JUTE (CORCHOROUS OLITORIUS AND C. CAPSULARIS) AND THEIR SUPPOSED HYRRID, USING THE THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE

HereditasVolume 55, Issue 2-3 p. 183-187 Open Access AN INVESTIGATION OF THE PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS IN TWO SPECIES OF JUTE (CORCHOROUS OLITORIUS AND C. CAPSULARIS) AND THEIR SUPPOSED HYRRID, USING THE THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE SUNE FRÖST, SUNE FRÖST INSTITUTE OF GENETICS, LUND, SWEDENSearch for more papers by this authorSUNANDO BOSE, SUNANDO BOSE INSTITUTE OF GENETICS, LUND, SWEDENSearch for more papers by this author SUNE FRÖST, SUNE FRÖST INSTITUTE OF GENETICS, LUND, SWEDENSearch for more papers by this authorSUNANDO BOSE, SUNANDO BOSE INSTITUTE OF GENETICS, LUND, SWEDENSearch for more papers by this author First published: December 1966 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5223.1966.tb02046.xCitations: 3AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Literature cited Fröst, S. 1966. Variation of phenolic compounds in different inbred lines of rye. Hereditas 55: 68– 72. Islam, A. S. and Rashid, A. 1960. First successful hybrid between the two jute yielding species, Corchorus olitorious L. (Tossa) XC. capsularis L. (white). Nature 185: 258– 259. Islam, A. S. and Rashid, A. 1961. A new jute hybrid. J. Hered. 52: 287– 291. Nybom, N. 1964. Thin layer chromatography with the Balsgård System. Swaminathan, M. S., Iyer, R. D. and Sulba, K. 1961. Morphology, cytology and breeding behaviour of hybrids between Corchorus olitorious and C. capsularis. Current Science 30: 67– 68. Citing Literature Volume55, Issue2-3December 1966Pages 183-187 ReferencesRelatedInformation

Pollen fertility, kernel weight and protein content in some inbred lines of rye

Pollen fertility, kernel weight and protein content in some inbred lines of rye

Development and characterization of a new 1BL.1RS translocation line with resistance to stripe rust and powdery mildew of wheat

The 1BL.1RS wheat-rye translocation from Petkus rye has contributed substantially to the world wheat production. However, following the breakdown of disease resistance genes in 1RS, its importance for wheat improvement decreased. We have developed a new 1BL.1RS line, R14, by means of crossing rye inbred line L155, selected from Petkus rye to several wheat cultivars. One new gene each, for stripe rust and powdery mildew resistance, located on 1RS of the line R14, are tentatively named YrCn17 and PmCn17. YrCn17 and PmCn17 confer resistance to Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici pathotypes that are virulent on Yr9, and Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici pathotypes virulent on Pm8. These two new resistances, YrCn17 and PmCn17, are now available for wheat improvement programs. The present study indicates that rye cultivars may carry yet untapped variations as potential sources of resistance.

Characterization of three wheat cultivars possessing new 1BL.1RS wheat-rye translocations

The wheat-rye 1BL.1RS translocation chromosomes have been used widely around the world in commercial wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production because of the presence of several disease resistance genes and a yield enhancement factor on the rye (Secale cereale L.) chromosome. However, the recent reports of the loss of complete effectiveness of the disease resistance genes on the most commonly used 1BL.1RS chromosome have highlighted the need to seek and deploy additional sources of disease resistance genes. Three new sibling wheat cultivars, 'CN12', ‘CN17’ and 'CN18', were developed carrying 1RS arms derived from the rye inbred line L155. Genomic in situ hybridization and C-banding analysis revealed that all the three cultivars contained the rye chromosome 1RS arm fused to the wheat 1BL wheat chromosome arm. The three cultivars displayed high yields and high resistance to local powdery mildew and stripe rust pathotypes. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis indicated the different structure of 1BL.1RS chromosome between 'can18' and the other two cultivars. The present study provides a new 1RS resource for wheat improvement.

Heterochromatin polymorphism in the rye karyotype as detected by the giemsa C-banding technique.

Identification of the individual chromosomes in the rye variety “Stalrag” and in two inbred lines of rye was carried out by means of the Giemsa C-banding technique and related to earlier investigations. Heterochromatin polymorphism occurs between plants and between homologues. Possible explanations of the variability of the banding pattern are discussed. Grouping of heterochromatic regions at interphase and fused telomeres at prophase were observed and discussed.

DArT markers for the rye genome - genetic diversity and mapping

BackgroundImplementation of molecular breeding in rye (Secale cereale L.) improvement programs depends on the availability of high-density molecular linkage maps. However, the number of sequence-specific PCR-based markers available for the species is limited. Diversity Arrays Technology (DArT) is a microarray-based method allowing for detection of DNA polymorphism at several thousand loci in a single assay without relying on DNA sequence information. The objective of this study was the development and application of Diversity Arrays technology for rye.ResultsUsing the PstI/TaqI method of complexity reduction we created a rye diversity panel from DNA of 16 rye varieties and 15 rye inbred lines, including parents of a mapping population consisting of 82 recombinant inbred lines. The usefulness of a wheat diversity panel for identification of DArT markers for rye was also demonstrated. We identified 1022 clones that were polymorphic in the genotyped ILs and varieties and 1965 clones that differentiated the parental lines L318 and L9 and segregated in the mapping population. Hierarchical clustering and ordination analysis were performed based on the 1022 DArT markers to reveal genetic relationships between the rye varieties and inbred lines included in the study. Chromosomal location of 1872 DArT markers was determined using wheat-rye addition lines and 1818 DArT markers (among them 1181 unique, non-cosegregating) were placed on a genetic linkage map of the cross L318 × L9, providing an average density of one unique marker every 2.68 cM. This is the most saturated rye linkage map based solely on transferable markers available at the moment, providing rye breeders and researches with a better choice of markers and a higher probability of finding polymorphic markers in the region of interest.ConclusionThe Diversity Arrays Technology can be efficiently and effectively used for rye genome analyses - assessment of genetic similarity and linkage mapping. The 11520-clone rye genotyping panel with several thousand markers with determined chromosomal location and accessible through an inexpensive genotyping service is a valuable resource for studies on rye genome organization and in molecular breeding of the species.

Comparative analysis of photosynthetic characteristics and productivity in F2 hybrids of winter rye

Diversity of photosynthetic characteristics determined by plant genotypes provides the grounds for the increase in potential crop productivity by means of producing plant forms whose photosynthetic apparatus (PSA) has optimal size and functional efficiency. Parental forms of winter rye (Secale cereale L.) and their interline and intravarietal reciprocal F2 hybrids were compared in terms of photosynthetic pigment (PSP) content, characteristics of chlorophyll a (Chl) fluorescence, some morphological traits, and grain productivity. At the booting and anthesis stages, significant divergence in chlorophyllous pigment content and Chl a fluorescence parameters was observed for winter rye inbred lines, rye varieties, and hybrids. The hybrids were revealed whose elevated grain productivity correlated with high PSP content and the highest photosystem II (PSII) activity. Analysis of correlations in reciprocal F2 hybrids at booting and anthesis stages of rye development showed that accumulation of PSII is related to stem-forming capacity and to the flag leaf surface area. In reciprocal hybrids, the correlations between morphological traits, grain productivity, plastid pigments, and photochemical activity were subject to variations. The relationships between PSA parameters and grain productivity in winter rye F2 hybrids varied depending on the developmental stage as well as on crossing combination; this relation was largely determined by the choice of pairs for hybridization, by direction of crosses, and by genetic features of parental forms.