This article critically examines the fundamental tenets of neurodeterminism in the discussion of free will, focusing on three key methodological issues: the personification of the brain as an independent actor, the assumed direct correspondence between neural processes and mental states, and the relationship between action predictability and free will. Through a comprehensive theoretical analysis and four empirical studies involving native Russian and English speakers, the research challenges the neurodeterministic perspective. The studies reveal that, at the level of basic linguistic intuition, free will can coexist with action predictability. Participants consistently interpreted actions as free when they were consciously performed, regardless of their predictability. The research highlights that a necessary condition for discussing free will is conscious awareness of the action, with bodily movements outside conscious control not being considered free.

This article examines how Soviet and post-Soviet forms of Russian nationalism used ethnic engineering – above all mass deportations and demographic reshuffling – to transform ethno-national diversity into a structural source of conflict. Building on a qualitative, historical-comparative design, the study combines close reading of Soviet constitutional and legal texts with secondary literature on deportations and “frozen conflicts” to trace mechanisms linking Stalin-era policies to contemporary wars in the post-Soviet space. Archival decrees, census data and administrative cartography are analysed through thematic coding (e.g., “collective punishment,” “demographic engineering,” “border manipulation”) and compared across key episodes such as the deportation of Chechens and Ingush, Crimean Tatars and Volga Germans. The article then connects these historical patterns to post-1991 conflicts in the Caucasus, Crimea/Donbas and Central Asia, showing how earlier deportations and territorial rearrangements created asymmetric republics, competing memories of victimhood and territorially embedded grievances. Rather than treating Russian nationalism as a purely ideological phenomenon, the analysis conceptualizes it as a repertoire of state practices that combine coercive removal, selective rehabilitation and later “protection” of co-nationals abroad. The findings challenge accounts that explain post-Soviet conflicts solely through democratization failure or great-power rivalry, arguing instead that ethnic wars in the region are rooted in a long genealogy of state-led population politics. The article concludes by discussing the broader implications for theories of ethnofederalism and for contemporary debates on how authoritarian regimes manage diversity through forced mobility rather than inclusive citizenship.

The article explores the use of the lexeme “туз” ‘a man’ in 19th-century texts chosen though continuous sampling in the Russian National Corpus. The aim of this work is to provide a basis for the research into the evolution of the concept of “туз” in Russian linguistic consciousness. Analysis revealed a stereotypical view of the noun “туз” among native Russian speakers of the 19th century and showed that it is related to the conceptual metaphor LIFE IS A CARD GAME. The stereotypical view of “тузы” (aces) of this period includes the main seme ‘influential’, as well as ‘main’ and ‘important’, which initially formed the basis of the metaphorical transfer “a playing card – a man”, and hidden, potential semes associated with card games. The latter form the basis for the appearance of extended metaphors and contextual variations of sayings and idioms in texts. The scientific novelty of this research is defined by the fact that, despite the long-standing interest of scientists in studying the conceptual CARD GAME metaphor, the word “туз” became the subject of a special study for the first time. As a result, the structure of the stereotypical view of “туз” among 19th-century Russian speakers has been revealed, and it has been shown how the connection between the figurative meaning of ‘a man’ in the word “туз” and the metaphor LIFE IS A CARD GAME is expressed in the texts of this period.

This article analyses the anthropic code of culture verbalised by the words of lexico-semantic groups of nouns associated with the concept of Person. The study is relevant since it interprets the components of such noun groups as a manifestation of cultural codes from the perspective of the anthropocentric paradigm. Lexico-semantic word groups active in native Russian textbooks are considered as potentially significant for denoting a fragment of the Russian linguistic worldview. The frequency of nouns included in these groups serves as a guideline enabling the most prominent lexical-semantic groups to be identified within the total amount of material at the initial stage of the analysis. The further analysis builds on the syntagmatic characteristics of these nouns including their combinability, certain grammatical features of verbal predicate associated with them, and others. These characteristics make it possible to clarif y the issue of using nouns as a verbalised embodiment of the cultural code. Nouns verbalising the anthropic code of culture were systematised within the framework of subcodes. They are anthropomorphic, anthropic-corporeal, anthropic-emotional, anthropic-axiological, and anthropic-spiritual subcodes, as well as the thematic context types in which these words function. The research material comprised exercise texts from native Russian language textbooks for years 5 and 9 autho red by O. M. Aleksandrova, O. V. Zagorovskaya, S. I. Bogdanov, and others.

The Kymata Soto Language Dataset comprises raw electroencephalographic (EEG) and magnetoencephalographic (MEG) recordings from 15 native Russian speakers and 20 native English speakers as they listened to approximately seven minutes of conversational speech in their respective native languages. Each participant heard the same conversational speech stimulus multiple times (four repetitions for Russian speakers and eight for English speakers). The dataset includes transcriptions of the recordings, along with timestamp annotations for each phoneme and word. Organized according to the Brain Imaging Data Structure (BIDS), this dataset facilitates in-depth research into brain responses to naturalistic speech. To validate the dataset and our preprocessing pipeline, we employed Python-based analyses, revealing consistent low-level loudness perception trends across both language groups. All EEG and MEG data, audio recordings, transcriptions with timestamp annotations, and validation codes are open source, promoting transparency and reproducibility.

The purpose of this study is a historical and philosophical reconstruction of the concept of patriotism, which can be isolated from the creative heritage of Nikolai Semenovich Leskov. The object of the research is the creative legacy of N.S. Leskov, the subject is the ideas of patriotism, which are an integral part of the worldview of the writer and thinker. This study of Leskov's philosophical ideas about patriotism takes into account the specifics of expressing philosophical ideas in both artistic and journalistic forms. The initial setting of the research is to search for the correspondence of Leskov's philosophical views, presented in articles, memoirs and letters with the ideological ideas expressed on the pages of his works of art and reflected in the system of artistic images. The writer's thoughts put into the mouths of the characters were an integral part of the spiritual world of the characters he portrayed, whose intellectual life was saturated with philosophical, moral and aesthetic ideas closely related to specific ideas about patriotism. The hermeneutic method is used as a methodological basis in the work as an explanation and reconstruction of the meanings inherent in artistic creativity, philosophical comparative studies and comparative historical analysis. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the historical and philosophical reconstruction of Leskov's patriotic views as part of his philosophical worldview. These representations were based on the following grounds about Russian culture: 1) love for Russian nature and enthusiastic admiration for it, 2) Christian faith, embodied in a truly humanistic, not servile Orthodoxy, 3) love for the history of Russia, belief in the effectiveness of the evolutionary mechanisms of Russian history and understanding the perniciousness of revolutionary nihilism, which sought to accelerate the historical process, 4) conscious love for the Russian people and understanding all its advantages and disadvantages. Instead of the official formula of patriotism, Leskov proposed his own triad of concepts "Truth, goodness and beauty", expressing in this triune formula Leskov the ideal of Russian patriotism, which is necessary to strive for in our complex and contradictory era.

The growing importance of social capital is seen as a manifestation of the growing public nature of production. The most important characteristic of social capital is indicators of institutional and interpersonal trust, analyzed using data from representative nationwide sociological surveys conducted by the Institute of Sociology of the Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences in the 2020s. The return on social capital as a public good is verified as an increase in participation in patriotic volunteering (voluntary assistance to SMO participants in Ukraine with money and goods, assistance to the families of SMO participants, etc.), associated with increased trust in institutions and individuals. Using survey data conducted in the spring of 2024, the hypothesis was tested: the higher the respondents' trust indicators, the more often they voluntarily helped their fellow citizens fighting in the war. This hypothesis was confirmed with regard to institutional trust. Specifically, while almost 56% of Russians who distrust the President of the Russian Federation do not participate in patriotic volunteering, considering assistance to SMO participants to be the sole responsibility of the state, only 24% of those who trust the President do so. However, with regard to interpersonal personalized trust, the hypothesis being tested found weak support: Russians with higher trust in their neighbors differed little in their participation in helping SMO participants; by some characteristics, they were even less inclined to do so. The observed patterns were explained using the Marxist concept of the growth of the social character of production in the broad sense. Higher returns, understood as increased benefits for society as a whole, are achieved by those elements of social capital associated with solidarity at the level of larger communities (in the empirical data examined, within the Russian nation). Conversely, individual membership in small communities (social networks) is less associated with an increase in public goods; cohesion at the micro level can even weaken society as a whole.

The relevance of the study is determined by the object of research. Description and explanation of grammatically ambiguous positions of the use of linguistic units, including feminitives, are important tasks in teaching future Russian philologists. The Russian language in most cases does not have feminine forms referring to people by their profession or such forms have specific stylistic coloring. Consequently, the principles of grammatical and /or semantic coordination of such units with other parts of the sentence are not fully formalized. This causes difficulties in communication both for non-native and native Russian language speakers. The aim of this study is to identify and systemically characterize the ways how gender semantics of a person is expressed in the speech of Russian language native and non-native speakers when they use nouns which denote profession, title, or position. The main research method was an ascertaining pedagogical experiment. Its results were assessed with the help of methods of analytical description, component analysis, qualification analysis, and statistical data processing. The material of the study was the text-narrative in Russian which was compiled by N. Sadivova. The characters of the text are men, and they are represented by masculine lexemes. The respondents were asked to transform the text according to assignment where the characters belong to the female gender. The study proved that gender asymmetry in naming professions in Russian causes inconsistencies between the usual and normative variants both in the formation of feminine forms and in their use in context. The study identified productive word-formation models which are common to both native and non-native speakers of Russian and are used to create feminitives as usual innovations. 14 types of agreement between sentence members and nouns referring to female individuals have been identified. They indicate a new understanding of female subjectivity and grammatical means for its expression in Russian. It was determined that the linguistic-cultural consciousness of native Russian speakers and non-Russian speakers demonstrates an obvious tendency to use feminine forms as a marker of gender identity even in cases where the derivative is not normatively justified; linguistic-cognitive strategies for matching sentence members with such nouns are compensatory mechanisms for preserving the gender semantics of a person. The derivatives discursively and pragmatically substitute the lexical and morphological gaps of the Russian language. This indicates not only a new linguistic and cultural motivation for language choice, but the axiological determinants of modern society.

Abstract This article examines the reception of Alexander Dugin’s thought in Turkey, in the Arab world, and Iran, highlighting the dynamics through which Russian ideological repertoires are appropriated and reframed outside their original context. Rather than treating Dugin as a doctrinal exporter or a direct source of influence, we foreground the agency of local actors who selectively translate his symbolic vocabulary into their own intellectual and political landscapes. In Turkey, Dugin functions as a strategic validator for Eurasianist realignments; in the Arab world, he is received largely as a symbolic amplifier of anti-Zionism and apocalyptic critique; and in Iran, he resonates as a metaphysical interlocutor aligned with Shi‘i messianism and Traditionalist philosophy. Across these cases, his ideological offer operates as a modular system whose elements can be detached from their Orthodox and Russian nationalist origins and reembedded within local discourses. By tracing the modular receptions of Dugin in diverse contexts, the article contributes to broader debates on ideological globalization, illiberal internationalism, and the circulation of postliberal imaginaries.

This study investigates a key assumption in generative linguistics about the dual nature of the grammatical case and its two distinct operations, syntactic or abstract case matching and morphological case ascription. The relevance of this study lies in its provision of experimental evidence demonstrating that these two operations can be analysed as distinct procedures, yielding differentiated outcomes when examined from the perspective of acquisition. The Spanish and Russian languages use Differential Object Marking (DOM) for animate direct objects, in most cases, in similar syntactic positions. However, Russian has more complex morphological conditions for using case patterns, particularly in DOM. The aim of this study is twofold: (i) to examine possible asymmetries between syntactic and morphological case operations in Spanish speakers with partial knowledge of Russian cases, and (ii) to determine whether the intricate syntax-morphology interface of Russian DOM presents specific challenges to L2 learners compared to other case positions. The authors conducted an experiment to assess the accuracy of case acquisition among young adult Spanish learners of Russian as a second language (L2) who live in Spain compared to adult native Russian speakers living in Russia. The materials of the study comprised a balanced selection of Russian DOM constructions (target stimuli) in contrast with sentences with alternative syntactic contexts and filler items to ensure variability. The research has shown that Spanish-speaking L2 learners experience significant difficulties while acquiring Russian case, especially with regard to the DOM. Consequently, L2 acquisition is vulnerable in contexts where the syntactic — morphological interface is not the same in the two languages. Future research will examine the difficulties in acquiring Russian DOM among speakers of languages without DOM (e.g., German or English) and assess whether DOM in a learner’s first language (L1) undergoes a congruency effect in L2 acquisition.

When Russian Republic getting embroiled in the Ukraine crisis, the strong influence of east Slavic nationalism and the conflict it create have been proved. Since the establishment of the Soviet Union, the system of constituent republics met the original need for multi-ethnic autonomy within Russia, and also laid the groundwork for numerous subsequent issues. To understand the current nationalism in Russia, it’s necessary shifting the research focus to the period of Tsarist Russia. From the failed Crimean War to the Crimean referendum to join the federation, Russia’s ideology after the collapse of the Soviet Union inherited the original Tsarist Russia. The modern ideology of Russia can be summarized as: tradition, stability maintenance, and expansion. The persistence of tradition was manifested in the conservative reforms of the serfdom system, which, together with the backdrop of the Industrial Revolution, contributed to Russia’s more complex national conditions compared to other powerful nations. Stability maintenance is manifested in Russia’s strict internal policies and its efforts to resolve conflicts among different ethnic groups within the empire through ideology, while also uniting all the people under the banner of the Orthodox Church. Expansion was manifested through numerous wars waged externally, which was in line with that of other major powers, although there were some differences in driving forces.

The article is devoted to the study of comprehension of modern legal texts by native Russian speakers. Legal texts are characterized by high formalization, complex terminology and specific syntactic constructions, which complicates their perception and comprehension by non-specialists. The subject of the study is the comprehension of the texts of civil contracts: excerpts a purchase-sale contract, a credit contract, a marriage contract. To assess the level of comprehension of the texts of contracts, the keyword method was used, which allows identifying the main lexical units reflecting the content of the text. Informants (60 people) were shown excerpts from the texts of contracts and asked to determine the type of document and highlight the keywords characterizing its content. The study showed that less than 50% of informants completely correctly identify the type of contract, with the worst recognition of the marriage contract. Analysis of the keywords identified by the informants made it possible to identify the most significant semantic groups of keywords associated with the subjects, objects and terms of contracts. It was revealed that, when highlighting keywords, informants primarily focus on the subjects and objects of contracts, while the rights and obligations of the parties attract their attention less often, which may indicate a low level of legal literacy of informants perceiving the text. Semantic analysis of keywords demonstrated differences in the perception of each type of contract, reflecting the specifics of these contracts. The study confirms the effectiveness of the keyword method as a tool for analyzing the comprehension of legal texts and identifying difficulties in their perception.

This study, aimed at examining the lexical distribution of adjectives with the noun «mentality», exemplifies the comprehensive interdisciplinary approach characteristic of modern linguistics. The work attempts to integrate methodological approaches from scientific fields of corpus linguistics, cognitive linguistics, psycholinguistics and sociolinguistics. The application of corpus linguistic methods allows us to identify objective patterns in the functioning of specific linguistic units in written discourse, as well as to trace the dynamics of semantic changes in the studied lexical distributions in the diachronic aspect of language and speech. The analysis of the cases of using the adjectives «national», «Russian», «specific», «slave», «Soviet», «ethnic» in distribution with the noun «mentality» is carried out on the basis of examples presented in the Russian National Corpus, in accordance with the following criteria: a) the specific functioning of these lexical distributions in the diachronic aspect; b) psychosemantic, sociolinguistic and cognitive-linguistic features of the actualization of the semantics of the considered phrases; c) genre and stylistic features of these distributions in various contexts. The main research method is concordance analysis, which allows us for a detailed examination of the interaction of the studied lexeme with other linguistic units and the identification of trends in its use in modern Russian. The results demonstrate that the concept of «mentality» acts as an important element of the cultural code, reflecting the ccommunicative attitudes, values and speech behavioral patterns of native Russian speakers.

The relevance of the study lies in the growing interest in national languages and culture, as well as in the existing problem of adequately conveying the features of one language through another, including historicisms. The source of the material defi nes the novelty of the work, as this is the fi rst time that historicisms have been analyzed on “Peter and Alexis” by D. S. Merezhkovsky. The problem consists in determining the meaning of historicisms in Russian, given the denotates absence in modern culture, and the diffi culty of conveying them in English. The purpose of this study is to conduct a comparative analysis of historicisms from Russian into English on the historiosophical novel “Peter and Alexis” by D. S. Merezhkovsky. The study analyzes 19 historicisms identifi ed in the fi rst chapter of the novel. The key research methods are descriptive, comparative, component, and transformational. During the study, 6 groups of historicisms have been identifi ed and classifi ed according to their sphere of use. Most of the lexemes are borrowings from other languages, and a small group belongs to native Russian vocabulary. The English version of the novel presents the translator’s desire to preserve the content of the work, as refl ected in the preservation of Russian historicisms in the translation. The fi ndings obtained are intermediate, as in the future, the analysis of the entire work is meant. The linguistic and linguocultural data, obtained during the study, can be used in lectures on translation theory, pre-translation analysis of the text, linguoculturology and in practical classes on written translation.

The article explores the means of expressing epistemic modality in Russian scientific texts. The relevance of this study stems from the important role of epistemic evaluation of statements in academic discourse and the high interest of scholars in the problem of epistemic modalization of scientific texts. The aim of the study is to identify national and cultural characteristics of the use of epistemic markers in academic discourse. To achieve this goal, a comparative analysis of Russian research articles written by native Russian speakers and Chinese authors for whom Russian is a foreign language was conducted. Fifteen articles by Russian authors and 15 articles by Chinese authors, published in Russian scientific journals on linguistics, were selected for analysis. Particular attention is paid to identifying differences in the frequency and structural and semantic characteristics of epistemic indicators in the compared corpora of scientific publications. The study was conducted using quantitative and qualitative content analysis methods. The quantitative analysis of the empirical material was carried out using Voyant Tools. The scientific novelty of this study lies in the identification of the specific uses of epistemic modal devices in Russian by foreign authors compared to Russian authors. Differences in the functioning of epistemic modality indicators were identified, characterized by a lower frequency and less structural diversity of epistemic markers used by Chinese authors. These differences primarily concern the means of expressing problematic reliability, while no significant discrepancies were found in the functioning of categorical reliability indicators. In both corpora of empirical material, a quantitative predominance of means of marking problematic reliability over categorical reliability markers was established. A conclusion is drawn that these differences are related to the national and cultural specifics of scientific communication and that Chinese authors tend to use a lesser degree of subjective modality in scientific texts.

Analysis of the MtDNA Haplogroup Variability in Horses of Native Russian Breeds

Thomas Carlyle’s political thought regarding Russia has been almost entirely ignored. Carlyle’s interest in Russia burst forth suddenly in 1842, being expressed in Past and Present (1843). Following the 1848 Revolutions, there was a resurgence in Russophobia throughout Europe, which Carlyle sought to controvert in Latter-Day Pamphlets (1850). During the Crimean War (1853‐6), Carlyle continued to praise Russia and denigrated the British war effort, leading the press to chastize him for his lack of patriotism. Undeterred, Carlyle’s Frederick the Great (1858‐65) panegyrized the Russian nation and its czars, particularly at the expense of the Poles. The culmination of Carlyle’s public engagement for Russia came during the Great Eastern Crisis of 1875‐8. Throughout, Carlyle perpetuated the eighteenth-century enlightenment narrative of Russia as a ‘civilizing’ imperial power.

This article provides a comprehensive study of the use of the adverb of time «tomorrow» in the Russian language, with a special emphasis on identifying its semantic features when analyzing the data presented in the National Corpus of the Russian Language (NCRY). The relevance of this study is due to the urgent need to systematize the numerous results of previous scientific studies aimed at studying temporal adverbs. The study is also aimed at creating an integrative description of the system of their semantic connections and identifying the specifics of representing temporal concepts by means of adverbial lexemes. The adverb «to-morrow» is selected as the object of the study, subjected to deep analysis from the point of view of its semantic structure. The purpose of this work is to identify modern semantic characteristics of the adverb «tomorrow», as well as to discover hidden semantic features that were not taken into account in existing definitions and dictionary entries. The conducted data analysis demonstrates that the adverb «tomorrow» has a polysemic nature and is used to denote various temporal aspects. The results of the study reveal a wide variety of contextual meanings, which include both specific time periods and abstract ideas about the future. In the Russian linguistic picture of the world, the adverb «tomorrow» not only acts as an indicator of the next day after the current one, but also symbolizes the near future and various time projections. Using the NKRY data, which provide an extensive array of linguistic material, allows us to perform a comprehensive analysis of the paradigmatic and syntagmatic functions of the lexeme «tomorrow». Thus, this article emphasizes the complexity and versatility of the perception of the category of time in the Russian language, as well as its functional use in various communicative contexts. The results obtained contribute to a deeper understanding of temporal structures and their role in the formation of a complete and accurate description of temporal perceptions in native Russian speakers, which, in turn, opens up new prospects for the further development of linguistic research in this area.

This article examines the concept of anthropocentrism, highlighting the differences and similarities in the worldviews reflected in the languages of native Russian and Persian speakers, and exploring the specific characteristics of ritual terminology associated with the events of birth and death. An attempt is made to identify typical features of speech formulas of congratulations and sympathy as cultural and linguistic markers that reveal the peculiarities of the Russian and Iranian worldviews. The research material consists of speech samples in the form of utterances and remarks common in expressing emotive speech acts – congratulations, condolences. In writing the article, mainly traditional methods were used: pragmatic, semantic and stylistic interpretation, conceptual analysis, interpretive analysis, and sociolinguistic analysis of the synchronic state of speech etiquette. The scientific novelty of the study lies in identifying the key characteristics of established etiquette, in determining the common specific characteristics in Russian and Persian etiquette speech acts. The vocabulary, traditional etiquette, and heritage of customs of a particular ethnic group are shaped over centuries, reflecting its experience and becoming an integral part of life, teaching both young and subsequent generations norms, rules, and established patterns of behavior and interaction. Adherence to traditions in communication influences both the individual's spiritual world and serves as a tool for maintaining and reinforcing habitual patterns of everyday interactions and social connections through the inculcation of moral values.

The article deals with Russia's attitude towards Poland in the light of the journalism of one of the most eminent journals of the Great Emigration, edited by two eminent figures of Polish culture, science and politics – Julian Klaczko and Walerian Kalinka – Wiadomości Polskie. The magazine painted a picture of Russia – Poland's eternal adversary. The governments of individual tsars may have differed in their methods of fighting Poles, some may have been even milder, but they invariably aimed at the same thing, namely the destruction of all manifestations of Polishness. It was not only the Russian state that was the enemy of the Poles, but the entire Russian nation, and this was practically without exception. For it was a struggle between two civilisations: the intellectually and morally highly developed Latin civilisation, whose foundation was the Catholic faith, and the barbaric Russian civilisation, formed under the influence of Mongol rule in Rus. The journal showed the specificity of the rule of Tsar Alexander II, proving that he was not at all a friend of Poland, which unfortunately the Poles themselves sometimes allowed themselves to be fooled by.