Introduction. The growth of populations living in proximity to hazardous production facilities, the ageing of industrial infrastructure, and heightened risks from external threats – including intentional interference with technological processes – are increasing the likelihood of accidental releases with both acute and delayed public-health consequences. To enable managed response scenarios, it is advisable to develop geographic information systems capable of modelling various scenarios of technogenic risk impacts on population health and the environment. Objective: to develop methodological principles for the use of geoinformation technologies to assess technogenic and environmental risks and their effects on the health of the population of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation. Materials and methods. The study was conducted using an expanded interactive prototype of the Moscow Region geographic information system, EcoTechMed GIS (hereafter, EcoTechMed GIS), employed as a testbed for piloting technological solutions and embedding theoretical models for assessing the impacts of technogenic risks on the population. Input data included: a registry of medical organizations of the state healthcare system of the Moscow Region (with resources and capacity) and directories of hazardous production facilities with parameters such as source type, hazard class, sanitary protection zone (SPZ) dimensions, wind direction and speed, and automatic linkage to regulatory maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) and maximum permissible emissions (MPE). Geospatial data in the system are represented as vector layers (administrative boundaries, emission zones, object indices/labels), raster basemaps, heatmaps, and animated vector isopleths showing plume dispersion; their generation and visualization used geodesic functions (forward geodesic by azimuth, construction of oriented ellipses). Distance calculations were implemented via an open-source routing engine. The analytical component relied on spatial analysis methods (geometric approximation of the plume with oriented ellipses) and mathematical modelling of contaminant dispersion, including solutions to diffusion equations, a Gaussian plume model for point sources, gradient-transport (advection–diffusion) models, and a grid-based approach with spatiotemporal discretization. Results. Using the EcoTechMed GIS as an example, the study demonstrates how environmental, medical, and geographic data can be integrated within a single spatial framework; how emission sources and population exposure zones can be visualized; and how temporal indicators, the size of potentially affected groups, and the resource requirements of healthcare facilities can be assessed – taking into account exposure types, clinical profiles, and the modalities and conditions of medical care for casualties and populations affected by technogenic (man-made) factors. The system supports emergency analysis (for accidental release scenarios), proposes optimal patient routing pathways, and thereby increases practical utility for multiple agencies and services. Conclusion. The algorithms embedded in EcoTechMed GIS demonstrated the viability of the approach and its scalability to other regions with minimal adaptation of input data and calibration of models to local climatic and geographical conditions. Integration of such solutions could provide the foundation for a «National Atlas of Environmental Health» enable systematic monitoring of environmental and technogenic (man-made) risk factors, and support the planning and conduct of joint training exercises with the Disaster Medicine Service, Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia, and local self-government authorities.

Cancer represents a leading cause of death globally. The mortality to incidence ratio (MIR) may vary across populations, reflecting regional disparities in care. We aimed to determine MIR trends by cancer subtype across the 80 recognised jurisdictions of the Russian Federation between 2008 and 2018. We used publicly accessible data from the Pyotr Alexandrovich Herzen Moscow Oncology Research Institute from 2008-2018. We used descriptive and linear regression analyses to estimate MIR from crude mortality and incidence rates across geographical regions. Between 2008 and 2018, surrounding adjacent jurisdictions were significantly associated with increased MIRs compared to centring cities. The culturally distinct region of the Republic of Adygea reported outliers in MIR for sigmoid, rectal, and anal cancers (MIR = 0.754; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.579, 0.983), lung cancer (MIR = 1.07 (95% CI undefined), breast cancer (MIR = 0.458; 95% CI = 0.341, 0.615), and melanoma (MIR = 0.462; 95% CI = 0.201, 1.059), which was not observed in adjacent predominantly Caucasian-populated/western Krasnodar krai that fully envelops the Republic geographically. Gross domestic product (11-year average), the number of physicians, and the number of oncologists per 10 000 people were significantly negatively associated with increased MIR (P < 0.05). Differences in MIR for cancer have been observed between capital cities and their surrounding jurisdictions, with increased ratios noted in demographically distinct regions such as the Republic of Adygea. This suggests that population-level differences in MIR and subsequent cancer outcomes are influenced by region, culture, and socioeconomic variations. These findings may inform public health policy on intersectional disparities in MIR across different populations in the Russian Federation, with applicability to other countries.

Based on a comparative analysis of current methodological documents (manuals, guidelines) from international organizations, including the American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM), the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE), and the Russian Federation (Russian Society of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation), this paper presents current methods of medical (progestogens, gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists) and surgical treatment of patients with endometriosis. Currently, a single, effective strategy for providing medical care for endometriosis that is suitable for all patients has not yet been approved.

The article assesses the returns on skills of IT specialists in Russian cities of different sizes. The empirical basis of the study consists of open data on job vacancies published on the HeadHunter platform in March—April 2025. The paper describes the data processing procedures, including the unification of skill descriptions and their transformation into discrete variables. The main research method is hedonic wage modeling in the labor market, which allows for estimating the impact of various factors on the salaries of information technology professionals. The econometric modeling employs a two-step OLS approach with Heckman correction and sequential inclusion of variables into the baseline specification. The results show that professional IT skills, personal characteristics, managerial skills, and employment in Moscow, the Moscow region, St. Petersburg, and cities located outside the Russian Federation have a statistically significant positive effect on IT specialists’ wages. Employment in cities with populations between 250 thousand and one million people, as well as social skills, have a significant negative effect. For professional IT skills, significant positive effects were identified in Moscow, the Moscow region, and St. Petersburg, indicating that the city effect remains even after accounting for cross-city differences in skill valuation. The main findings of the study are relevant for the development and implementation of education, regional, and migration policies aimed at fostering the training and mobility of highly qualified employees. The proposed approach to working with relatively small but easily accessible datasets can also be applied in expert HR analytics, for example, to identify differences among local labor markets.

The article presents structural analysis of interregional disparities in labor productivity levels and growth rates across Russia. The study aims to uncover structural foundations of spatial differentiation in labor productivity by comparing its static (levels) and dynamic (growth rates) aspects. It examines the roles of industrial specialization, resource allocation efficiency, and intra-industry disparities, and assesses the contribution of these factors to interregional income inequality. The analysis utilizes data on the subject of the Russian Federation for 2010—2023, broken down by economic activity (excluding extractive indust­ ries) and adjusted for regional price differentials. The shift-share analysis is employed to decompose the deviation of regional indicators from the national average into sectoral, localization, and regional components. The results reveal a persistent trend toward convergence in labor productivity levels but a growing divergence in growth rates. The factor of sectoral structure diversity contributed in the least to these processes, often promoting regional convergence. The second most influential factor was the concentration of production in regions, reflecting agglomeration effects: it fostered divergence in productivity levels but countered it in growth rates. The most significant influence came from regional differences in within-industry labor productivity. Combinations of shift-share decomposition components define distinct models of labor productivity level and growth formation in the regions. Simulation-based calculations assess the direction and magnitude of structural components’ impact on labor productivity growth in shaping interregional inequality in per capita GRP.

This paper examines the economic and institutional determinants of disability registration in the Russian Federation between 2018 and 2024, with a particular focus on differences between adults and children. Using regional panel data across 86 regions grouped into eight federal districts, the study employs regression analysis to explore how GRP per capita, physician density, educational conditions, and crisis events affect disability detection and reporting. Results show that adult disability prevalence decreases with higher regional income and healthcare access, reflecting poverty-related morbidity and long-term health risks. In contrast, childhood disability registration is positively associated with regional affluence and physician supply, highlighting the role of diagnostic infrastructure rather than underlying morbidity. During systemic disruptions such as the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russia-Ukraine war, adult disability rates remained relatively stable, while childhood disability detection fell sharply, particularly in less resourced regions. A possible explanation of these findings is that adult disability rates primarily capture structural deprivation and chronic illness, whereas childhood disability reflects the strength and resilience of local diagnostic systems.

Background. Lymphoblastic lymphomas (LBL) are an aggressive variant of non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas (NHL), which ranks second in frequency among non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas in children. According to international data, the effectiveness of LBL therapy in children reaches 85 %. In Russia, information on the treatment results for this disease is extremely limited. Aim. To present preliminary data on the results of LBL therapy in children in Russia. Materials and methods. The study included 392 pediatric LBL patients, treated in 57 specialized hospitals of the Russian Federation from 1999 to 2024. Results. The overall and event-free survival rates were 83 % (95 % confidence interval 78–88) and 70 % (95 % confidence interval 64–78), respectively. In addition, the analysis revealed a high frequency of thrombotic complications (29 % of all patients), especially in cases of T-cell LBL. No significant differences in disease outcomes were found between tumor immunophenotypes, the type of asparaginase, and the stage of the disease. A separate analysis of the results of LBL therapy according to the ALL IC-BFM 2002 / 2009 protocols (146 patients) with stricter criteria for the response to induction therapy (tumor reduction of more than 70 %) and early chemotherapy intensification with high-dose blocks at the N. N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology showed the event-free and overall survival of about 90 %. The Cox regression model of the dependence of therapy outcomes on residual tumor volume at the end of induction in the main cohort of patients did not reveal an association between residual tumor volume and overall survival (p = 0.2), but there was a statistical association with event-free survival (p = 0.006). Discussion. This paper presents preliminary data from the first multicenter study of LBL therapy in pediatric patients in the Russian Federation. According to our data, LBL survival rates in the Russia should be improved. An important problem in the treatment of LBL in children is therapy complications, especially the high incidence of thrombosis. In this regard, anticoagulant prophylaxis is recommended for patients with LBL, especially with the T-cell phenotype and the presence of risk factors. Further studies are also needed to identify high-risk patients for the development of new personalized therapy approaches. Conclusion. The paper presents preliminary results from the first multicenter clinical study of LBL therapy in children in Russia, indicating the necessity of treatment approaches improvement for increase a treatment effectiveness.

Single women in Malaysia often face societal pressure, as being single and childless can lead to discrimination, stigmatization, and stereotyping. Social media posts worsen the issue. Users are allowed to freely and publicly comment without seeing one’s face, while their identities remain safeguarded. This study examines how social media users oppose women who choose to remain single, specifically analyzing impolite comments directed at them. A discourse analysis approach was employed to analyze comments retrieved from a Malaysian celebrity’s Facebook**, Instagram**, and Twitter posts, where she expressed her intention to remain single for life. Using the frameworks of Culpeper’s (2011) (non)conventionalised impoliteness formulae, the findings reveal that commenters frequently used unpalatable questions and/or presuppositions, followed by sarcasm, innuendo, mimicry, insults, silencers, negative expressives, and pointed criticism or complaints. Social factors such as sexuality, religion, descent, and old age were highlighted by those who disagreed with the celebrity’s choice to remain single. Through linguistic analysis, this study illustrates how singlism manifests on social media through impoliteness. These findings provide insight into societal attitudes towards single women in Malaysia.

Aim . The work aimed to substantiate the concept of applying international experience in legislative establishment of lottery revenue distribution standards in Russian lottery legislation. Objectives. The work seeks to substantiate approaches to analyzing lottery legislation in various jurisdictions in terms of establishment of lottery expense standards; to analyze international experience in legal regulation of lottery expenses based on the proposed approaches; and to identify the legal basis for the formation and distribution of lottery revenue as a set of factors determining lottery revenue distribution standards. Methods . Approaches to a comparative legal analysis of lottery legislation in a representative number of jurisdictions in continental Europe, the United Kingdom, North and South America, and Australia are substantiated in various aspects using general scientific cognition methods. Results . Applying the proposed substantiated approaches to a comparative legal analysis of lottery legislation in various jurisdictions enabled to refine the subject of analysis, namely, to select the laws of states most closely related to Russian lottery legislation, i.e., the laws of federal states belonging to the Romano-Germanic legal family, which are identical to similar Russian legislation in their legislative foundations (conceptual framework, objectives), the established procedure governing the generation and distribution of lottery revenues; and, most importantly, the legal mechanism for establishing lottery revenue distribution standards. Conclusions . The identified factors determining the establishment of lottery revenue distribution standards led to the following concept: the quantitative certainty (normativity) of the lottery revenue distribution structure cannot be reduced to establishing a numerical ratio between its main components, imposed by the dominant objective of financial authorities in a given period. Standards are determined by a system of objectively acting factors and, when established by law, must express in legal form the will of the state, aimed at ensuring that the mechanism for distributing lottery revenues corresponds to the purpose of lottery activities, the type of government structure, the social focus of lotteries, the accountability and auditability of the activities of all participants empowered to organize and conduct lotteries, the stability and predictability of lottery revenue receipts to the budget, and the transparency and legitimacy of state actions at all stages of lottery conducting. The concept presented, as the main idea behind the study of international legislation regulating the distribution of lottery revenues, can serve as an appropriate methodological basis for selecting successful international practices applicable to the Russian Federation.

The aim of the paper is to conduct a comprehensive analysis and systematization of the legal and regulatory framework governing the development of digital literacy among future foreign language teachers, identify key contradictions and deficiencies in its content, and provide a theoretical justification and develop a concept of professional digital literacy for foreign language teachers, correlated with current strategic documents, professional standards, and educational standards, and focused on the subsequent design of educational programs and modules for the development of digital competencies. The study clarifies the content of the concept of “professional digital literacy of foreign language teachers” and its connection with the requirements of current strategic documents, professional standards, and educational standards of higher education. Materials and methods: the study used a systematic analysis of current legal and regulatory documents in the field of education, including the Federal law “On Education in the Russian Federation”, the professional standard “Teacher,” the Federal state educational standard of higher education in the field of training 44.03.05 “Pedagogical education,” as well as national projects and strategies for digital development. Methods of comparative analysis, content analysis of scientific publications, synthesis, and systematization of the data obtained were used. The empirical base consisted of twenty-four sources, including scientific articles, monographs, and legal regulatory acts, selected according to criteria of relevance to the topic of digital literacy of teachers and the specifics of training foreign language teachers. Results: a multi-level system of legal and regulatory support for teachers’ digital literacy has been identified, including strategic documents (the national projects “Data economy and digital transformation of the state” and “Education”), sectoral standards (the Federal state educational standard of higher education and the professional standard for teachers) and departmental regulations. It is shown that existing regulatory requirements, while providing a general framework for the digital transformation of education, only partially consider the specifics of the professional activities of a foreign language teacher, associated with the intensive use of digital language resources, online platforms and artificial intelligence tools. Key contradictions have been identified between the dynamic development of digital technologies and the relatively static character of the regulatory framework, as well as between the integral nature of professional digital literacy and the fragmentarity of its normative consolidation in different documents. Conclusion: a concept of professional digital literacy for foreign language teachers has been developed, including linguo-didactic, technological, communicative, and ethical-legal components. The following areas for improving the legal and regulatory framework have been proposed: the development of industry recommendations on digital literacy for foreign language teachers, the creation of a system for the continuous development of digital competencies at the stages of basic training and professional development, and the integration of requirements for working with artificial intelligence and large language models into educational standards and model basic professional educational programs. The practical significance of the results lies in the possibility of using the developed concept and proposed directions when updating curricula, forming modules on digital literacy in pedagogical universities, and designing programs for additional professional education.

Aim . This work aimed to substantiate a target-based approach to developing a system of national energy security indicators that indicate alignment with the UN Sustainable Development Goals. This will allow for comparison of energy security levels across different countries, which ensures conceptual unity in assessing the energy security of national economies and achieving consensus in addressing sustainable development challenges at all levels of the economy. Objectives . The work seeks to systematize national energy security indicators, regulated by authorized international bodies and federal agencies of the Russian Federation, according to the Sustainable Development Goals; to compare indicators proposed by international bodies and federal agencies of the Russian Federation. Methods . The study is based on principles of economic systems theory, security theory, and the concept of sustainable development. The author utilized systems and target approaches, a logical method, comparison, and content, semantic, and normative analysis. Results . The study revealed the absence of a uniform system of energy security indicators for the national economy. A targeted approach to developing a system of indicators for assessing the level of national energy security, based on the concept of sustainable development of national socio-economic systems, is proposed and substantiated. Conclusions . In order to determine the achievement of energy security within the national economy and to ensure cross-country comparability, it is important to develop a unified conceptual approach which can be based on the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Application of this approach will facilitate harmonization of the sustainable development goals of national social and economic systems and the operational objectives of national energy complexes. The results obtained can serve as the basis for further theoretical research in the field of sustainable development and energy security for mega-, macro-, and meso-level systems.

This article analyzes the legal regulation of recycling fees and identifies the qualifying features of this mandatory payment. Based on a summary of theoretical approaches to defining fiscal and parafiscal (non-tax) payments, as well as judicial and arbitration practice, the author concludes that the recycling fee has the fiscal legal nature of a state duty, taking into account the nature and practice of its collection as a fiscal payment. It is proposed to introduce a chapter dedicated to the collection of recycling fees into the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, include provisions in this chapter indicating the targeted nature of this tax collection for the purposes of ensuring environmental safety, define criteria for differentiating the recycling fee, limit the recycling fee rate by linking it to the estimated cost of recycling and the income from materials obtained during recycling, and introduce a number of other legal innovations.

The full-scale invasion of the Russian Federation made it hard to use criminal law to fight crimes against national security. Article 111-1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, which is called “Collaborationism,” made it even harder to tell the difference between it and treason. Collaborationism existed prior to this legislative amendment; however, the conditions of hybrid warfare and extended occupation since 2014 have resulted in diverse behavioral patterns, from coerced interaction to intentional support for the aggressor, necessitating exacting standards and commensurate human rights intervention. The established concept of treason and the intricate formulation of combined activities result in the creation of rivalrous domains and overlapping rules, hence generating the potential for arbitrary qualification. The paper seeks to elucidate issues pertaining to legal clarity, to provide criteria for differentiating between these two components in wartime contexts, and to evaluate the impact of present legislation on fundamental rights, including freedom of speech. This doctrinal-empirical study employs analytical, synthetic, inductive, deductive, analogical, abstract, and generalizing methodologies to assess law enforcement in hybrid warfare contexts and to delineate constituent offenses. It is founded on the principles of Articles 111 and 111-1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, judicial precedents, scholarly publications, and international treaties.

PurposeEctopic pregnancy (EP) is a significant contributor to maternal mortality, posing a major burden on women in developing countries. This study examined global trends in EP mortality from 1982 to 2021, focusing on developing nations represented by BRICS countries (Brazil, Russian Federation, India, China, and South Africa).MethodsBased on the Global Burden Disease (GBD) 2021, an analysis of EP mortality was conducted by location (global and BRICS), age group (15–49 years), and years (1982–2021). The age-period-cohort (APC) model was utilized to estimate net drift, local drift, age effects, period effects, and cohort effects from 1982 to 2021. Furthermore, the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model was employed to forecast EP mortality from 2022 to 2030.ResultsGlobally, the number of deaths due to EP reached 6442 (95% CI: 5368 to 7796) in 2021, representing a 55.08% increase compared with 1982. Despite rising absolute deaths, the global Age-Standardized Mortality Rate (ASMR) declined by 15.79%, reaching 0.16 per 100,000 population in 2021 (95% UI: 0.14 to 0.20), indicating a reduction in population-level risk after accounting for demographic structure. EP mortality predominantly affected individuals aged 20–39 years across regions. APC analyses revealed distinct period and cohort effects, with marked heterogeneity across BRICS countries. Net Drift estimates ranged from a substantial annual decline in the Russian Federation (−10.12%) to a modest decrease in India (−1.62%), with Brazil, China, and South Africa showing intermediate downward trends.ConclusionFrom 1982 to 2021, varying advancements in managing EP were observed among BRICS nations. Tailored financial allocations and policy measures aided in lowering EP mortality. Enhancing cross-country collaboration and knowledge exchange within BRICS countries is crucial for further ameliorating EP outcomes.

The Russian Federation’s unprovoked aggression against Ukraine has shown significant shortcomings in the international legal regulation of security issues and criminal liability for crimes of aggression. In such conditions, even with the functioning of the International Criminal Court (ICC) and special tribunals, modern international justice faces limited jurisdiction, imperfect investigative procedures, and a tendency to political interference in the work of the prosecutor’s office. The purpose of writing a scientific article is to study the powers of the prosecutor of the special tribunal regarding the crime of aggression against Ukraine, as well as to determine the legal mechanisms for initiating an investigation and supporting the prosecution. The article aims to identify challenges in the functioning of the Office of the Prosecutor of the Special Tribunal for the Crime of Aggression against Ukraine in order to improve the effectiveness of international prosecution of crimes of military aggression. The methodological basis includes a legal analysis of international and national regulatory legal acts; application of the comparative law method to analyze the powers of the Prosecutor of the Special Tribunal and the experience of initiating ad hoc tribunals in Yugoslavia, Rwanda and Lebanon; the method of content analysis of scientific publications and reports of international organizations; the method of systematization to determine the issues of the Prosecutor’s activities; and the method of generalization to improve the system of powers and functions of the Office of the Prosecutor of the Special Tribunal. The study showed that for effective international prosecution of the crime of aggression, it is necessary to clearly outline the powers of the Prosecutor of the Special Tribunal, which include, first of all, independence from participating States or political structures in making decisions on initiating investigations and bringing charges; transparent rules and procedures for the nomination, dismissal and transfer of the Prosecutor and/or his deputies (enshrined in separate legislative acts and provisions of the Statute of the Tribunal); the prohibition of double jeopardy and external influence; and the right of the parties to the proceedings (the accused and the victims) to request the dismissal of the Prosecutor due to a possible conflict of interest or lack of independence (as provided for in the Statute of this tribunal). Promising areas of future research should include an assessment of the actual exercise of the powers of the Prosecutor’s Office, a comparative study of the effectiveness of the functions of the Prosecutor’s Office in different international regimes, and the development of methodologies for assessing the impact of the actions of the Office of the Prosecutor of the Special Tribunal on the consolidation of international responsibility for acts of aggression. Such an approach will ensure the improvement of mechanisms for prosecuting crimes of aggression and the strengthening of the principles of international law.

The theoretical and practical aspects of applying lexicographic sources in court proceedings have been analysed. The aim of the research is to identify the specifics of using dictionaries in the practice of judicial interpretation and to assess their efficiency through the lens of doctrine and regulatory frameworks, both domestic and foreign. It has been concluded that the presence of an open list of lexicographic sources provides judges in several English-speaking countries with broad opportunities for selecting reference materials; however, at the same time, the lack of unified approaches to ranking meanings directly in the dictionary entry can create difficulties in interpreting specific concepts. It is noted that one of the factors contributing to the increased efficiency of using dictionaries in judicial interpretation practices is multilingualism in legal proceedings, which is characteristic, for example, of the European Union and the Russian Federation.

The issue is considered, which aims to establish the main aspects of the state’s responsibility for controlling and leading resistance movements that conduct hostilities during intrastate and international armed conflict. It is indicated that the analysis of modern international relations indicates that humanity will not yet be able to get rid of wars and other armed conflicts, which are mainly armed conflicts of a non-international nature. This is evidenced by events in the former Yugoslavia, Rwanda, Afghanistan, Iraq, Liberia, in the Caucasus, and since 2014 Ukraine has also become an exception, the international armed conflict on the territory of which, since February 24, 2022, has grown into a war unleashed by the Russian Federation on a scale that Europe has not known since the Second World War. In all the wars mentioned, the primary role was played by the aforementioned resistance movements, which were supported and controlled by third states, which indicates the continuing relevance of the topic. It is noted that modern international relations are characterized by a change in the nature of the conflict, the emergence of a number of new categories and situations, an increase in the number of victims among the civilian population, the increasing internationalization of armed conflicts of a non-international nature, the use of controlled resistance movements. In this regard, the issue of qualifying various types of armed conflicts is extremely relevant, especially in the context of the ongoing full-scale war unleashed by Russia against Ukraine. The author pays special attention to the provisions of the Statute of the International Criminal Court and the Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, which essentially form the modern doctrine of criminal responsibility for war crimes and the crime of genocide. The article highlights the provisions and the author’s assessment of the prerequisites for correct qualification, because the prerequisite for correct qualification is a deep study and understanding of the person applying the rules of law, the principles of international humanitarian law, the international policy of the state, international judicial and subsequent practice; correct clarification and interpretation of the content of an international treaty, determination of the limits of action of the selected norm in time, space and by the circle of persons, as well as the installation of all its signs; collection and analysis of evidence in the case, complete and comprehensive establishment of the factual signs of an armed conflict; application of the rules of qualification developed by theory and practice, with a reasonable combination of the signs of an armed conflict established by international law with the signs of the committed act. An important place in the work is occupied by highlighting the issues of control and its types by the state over resistance movements that are waging hostilities.

The article is devoted to a comparative analysis of appellate mechanisms in ad hoc tribunals (the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda) and the International Criminal Court. It examines the evolution of appellate proceedings, grounds for appeal, scope of review (de novo in ad hoc tribunals versus limited review of errors in the ICC), procedural features, and their impact on the effectiveness of international criminal justice. Particular attention is paid to the role of appeal in ensuring fair trial, the presumption of innocence, and complementarity. The relevance of the topic is emphasised in the context of contemporary conflicts, particularly the ICC investigations into crimes associated with the aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine. The practice of key cases (Tadić, Akayesu, Lubanga, Bemba, Al-Senussi, Katanga, Ngudjolo Chui) is analysed, illustrating common features (independence of chambers, right to appeal) and differences in mechanisms. The experience of ad hoc tribunals significantly influenced the formation of the Rome Statute norms, contributing to the unification of jurisprudence and overcoming impunity. The comparative analysis indicates the evolutionary development of appellate proceedings: from reactive and broad mechanisms of temporary tribunals focused on specific conflicts to limited but more effective and universal procedures of a permanent court. The experience of ad hoc tribunals substantially shaped the Rome Statute norms, particularly regarding standards of fair trial, protection of the rights of the accused and victims, and unification of jurisprudence. For Ukraine, integration of ICC appellate principles into national legislation is recommended to ensure effective investigation of international crimes.

Abstract. The objective need to strengthen the value of the Russian school actualizes the problem of developing the axiological competence of teachers. The purpose of the study: based on the analysis of the deficiencies of the axiological competence of teachers, to determine the current directions for the development of the content of additional professional education. Methodology and methods of research. The methodological basis of the study is the axiological, cultural, competence, activity and personality-oriented approaches. The article reflects the results of an empirical study conducted in the form of a questionnaire among school teachers (2147 participants), other surveys conducted in 17 regions of the Russian Federation in 2025 (more than 5 thousand participants) and the experience of implementing additional professional programs by the Institute of Content and Methods of Teaching named after V. S. Lednev were also taken into account. The results of the study showed that most teachers consider the problem of forming values in schoolchildren as relevant; only a quarter of teachers are confident in their own axiological competence, the majority feel the need for new experience in transmitting values to schoolchildren. Surveys showed the presence of contradictions in the process of developing axiological competence of teachers, which can be resolved in the process of additional professional education. Conclusion. In modern conditions, the axiological competence of teachers is intensively transformed for objective reasons, the emphasis is shifting to the values transmitted by teachers, axiological competence should be considered today as a basic component of the professional competence of teachers, and its new content should be determined by the value core of additional professional education.

This study analyzes environmental monitoring mechanisms in the impact zones of oil producing and refining enterprises. The paper systematizes modern approaches to monitoring the quality of atmospheric air, water bodies, soil, and groundwater. Particular attention is paid to the regulatory framework of the Russian Federation in the area of environmental monitoring.An analysis of statistical data from the Ministry of Ecology of the Republic of Bashkortostan revealed a consistent trend in environmental law violations. The highest number of violations related to atmospheric air protection were recorded in 2011, 2012, 2021, and 2024. In the area of water use, an increase in violations has been observed over the past four years.The study provides a detailed analysis of environmental quality management algorithms. For atmospheric air, a monitoring system including stationary and route monitoring is considered. Category I enterprises are equipped with automated monitoring systems that transmit data to environmental agencies.Monitoring regulations for water bodies including the development of permissible discharge standards and the creation of a monitoring station system were analyzed. A network of observation wells and regular sampling are used to monitor groundwater and soil.The study identified systemic limitations of current monitoring mechanisms. Key issues include fragmented data and the lack of a unified information space. Existing systems have reactive nature and focus on recording changes that have already occurred. A significant time lag between sampling and management decisions reduces the effectiveness of environmental protection measures. The lack of integration of data on various environmental components makes it impossible to track the transboundary migration of pollutants.The conclusion substantiates the need to modernize the environmental monitoring system. A transition to a proactive model based on the principles of continuous monitoring and mathematical modeling is proposed.The study results can be used to improve regional environmental safety systems. A promising area for further research is the development of an integrated monitoring system for oil-producing regions.