Imperial knowledge-making: Spanish and Russian modern time questionnaires as data collection tools

This article is devoted to the “places of memory” associated with the stay of the Russian squadron in Tunisia in the early 1920s. Methodologically, the study is based on the theoretical constructs characteristic of the founders of the concept of historical memory (M. Halbwachs, J. Assmann, etc.). The author shows the need to take them into account when forming the “politics of memory” in modern Russia, concerning the events of the era of the Great Upheavals of 1914–1922. Particular importance is attached to the role of representatives of the Russian diaspora. The article proves that it was the phenomenon of the Russian diaspora that largely contributed to the elimination of the gap in the history of our country caused by the events of the revolution and the Civil War. The author believes that a similar mission is fulfilled by the “places of memory” associated with the history of the Russian diaspora itself. One of its key pages is the functioning of the Russian squadron in the Tunisian port of Bizerte in the early 1920s. The article substantiates the conclusion about the uniqueness of Tunisia as a country in which significant memorial complexes dedicated to Russian participants in the First World War and the Civil War are preserved and maintained in good condition. It is shown that the most important contribution to this is made by the members of the Tunisian Association “Russian Heritage”. The author characterizes the key “places of memory” associated with the stay of Russian soldiers in Tunisia, i.e. Christian cemeteries in the cities of Tunis and Menzel-Bourguiba, a cemetery in Bizerte, the Orthodox churches of Alexander Nevsky in Bizerte and the Resurrection of Christ in Tunis, and the House-Museum of Anastasia Shirinskaya in Bizerte. It is demonstrated that the preservation of historical memory about the phenomenon of the Russian diaspora continues to play a consolidating role, uniting the Russian public in a difficult geopolitical situation.

Aim . This work aimed to analyze data on migration processes in modern Russia, their manifestations, and their impact on the country’s economic and national security, as well as to identify associated risks and threats and consider existing opportunities for various forms of migration. Objectives . The work seeks to study Russia’s migration policy within the context of global migration trends, as well as to investigate the impact of internal and external migration processes on Russia’s economic and national security, their causes, and types. Methods . The study is based on comparative, systemic-structural, cause-and-effect, factor, functional, and statistical analysis. Expert assessment and observation methods were also used. Results. The Russia’s migration policy is primarily aimed to ensure a balance between the economy’s need for labor resources, the protection of national security, and social stability. The migration strategy serves as a tool designed to fulfill the purposes of Russia’s migration policy and achieve its objectives in the long term. Internal migration in Russia is largely represented by a young, active, and productive segment of the population, driven primarily by economic, geopolitical, and climatic factors. External migration to Russia is caused primarily by economic factors, particularly a steady increase in labor migration. Meanwhile, intellectual migration is experiencing an outflow of people from the country. As a result, migration legislation is being reformed to encourage scientists to return to the country, however no significant effect has been noted to date. Conclusions . Nowadays migration takes various forms and has varying intensities. Internal migration continues to develop as migration from small towns to cities, while external migration fluctuates depending on the political situation and other factors. This determines the origin and intensity of migration processes. Internal and external migration can not only be a source of threats to Russia’s economic and national security but also create opportunities to address demographic, economic, and social problems through properly implemented migration policies. As long as the Russian economy remains inconsistent in its priorities for scientific and technological development and the implementation of support tools at various levels, the outflow of promising population and the influx of unskilled and illegal migrants will remain a huge risk to Russia’s economic and national security. Russia’s migration policy requires fundamental changes and refinements to avoid irreversible consequences due to lost time.

The article examines and analyzes the features of the country’s economic growth in 2025, the reasons, and some factors contributing to the decline in growth rates. Special attention is given to the current monetary policy (conditions), the dynamics of the key interest rate, the volatility of the Russian ruble exchange rate, the strengthening of the Russian ruble against the dollar and the euro, and the currency corridor by month in 2025. The article provides a list of sanctions (restrictions) imposed by unfriendly countries on Russia, and highlights the geopolitical tensions that are expected to occur in 2025. The article also discusses and analyzes several other factors that may impact the country’s economic situation, and offers suggestions and recommendations for promoting economic growth and development.

Introduction. The article discusses the problem of improving the quality of mathematical education in secondary schools. The purpose of the study is to build school mathematics course based on the competence approach developed and refined by the author, to demonstrate what has been said using the example of the first three basic competencies of the ‘Divisibility of integers’ topic. Materials and Methods. The basis of the methodology is the integration of the author’s consistent theory and technology about the competence approach and long-term practice in teaching this topic. Results. Many students trained using this technology have become worthy citizens of Russia, doctors of sciences and professors. The expediency of choosing this topic is due to the following circumstances: it causes great difficulties for teachers (not only Russian ones), students of pedagogical universities and, as a result, for high school students who lose points on the Unified State Exam; there are almost no textbooks capable of solving this problem. Conclusions. The introduction of a competence-based approach into the process of studying school mathematics will help improve the quality of mathematical education and personal development of students, thereby contributing to preparing future professionals to solve the significant problem posed by the President of the country: to develop the Russian economy ahead of the foreign ones.

The importance of this study stems from the need for Russian investors and businesses to swiftly value, commercialize, and monetize digital intellectual assets. This research focuses on digital intellectual property, its usage rights, and how to assess and market it. The paper aims to define the economics of digital intellectual assets, find the factors that affect their worth, and analyze valuation approaches and commercial use methods. The study used methods of comparative analysis, classification, valuation, innovation economics, tabular and graphical visualization of the results, and valuation tools. Thus, the author found key digital intellectual assets and assessed their practical uses, then classified factors affecting their value. The paper analyzed current valuation methods and ways to commercialize digital intellectual property. The author’s conclusion was that a company must determine market or investment value, considering the factors found, to commercialize digital intellectual assets.

It is generally accepted that the basis of social and legal stability in any society is a consensus on virtue — the fundamental values of proper behavior, ways of maintaining and reproducing them. And, conversely, the destruction of this consensus is a sign of the loss of stability and divergence of positions of social institutions, groups and professional communities in understanding and applying norms and sanctions for their violation. This schematic representation poorly explains the parameters of the moral crisis of the era of globalization: the reasons for the loss of the meaning of the concept of virtue as the basis of the moral universe of humanity; the rejection of universal moral standards previously supported by religion or ideology, the growing conflict of their interpretations in different cultures, confessional and ethnic communities, the confrontation of value hierarchies within national cultures and individual groups, and most importantly - the lack of common moral guidelines of what to strive for. In these conditions, the dominant global trend has become the appeal to the codification of norms of so-called “pragmatic ethics” – the development of various codes of proper behavior for individual social and professional groups, which in this way seek to express their identity, functions and place in the dynamics of changes in the social hierarchy. This general fashion for the creation of ethical codes has captured post-Soviet Russia and is considered almost a panacea for moral distortions and the basis for effective social regulation. Meanwhile, the codification of ethical standards of all social subcultures without exception means a tacit recognition of both their insurmountable contradictions and that part of them that does not share conventional standards of virtue or clearly rebels against them. On this basis, the phenomenon of moral anomie (that is, the destruction of the entire normative system) and the justification of non-conformist and immoral behavior arises. What should be the parameters and limits of its acceptance in a democratic society, and most importantly - who sets them? This range of problems becomes the subject of analysis for the first time in this article, based on the entire corpus of the latest ethical codes of marginal communities in modern Russia.

Subject. This article focuses on economic consequences of imposing sanctions on the Russian high-tech industry. Objectives. The article aims to analyze the negative aspects of the sanctions impact on the technical and economic products characteristics in high-tech industries. Methods. For the study, we used the methods of logical data analysis. Results. The article examines the necessary conditions for ensuring Russia's technological sovereignty and suggests ways to mitigate the negative effects on Russia's economy. Conclusions. The potential for consolidating technologically related productions, scientific and design divisions, and high-tech cross-industry integration can help create and maintain sovereign, complete innovation chains. The use of these opportunities depends on the government policy in Russia.

Subject. The role of responsible investment as a driver of decarbonization in the Russian economy. Objectives. To identify the links between the level of transparency in ESG ratings and the volume of responsible investments. Methods. General scientific approaches (analysis, data synthesis) and specific economic-mathematical tools, including graphical analysis, were applied. Results. An analysis of existing ESG assessment methods was conducted, identifying their advantages, disadvantages, and risks. It was established that sanctions restrictions necessitate the development of a new ESG methodology. An author’s ESG assessment method was proposed, providing a comprehensive analysis and accounting for the impact of ESG factors and the transparency of the ratings themselves on the volume of ESG investments. The conditions under which the implementation of the author’s method is possible were defined. The hypothesis of a positive correlation between the level of ESG rating transparency and the volume of attracted ESG investments was confirmed. Conclusions. The findings lay the groundwork for effectively adapting to global trends and unlocking Russia’s economic potential. Future research will focus on studying the impact of the proposed method on companies’ long-term sustainability and competitiveness in the global market. The conditions for its implementation in Russia were identified, including through cooperation with EAEU countries.

In the context of increasing foreign policy pressure and sanctions policies from some Western countries,the Russian Federation is experiencing a necessary and justified shift in approaches to legislative technique.Particular attention is paid to the implications of such changes for legal certainty and judicial practice. Thestudy's findings highlight the urgency of developing and improving legislative mechanisms, strengtheningexpert support, and applying modern legal modeling techniques. This study is based on an interdisciplinaryapproach, with a predominance of legal methods, providing a comprehensive analysis of the transformation oflegislative technique in modern Russia. The primary focus is on how law can adapt to changing internationalrealities — from targeted legislative changes to large-scale legal reforms prompted by foreign policy pressure —which determines the choice of appropriate analytical tools.

Aim. To determine the role of a female image in figurative language devices: phraseological units, proverbs, and sayings, which are defined by the term paroemia. Methodology. The subject of the study was the phraseological material, which consists of phraseological units, including phraseological expressions, catchphrases, and proverbs extracted from dictionaries of Russian phraseology, as well as dictionaries of proverbs and sayings. Such methods as observation, continuous sampling, statistical analysis, comparative analysis, as well as sociolinguistic, lexical-semantic, and historical-etymological analysis were used in both collection and analysis of the phraseological material. Results. Sociolinguistic, lexical-semantic, and historical-etymological analysis was used to identify the reasons for using female images as lexical components, the sources of their formation, etymology, and semantics when studying lexical components in the composition of phraseological units, paroemias, and catchphrases, that are similar to well-known female names. It was found that myths, biblical legends, literary works, colloquial speech, movies, and popular television series are the main sources of female images in the lexical composition of phraseological units, as well as the origin of catchphrases. It has been noted that some female images have become common nouns with a metaphorical meaning. The semantics of phraseological units and proverbs containing female names as lexical components, as well as female names that have become catchphrases, is determined by various characteristics of women: appearance, personality traits, behavior in different situations, and their place and role in society. Research implications. The studied phraseological units, catchphrases, and paroemias containing female onyms, which are recorded in dictionaries and reference books of the Russian language, enrich the theory of linguoculturology and sociolinguistics, and also outline the prospects for a systematic study of similar linguistic units in synchrony and diachrony in order to identify trends the formation of new words and meanings, catchphrases, idioms, and proverbs. Such linguistic units allow us to determine the role of proper names in enriching the vocabulary and phraseology of the modern Russian literary language, and they are also of great importance for lexicography.

The study addresses the problem of adapting the financial instruments for implementing the environmental agenda to the regional context of the Russian economy. The study is devoted to identifying the financial features and prospects for accelerating the green transition of the Southern Federal District (SFD) of the Russian Federation through the optimization of eco-­investments. The study is based on statistical materials of Rosstat on the dynamics of financial injections into the green transition and its manifestations in the regions of the SFD in 2021–2022, which are processed using the regression modeling method. Financial monitoring of the green transition of the SFD was carried out, which revealed the following features of this process: the inconsistency of the eco-­investment trend, increasing in nominal terms, but decreasing in real terms; an institutional trap, expressed in the lack of a contribution of eco-­investments to the green transformation of the environment in the SFD; patterns of increasing public and industrial involvement in the green transition in the SFD in relation to the increase in eco-­investments. The prospect of accelerating the green transition of the SFD through the optimization of eco-­investments is established — for this purpose, the optimal volume of eco-­investments is recommended for the implementation of a complete green transition in the SFD in the period from 2036 to 2050. In the system, the listed results formed a financial model of the green transition of the SFD based on eco-­investments, which highlighted the meso-­level financial horizon of the green transition in the SFD and opened the “black box” of the application of financial instruments to the implementation of the green transition in the SFD due to the explanation of the transformation processes of eco-­investments, specification and clarification of the return on them in the SFD. The identified meso-­level features and patterns will increase the accuracy of financial planning and the efficiency of financial management of environmental activities in the SFD. A scientifically based benchmark for optimizing eco-­investments in the SFD will make it possible to create a road map for the green transition of the SFD in support of achieving environmental goals in advancing Russia along a low-­carbon path of economic development.

ABSTRACT By exploiting the natural experiment of post-2022 sanctions against Russia, our study contributes to the sanctions literature by offering an empirical analysis of the determinants of the imposition of industry-specific trade sanctions from a cost-benefit point of view. We developed a specialized indicator designed to measure the intensity of trade sanctions imposed by the European Union (EU) and the U.S.A. against Russia in 2022–24, as a share of 2021 trade that would be affected by corresponding trade bans, by 2-digit HS product groups. Using econometric techniques, we show that the sanctioning countries strategically focus on restricting trade flows in order to exert maximum economic pressure on the Russian economy, including effects along value chains. This is consistent with the point of view that the probability of success of sanctions increases with economic harm to the target economy. At the same time, we get no empirical evidence in favor of the deterrent effect of costs related to sanctions. The sanctioning countries do not impose less-intensive restrictions on the trade flows that are economically important to their economies, which seems to indicate the firmness of their intentions.

The study presents the results of a study of possible areas of Russian-­Chinese scientific and technological cooperation, covering key sectors — from IT and telecommunications to industry and space technologies. The importance of strategic partnership between Russia and China in science and technology is emphasized, and the most promising areas for creating joint Russian-­Chinese scientific and technological consortiums are highlighted. Among them are artificial intelligence (AI), medicine, biotechnology, new materials and quantum computing. It is noted that China occupies a leading position in the world in terms of investment in AI, the number of patents and the implementation of machine learning algorithms in industry and everyday life. The key complementary competencies of the parties have been identified, where Russia’s fundamental research and unique technological groundwork are effectively combined with China’s strength in applied development, scaling, and commercialization. This synergy creates a foundation for breakthrough cooperation in priority areas for global scientific and technological leadership, such as AI, biomedicine, quantum computing, and new materials engineering. Russian and Chinese scientists could work together to create carbon nanomaterials for use in electronics, the aviation and space industries, and in medicine. The study concludes on the impact of Russian-­Chinese scientific and technological cooperation on the Russian economy, including reduced dependence on Western technology, access to Chinese investment, production capacity, and markets for high-­tech products. This is especially important in the context of sanctions pressure. In addition, it is noted that the economic effect of cooperation will be manifested in the growth of trade in high-­tech goods and an increase in the number of joint ventures. In conclusion, it is emphasized that the creation of Russian-­Chinese scientific consortiums in the specified areas is capable of not only strengthening the technological independence of the two countries, but also bringing them to the forefront of the global scientific and technical agenda.

The post-normality period has increased the importance of solving the state task of ensuring Russia's long-term socio-economic development. Special emphasis is placed on resistance to endogenous and exogenous shocks and openness to the realization and use of fundamentally new opportunities and components of growth. In turn, this is inextricably linked to the implementation of large-scale strategic transformations, which requires the involvement of large amounts of resources, primarily financial resources, and creates a high investment demand. At the same time, empirical data indicate that an imbalance in investment activity persists, which is manifested in a significant gap between investments in financial and non-financial assets. In conditions of an urgent need for financial resources to ensure creative processes for modernization and restoration of the material and technical base at a fundamentally new technological level, this can lead to the development of weakening or destructive processes in the economy. The key factor contributing to this situation is a high degree of uncertainty. In such conditions, enterprises tend to realize opportunities with the greatest investment attractiveness in order to make a profit, which leads to the redistribution of excess financial resources into speculative instruments to the detriment of investments in the real sector. Overcoming this imbalance is possible through a targeted reorientation of investment flows from the financial sector to the real sector of the economy. One of the effective solutions may be the formation of a system of industrial strategies for systematic and long-term development while creating favorable conditions for all actors within these systems. The availability of proven and effective industrial strategies, on the one hand, will reduce risks for potential investors, on the other hand, it will open up new production and technological opportunities with high multiplier potential. The reorientation of enterprises' funds from financial assets to core and innovative activities will ensure the implementation of qualitative transformations at the industry level and will build a solid industrial core and ensure Russia's technological sovereignty.

The aim of the work is to identify the linguistic peculiarities of the functioning of the English lexeme “IT” in the Internet space of the modern Russian language. This research focuses on the concept of “Internet discourse” and its characteristics, demonstrating the activation of the English lexeme “IT” and describing its multi-stage adaptation processes, spheres of use, and structural peculiarities in the new receiving language system. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that for the first time it provides a systematic description of the linguistic peculiarities of the English lexeme “IT” actively functioning in the Internet space of the modern Russian language. These peculiarities are examined from the perspective of four classification groups of linguistic units: related to activation, related to adaptation, thematic, structural. As a result of the research, the English lexeme “IT” has a high creative and productive ability in the word-formation process in the Internet space of the modern Russian language and at the same time performs a number of linguo-pragmatic functions. The cases of both independent use of the English lexeme “IT” and inclusion in multi-component structures in the receiving language (Russian) are highlighted.

The purpose of the article is a comprehensive socio-philosophical analysis of the phenomenon of elite consciousness. Special attention is paid to the problem of the influence of the false form of elite consciousness on the socio-cultural dynamics of modern Russian society. Research methodology. The article is based on theoretical and methodological approaches to the study of the problems of elite identity, elite and elite worldview and consciousness. An important role is played by dialectical methodology, which allows conceptualizing the dynamics of elite consciousness through the categories of «form» and «content». Results of the study. The evolution of elite consciousness as a factor in socio-cultural development is a crucial issue for modern philosophy. In the conditions of the crisis development of Russian society at the turn of the century, a false form of elite consciousness became dominant, the essence of which is the appropriation of the qualities of elitism without selection and separation of the corresponding criteria Russian society, its cultural, spiritual, political recovery and the formation of a sovereign platform for sustainable development. Elite consciousness has become alienated from truly active elite groups. This continues to be an obstacle to the reintegration of Russian society, its cultural, spiritual, and political recovery, and the formation of a sovereign platform for sustainable development.

The article is devoted to the study of the concept of social partnership in the context of Russian labor legislation. Social partnership is considered as a system-forming element of the legal regulation of labor relations. The article outlines the main levels at which social partnership is implemented in Russia, as well as the forms of its implementation. The difficulties hindering the full-fledged implementation of social partnership in Russia are noted. The importance of social partnership for modern Russian society and the need for further improvement of its implementation mechanisms are emphasized.

The article is devoted to the problem of actualization of professional training of a student – a future teacher – as a carrier of value-oriented competencies, ready to effectively solve modern tasks of education and socialization of young people. The article presents an analysis of the works of modern Russian authors devoted to the formation and development of the value orientations of students of a pedagogical university as a complex socio-psychological and pedagogical phenomenon, reflecting the direction and content of the individual's personality in general, as well as his relations and activities in the professional sphere. The purpose of the research presented in the article is to analyze and interpret diagnostic data on the value-semantic competencies of students of a pedagogical university. To achieve this goal, a comprehensive diagnostic toolkit was used to study the value-based competence of a future teacher as a complex system of meanings.The study sample consisted of 2nd and 3rd year undergraduate students of Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia, the Institute of Foreign Languages, the Faculty of Geography, and the Institute of Pedagogy, who were studying in the fields of Pedagogical Education and Psychological and Pedagogical Education. The presented research results demonstrate that the average values of the selected categories of meanings (cognitive, communicative, self-realization, and altruistic) are similar, but the value position of future teachers is insufficiently formed. Based on the data obtained, a number of conclusions have been drawn about the need to update various types and forms of interactive interaction in order to solve the identified problem. This is done by selecting socially significant information that reflects the current values and orientations of Russian society, as well as taking into account the specific values and meanings of the younger generation.

To examine the anthropological foundations of socially transformative subjectivity in the post-Soviet Russian context, and to identify how this subjectivity can preserve and reinforce Russia’s cultural and civilizational identity amid globalization and ideological confrontation. The study adopts a philosophical-anthropological perspective, grounded in historical-logical analysis and comparative methodology. It reflects on Russia's dual position as both a unique civilization and a part of global structures. The author analyzes ideological shifts since the Soviet collapse, incorporating cultural, political, and ethical dimensions of subject formation. This work addresses a rarely studied nexus between national identity, cultural continuity, and individual subjectivity within Russia's post-Soviet transformation. It emphasizes the need for an authentic, culturally-rooted subject capable of countering externally imposed models and resisting pseudo-subjectivity shaped by media and liberal globalization. The idealized post-Soviet “New Russian” subject proved incompatible with Russia’s civilizational code, based on community, solidarity, and cultural rootedness. The failure of liberal individualism led to social disorientation, asocial behavior, and ideological vacuum. The reassertion of patriotic subjectivity, supported by policy changes and cultural education reforms, is presented as essential to restoring national coherence and agency. The paper introduces the concept of “transformative subjectivity” as an anthropological and civilizational tool for navigating modern Russian identity. It contributes to political anthropology, national ideology studies, and cultural sociology by offering a multidimensional framework for understanding subject formation in transitional societies.