Russian Foundation For Basic Research Research Articles

Методология и технология индивидуализации в инклюзивном образовании

Ensuring the proper quality of inclusive education continues to be one of the most pressing issues requiring fundamental scientific research. The article presents the findings of the study undertaken in 2020–2022 as part of the project for the Russian Foundation for Basic Research — Educational Setting Individualization as a Contributing Factor to the Development of Inclusive Processes in the Education of Children with Disabilities in Urban and Rural Areas. The research seeks to address a major scientific goal of current pedagogy: the theoretical and methodological development, as well as the empirical analysis, of pedagogical mechanisms and conditions for the individualization of the educational process for students with disabilities.
 The author explores the notion of individualization in the context of an integrative approach. It is seen as a factor that contributes to the availability and high quality of inclusive education by guaranteeing the participation of students with disabilities in the social and educational environment.
 The article reflects the authors’ methodological foundations for individualization. It also substantiates the psychological and pedagogical mechanisms and conditions that allow for better resourcing of inclusive education, as well as the harmonization of teaching and special educational needs of students with disabilities associated with the specifics of their individual psychosocial development. The authors provide diagnostic tools to assess a teacher’s preparedness for indivi­dualization of the educational process, as well as a preparedness typology generated throughout the research. They develop the notion of inclusive methodological competency of the teacher and define its operational components with the goal of increasing teachers’ individualization skills. Furthermore, the study discusses the authors’ strategy and organizational models for the pedago­gically suitable interaction of subject teachers with the goal of individualizing educational process.

Перспективные направления дидактических исследований в России

The article presents the findings of the study undertaken as part of the project for the Russian Foundation for Basic Research — Promising Areas of Didactic Research in Russia. The authors discuss social and cultural issues in didactics, such as instability and non-standard living and professional conditions, the dynamism of the professional arena, unexpected intricacy of job responsibilities, and others. The study reveals how the research area has expanded beyond the discovery of common patterns in schooling and higher education to include preschool, postgraduate, corporate, domestic, and senior citizen education, as well as tutoring. It raises new didactic challenges related to the digital transformation of education and describes changes in the methodological regulation of didactic research using V.S. Styopin’s typology of scientific rationality, which encompasses classical, non-classical, and post-nonclassical kinds.
 The authors present a review of didactic research in higher education based on the integration of competency and value-semantic methods that focus on the search and application of perso­nal meanings in both education and subsequent activities. They also discuss the specific features of adult education practices as well as the challenges they pose to didactics, including changes in subjects of education, multi-agency in the educational process, multiple ‘integration points,’ ‘non-cognitive’ types of experience, a shift in the teacher’s position, and the coherence and complexity of didactic theory.

СОЦВЕТИЕ НАУК ДЛЯ ИЗУЧЕНИЯ ИСТОРИЧЕСКОГО ГЕРБАРИЯ

(Rev.: The Herbarium of Robert Erskine, Archiater and Physician-in-Chief to Peter the Great / edited by A.K. Sytin and D.D. Slastunov. SPb, Lubavich, 2022, 375 p.) Summary: The book under review is the first critical edition of the Herbarium belonged to Robert Areskin, a fellow-fighter of Peter the Great, his Physician-in-Chief and President of the Apothecary’s Garden in Moscow. The Herbarium was created in 1709 and composed of plant species from the vicinity of Moscow. This is Russia’s first botanical collection of western type. The present critical edition is a part of the huge research project “From the Kunstkamera to Herbal Science. The Development of Botany in Russia in the First Half of the 18th Century” conducted by Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences with the financial support of Russian Foundation for Basic Research. It demonstrates how productive the joint effort of botanists, historians, historians of science, librarians, archivists and museum custodians can be. The contribution of web designers, database developers and specialists in digital image processing neither can be underestimated. The review emphasizes the success of this interdisciplinary team and congratulates the editors on the way they revealed Herbarium’s scientific, historical and cultural value.

Высокорельефная чеканка в казанско-татарской ювелирной традиции: историко-технический анализ

The article is devoted to identifying the origins and regional features of the technology of high-relief coinage in the Kazan-Tatar jewelry tradition. The main source was the electronic database of Tatar jewelry from museum collections, collected within the framework of the academic project “Jewelry of the Turkic peoples of Eurasia: general and special” (Russian Foundation for Basic Research 2013–2014, No. 13-06-97056). The research was based on a systematic technical and stylistic analysis of traditional jewelry and a detailed synchronous-diachronic examination of Bulgar-Golden Horde and Tatar products with three-dimensional images. Reconstruction of technological techniques related to this type of artistic metal processing made it possible to identify specific features of the formation of decor. The manual method of obtaining a unique relief using punches with a figured striker predominated. The decorations are characterized by the following: two or three-level bas-relief, the absence of a “locking” profile, the principle of “compositing” that underlies the conventionally interpreted floral and plant motifs, geometric orderliness, subject to the laws of the central-radial composition. The completed form of the decoration corresponds to the typical features of “notch chasing”, which is a marker of the Tatar craft tradition: smooth relief and “grain” background. An integrated approach allowed us to conclude that the origins of the existing artistic and figurative system can be traced in artifacts of the Bulgarian and Golden Horde silver of the 11th–14th centuries, made by embossing, stamping, and punching on a matrix. The formation of technological features was influenced by the traditions of high-relief coinage, which received regional development among Kazan silversmiths in the 17th–18th centuries. The specifics of Tatar relief coinage as a whole were formed in the context of Islamic art.

Current problems of digital transformation in secondary education

Introduction. The article continues the series of publications within the framework of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR) project “Construction of a Fundamental Model for the Digital Transformation of the General Education System”.Aim. The aim of the study was to analyse the current state of development of digital educational services and the development of digital competencies by participants in the educational process.Methodology and research methods. The authors used the materials from a number of secondary monitoring studies; however, the current research is based on completely original material. The data obtained during the survey are published for the first time. The main method of collecting information is an electronic questionnaire based on Google forms. The survey respondents were participants in the educational process, predominantly permanently residing in the territory of the Sverdlovsk region (99% of respondents). The survey was conducted on a voluntary and completely anonymous basis.Results. The research results of the study suggest that the mastery of digital technologies by the participants in the educational process is insignificantly associated with the implementation of state strategic programmes in the field of digital transformation of education. Although the ongoing changes such as the development of digital infrastructure in the school, the accumulation of digital educational content, the development of specialised services, the increase in the level of digital literacy of teachers are necessary. However, within the framework of the existing education management system, the aforementioned changes do not provide significant motivation for the actual use of opportunities of digital infosphere in education. Accordingly, at the moment, the transformation process is taking place according to the worst (inertial) scenario.Scientific novelty. The article makes it possible to more accurately assess the situation in regional education in order to make current management decisions and provides reference points for longitudinal research aimed at achieving the main goal of the project as a potential basis for the educational strategy of the Russian Federation.

REORGANIZING HIGHER ECONOMIC EDUCATION: EMBRACING PERSONALISM AND MOVING BEYOND THE BOLOGNA PROCESS IN METHODOLOGY AND THEORY

The article presents an evaluation of the current state of economic education’s theoretical “core” and proposes a shift towards a personalistic approach in response to the emergence of a multipolar world in politics. Drawing on research supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR), the article identifies four types of reproduction in the market economic system as the “core” of national economic education: goods, people, man, and knowledge. The adoption of a personalistic approach within these types of reproduction can provide a balance between Western individualism and Eastern holism associated with socialism and communism.

A comparison of taxon-like schizotypal clusters of non-clinical individuals on polygenic scores for schizophrenia and related phenotypes

IntroductionSchizotypy is conceptualized to be on the continuum of the risk for psychosis. However, previous studies that used the dimensional approach to schizotypy failed to confirm the expected relations between schizotypal traits and polygenic risk scores (PRS) for schizophrenia. A taxonic approach is an alternative way of looking at schizotypy, but to the best of our knowledge it has not been used to explore the genetic architecture of this construct.ObjectivesThe present study aimed to fill this gap by comparing groups with different profiles of schizotypal traits on PRS for schizophrenia and related phenotypes.MethodsTo find clusters with different combinations of schizotypal traits, we conducted data mining of an ethnically homogeneous cohort of 1377 healthy individuals completed the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire. Four clusters emerged, termed low, positive, negative, and high mixed schizotypy. Approximately equal groups from each cluster were selected for genotyping. After quality control, PRS for schizophrenia, depression, neuroticism, and educational attainment were calculated for 320 individuals (mean age = 31.74, SD 12.25 years, 59% women) based on the summary statistics of the largest genome-wide association studies of the respective traits. The groups from different clusters were then compared on PRS.ResultsThe schizotypy groups were similar in age and sex composition but differed in educational attainment and neuroticism (as measured by the Eysenck Personality Inventory), with the high mixed schizotypes having the lowest education and highest neuroticism scores among the schizotypy groups. There were no statistically significant differences between the groups in any PRS. However, the high mixed schizotypy group showed the largest PRS for schizophrenia, neuroticism, and depression. At a nominally significant level, it differed from negative and positive schizotypes in schizophrenia PRS and from low schizotypy in neuroticism PRS. The positive and negative schizotypal groups had non-significantly lower schizophrenia PRS than low schizotypy subjects.ConclusionsOur study showed no reliable difference between groups with different schizotypal profiles in PRS of schizophrenia and related phenotypes. At the same time, a number of trends were observed suggesting that only the high mixed schizotypy might be viewed as a condition with an elevated genetic risk of schizophrenia. This is in line with Meehl’s quasi-dimensional model of schizotypy and warrants further investigation in larger samples. This work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research under Grant 20-013-00230.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Efficiency of technology for early identification of giftedness in children aged 6-7 through contemporary art

Introduction. The efficiency of early identification of children’s giftedness by means of contemporary art in the conditions of “art workshop” is mediated by the extent to which the technology used for this purpose meets the scientific ideas about comparative effectiveness of implemented diagnostics. However, the efficiency of ISKRA technology for early identification of endowments based on contemporary art has not yet been a subject of special research. Research objective: to analyse and discuss the effectiveness of early identification of giftedness through contemporary art. Materials and methods. The experiment involved 130 preschoolers aged from 6 to 7, attending kindergartens in town Otradnoe, Samara region of the Russian Federation. The giftedness identification methods included: 1) the test “Art+”, realising the idea of duo-vector endowments (music and mathematics, fine arts and sports, music and language studies); 2) a number of tasks developed by the authors of the given article, involving a contemporary art component, which form altogether the educational module “Acquaintance with contemporary art”. The methods of mathematical statistics involved the Mann – Whitney U test, the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results. The ISKRA technology is based on the current knowledge about giftedness, prepared, for due application to meet the solution of practical problems, in the course of the realisation of a 2018 research project supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research. The proposed diagnostic toolkit is centred on the “Art+” methodology which uses the principles of cybernetics in the organisation of the educational “art workshop” environment enriched with works of modern art (photography and video art objects, music, literary texts), materials for creativity (art-specific, pertaining to natural world and also to mathematics, sports, languages). The “Art+” methodology differs from other methods of revealing giftedness in that it focuses on duo-vector complexes: talents for music and mathematics (subtest “Melody of Numbers”), fine arts and sports (subtest “Living Ornament”), music and languages (subtest “Signals from Another Planet”). The second component of ISKRA is curricula for 16 sessions in the “art workshop” for 6 – 7-year old children, based on the material and methods of contemporary art integrating child’s art endeavours with other activities in order to activate “gifted behaviour”, and constituting the training module “Getting to Know Modern Art”. The observation of changes in the child’s behaviour under the influence of art in the process of related activity with creative elements makes it possible to reveal manifestations of giftedness, complementing the results of testing held twice – before and after the educational module classes. The research showed that the “art workshop” classes based on ISKRA technology had a positive effect on all 12 indicators of “gifted behaviour” (p < 0.01) with a varying degree of statistical significance. Conclusion. The obtained results made it possible to consider, in terms of the problem of early identification of giftedness, the possibility to identify the duo-vector giftedness of children, that is activated in response to the use of artistic means; to determine the specifics of “gifted behaviour” depending on the child’s ability to master the ISKRA educational technology that encompasses works of art combined with specific materials and techniques of contemporary art. The research makes it possible to set the guidelines for varying the model of early identification of giftedness and improving the scientific and methodological support for educational process involving gifted children aged 6-7.

“If I was given some kind of flight resource, then I exhausted it to the maximum extent, working at the Institute of Slavic Studies”. The memoirs of Yu. P. Gusev

At the request of the editors of the Slavic World in the Third Millennium, Yury Pavlovich Gusev (born in 1939), Doctor of Philology, a well-known researcher and translator of Hungarian literature, speaks about his life and path in science. Yu.P. Gusev was born and raised in the Urals. After graduating from the Faculty of Philology of Moscow State University, he worked for two years as a teacher of Russian language and literature in a Hungarian village in the Transcarpathian region of Ukraine, having perfectly mastered the Hungarian language. After post-graduate studies in the Institute of World Literature of the Academy of Sciences of USSR, he became a member of that Institute and worked there until the early 1990s, rising from junior to leading researcher. A quarter of a century of his activity is associated with the Institute of Slavic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, where he worked in 1994–2019 as a leading researcher. Since the early 1970s, Yuri Pavlovich has been actively combining his research work with his work as a translator of Hungarian fiction, both classical and contemporary. For his merits in the field of translation and study of Hungarian literature Yu. P. Gusev was awarded prestigious state awards and prizes in Hungary. Yu. P. Gusev talks about his childhood during the war and in the first post-war years, his youth, studies at the Moscow University and his impressions of those times, his work at the Institute of World Literature and the Institute of Slavic Studies, his many trips to Hungary and communication with Hungarian colleagues. He also shares his opinion on the development of the Hungarian studies in Russia, the possibilities for further dialogue between the two cultures. The article was prepared with the support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, project No. 21-59-23002 "Soviet-Hungarian scientific relations in the field of the humanities: communication channels, intellectual presence, transfer of ideas (1945–1991)". Interviewed and prepared the text for publication by A.S. Stykalin.

Международная научная конференция «Значение преобразований Петра I в новой и новейшей истории России» (Москва, 17–19 мая 2022 г.)

The paper presents the results of The International Scientific Conference held at the Institute of Russian History of the Russian Academy of Sciences in May 2022 as part of celebrations of the 350th anniversary of the birth of Peter the Great. Over 120 specialists from Moscow, St. Petersburg, and other Russian cities, as well as scientists from Austria, Bulgaria, Tunisia, the USA, and France visited the conference. In follow-up, a collection of reports was published with the support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research. The scientific program of the conference was distinguished due to its versatility, with wide coverage of topical issues on Peter the Great's reforms in various domains of the country's life: central and local government, foreign policy and military affairs, economics, education and culture. Special attention was paid to the history of the church, as well as the historical remembrance of Peter’s epoch. The conference showed that today’s studies of the epoch of Peter the Great tend to a wider range of research, with empirical material actively collected, and the depth and pace of reforms studied mainly in connection with changes in local government, court and law.

Обь-Иртышское междуречье в эпоху раннего неолита – бронзы, Средневековья: культурогенез, хозяйство, мировоззрение (по материалам археологических комплексов)

This paper describes the research findings from the archaeological sites of the Neolithic – Early and Developed Bronze Age, the Middle Ages, located on the territory of Barabinskaya wood and steppe area in the Middle Omsk region, within the framework of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR) projects. The excavations of diverse sites (burials, settlements, ritual sites) of various periods helped to obtain insights into residential and economic buildings, burials and ritual objects. As a result, new data on the economy and ideology shared by the representatives of some archaeological cultures, i.e. Odinovskaya, Krotovskaya, Andronovskaya (Fedorovskaya), Kyshtovskaya, were obtained. Based on the materials from the early Neolithic sites, a new archaeological culture Barabinskaya has been identified. The archaeological evidence of contacts between two Early Bronze Age populations, Odinovskaya and Krotovskaya cultures, during the 3rd millennium BC has been documented. The economy of the early Neolithic Middle Omsk population has been characterized as mainly based on fishing: taking into account the evidence of fishing development in Baraba microdistrict, the use of river and lake bio resources for this purpose as early as since the 8th–7th millennia BC is quite obvious. For the early Neolithic era, a specific method of preserving fish – “fish pits”, as well as fish smoking, – was documented. The bronze casting production acquires the first features of crafts. The analysis of the osteological materials from Odinovskaya culture sites in Central Baraba helps to reconstruct that economy as transitional from appropriating to producing type.
 The materials of the Middle Ages sanctuaries of the southern Khanty Kyshtovskaya culture are presented. The connection of cult complexes of this culture with small barns from the sacred places of the Siberian peoples and grave structures has been established. Based on the project results, two monographs were published.

The development of AUV control system with accommodation to thruster faults

Abstract A new method for the synthesis of AUV control system for high-precision and highly reliable spatial motion is proposed. The feature of these control systems is that they include an additional accommodation circuit that provides timely detection, determination of the magnitude and compensation for the consequences of the appearance of minor faults that occur in the AUV thrusters. The simulation results confirmed the efficiency and high quality of the synthesized systems. Key words Dynamics modeling of system of solids, unmanned underwater vehicle, UUV, AUUV, mobile robot, hyper-redundant robot, computer design of machines and mechanisms, SolidWorks Motion, MCS.ADAMS. Acknowledgements This work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (projects 20-38-70161 and 19-08-00347).

Introduction of reinforcing microparticles of TiB2 and BN into aluminium by electromagnetic stirring

The paper describes an experiment in which aluminum alloy was reinforced with TiB2 and BN particles and investigates the physical properties of the resulting aluminum composite. In the experiment, TiB2 and BN reinforcing particles were introduced into molten metal as part of pellets produced from aluminum micro powder in the presence of MHD mixing with subsequent directional crystallization. The pellets were thrown into a crucible with liquid aluminum placed in the working volume of an MHD stirrer, which generated separately controlled toroidal and poloidal flows. It was found that the dissolution of the pellets prepared from the mixture of aluminum micro particles (100–150 μm) and reinforcing TiB2 micro particles (1–5 μm) under MHD stirring proceeds much better compared to the pellets with BN micro particles (1–5 μm). The pellets in which the weight percentage of BN reinforcing particles exceeds 7% poorly “dissolve” in aluminum melt, while the pellets with 10% TiB2 micro particles “dissolve” satisfactorily. Due to a large number of pellets introduced into liquid aluminum in the course of the experiment and because of the strong cooling of the melt, it was not possible to obtain the weight percentage of reinforcing micro particles in an aluminum ingot exceeding 2.5% for TiB2 micro particles and 1.4% for BN micro particles. The results of the experiment showed that the hardness and tensile strength of aluminum increase with increasing content of TiB2 and BN micro particles in a similar way, but in the case BN particles to a lesser extent. The strength and electrical resistivity of liquid aluminum reinforced with TiB2 and BN particles increase with their rising fraction.The structural study of the specimens on electron and digital optical microscopes were carried out in compliance with the state budget subject AAAAA19-119012290101-5 of the Institute of Continuum Mechanics at the UralBranch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; the experiments on introduction of microparticles into molten aluminium were funded by the Government of the Perm Kray and the Russian Foundation for Basic Research under the Ural regional project No. [19-48-590001 р_а].

Анализ рынка функционального питания: российский и международный аспект

The modern food market is undergoing a period of rapid development following the changes in marketing technologies and consumer behavior patterns. Nowadays, people pay more attention to the quality and composition of food products, as well as their functional properties. The present article reviews the international and Russian market of functional foods in order to define the consumer demand for new specialized products.
 The methods included data comparison, grouping, and systematization. The analysis involved Russian and foreign papers published in 2018–2022 and registered in Scopus, eLibrary, Cyberleninka, and the Library of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research. It also covered the National Demography Project, the Healthy Nutrition Project, and the Strategy for Improving the Quality of Food Products through 2030. 
 Consumers’ growing interest in improving their health and immune system proved to be the key factor in the functional food market. The COVID-19 pandemic intensified such trends as the priority of healthy, high-protein, and low-sugar foods. Japan and the USA are the current leaders on this market. Russia supports healthy food policy at the state level.
 The functional food market is likely to become the most promising and competitive sector of global food economy. Consumer demand for these products is steadily growing: the volume of demand for functional food products will reach 17 trillion rubles by 2027. However, Russian food science needs more research in this area to catalyze import substitution. The Omsk Agrarian University has numerous projects that are meant to increase the competitiveness of the domestic functional food industry.

The <i>MtWOX</i> and <i>MtCLE</i> genes in the regulation of <i>Medicago truncatula</i> somatic embryogenesis

Plant somatic cells can be reprogrammed into totipotent embryonic cells that are able to form differentiated embryos in a process called somatic embryogenesis (SE). SE can occur naturally in various plant species and it is widely used for clonal propagation, transformation and regeneration of different crops. This process is regulated by hormone treatment and many proteins, among which WUSCHEL-related homeobox (WOX) transcription factors are believed to play crucial roles. The WOX family is involved in the regulation of a wide range of key developmental programs in different plant organs and tissues. CLE peptides are well-known hormonal regulators of plant development. WOX and CLE genes can be related to each other through feedback regulatory loops.
 Our previous studies have shown that MtWOX9-1 stimulates SE in Medicago truncatula [1] and overexpression of the MtWOX9-1 gene increases the expression level of the MtCLE08, MtCLE16, MtCLE18 genes in SE. In this study, we examine the overexpression effect of MtCLE08, 16, and 18 on the expression level of MtWOX9-1 gene and a number of other MtWOX genes, which were shown to change expression in SE according to the transcriptomic data. No significant impact of MtCLE overexpression on any MtWOX gene under study was found.
 Our findings could be a helpful point for searching and studying new morphogenetic regulators controlling SE and could have a positive impact on plant biotechnology in improving the transformation and regeneration capacity for other legumes.
 The research was supported by grant from the Russian Foundation for Basic Research No. 20-016-00124.

Development of a transgenic tissue visualization system in representatives of <i>Fabaceae</i>

Plant organisms are the objects of green biotechnology, which have been used by humans in various areas of life. The family of legumes (Fabaceae) that is being studied in this work is not an exception here. It is a very diverse family widespread throughout the globe.
 Barrel medic (Medicago truncatula) and common pea (Pisum sativum), members of the legume family, were selected in this study for the development of an vital imaging system for transgenic tissues. As a part of the work, we tested an imaging system with post-mortem staining based on the GUS reporter, as well as a system for vital detection of transgenic tissue with fluorescent proteins GFP and DsRed. At this stage, vital imaging systems based on betalain and anthocyanin staining of transgenic tissues are designed and currently being adapted to the model objects under study.
 The results of this study may be useful for subsequent attempts to solve the problem of the low efficiency of transformation of P. sativum. Moreover, such a system should be useful in the study of gene regulatory networks and factors that regulate the process of induction and subsequent development of somatic embryos. In addition, it can be used to track the dynamics of expression of genes of interest on living objects, while studying other fundamental and biotechnological processes.
 The study is supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (20-016-00124).

Selected Formal and Casual Correspondence between sociologists P.A. Sorokin and L. von Wiese (1950–1966). Transl. from Eng. and publication by N.A. Golovin

The postwar correspondence between P.A. Sorokin, head of the Harvard Centre for the Study of Creative Altruism, and L. von Wiese, President of the German Society for Sociology and publisher of a respected sociological journal from 1950 to 1966, describes their cooperation on issues of general sociology and in the search for practical ways of humanizing the postwar world. It covers notable events in P.A. Sorokin's scientific biography: his conflict with T. Parsons, L. von Wiese's role in its alleviation, Sorokin's creative plans and their implementation, the work of the Research Center for the Study of Creative Altruism, and evidence of recognition of Sorokin's work in West German society. This publication was prepared with support from the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, project №20-011-00451, CGES Saint Petersburg and Bielefeld Universities, Grant №1 from 05.02.2021, on permission from The Pitirim Sorokin Foundation, the German Federal Archives (Bundesarchiv, BAarch B 320/39) and the Pitirim A. Sorokin Collection, University Archives & Special Collections, the University Library at the University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada. Letters written by L.vonWiese as a response to P.A.Sorokin are quoted in footnotes with numbering in Latin numerals. Footnote icons written in Arabic numerals refer to notes that supplement the main text.

Генезис спортивных игровых норм в условиях эволюционного развития спорта как особого социально-культурного института

The article is devoted to the study of the process of development of game norms as a special kind of social norms. The development of sports rules in various historical periods, from the early stages of human development to the present, is analyzed. It is concluded that with the evolutionary development of sports and its transformation into a key social institution, there is a development of a system of norms that regulate the process of conducting sports competitions. The main vectors of regulation of game disciplines are revealed. The study was carried out with the financial support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research within the framework of the research project No. 20-311-90070 “Game norms in the system of social norms: theoretical and legal research”

The policy of granting scientific grants in Russia and its prospects

Modern criteria for assessing scientific activity, established in 2013, are considered. The shortcomings of these criteria, which the author of this article, together with another professor, tried to recognize as invalid and not subject to application due to their contradiction with Russian legislation and national interests, are emphasized. The requirements for applicants for grants of the Russian Science Foundation are considered (RSF), which, after merging with the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR), became the only federal scientific foundation. The first results of the merger of the two funds are analyzed. It is shown that this had a negative impact on the humanities, including legal sciences. The Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation dated March 19, 2022 No. 414 "On some issues of applying the requirements and target values of indicators related to publication activity" is analyzed. The resolution was adopted in response to the sanctions of unfriendly states, as well as a reaction to open letters from the public about the immediate exclusion from all regulations of the requirement to publish in journals from commercial indices. The resolution has the character of a moratorium on the application of requirements for the availability of publications in scientific journals indexed in international databases. Proposals are being made on the development of domestic criteria for publication activity.

Influence of the chemical and granulometric composition of quartz-leucoxene concentrate on its processing into titanium tetrachloride in fluidized bed reactors

The results of a study of the chlorination of various fractions of the quartz-leucoxene concentrate of the Yaregskoye deposit are presented. Comprehensive complementary work has been carried out to study the changes in the chemical and mineral composition of leucoxene grains that occur during their chlorination at a temperature of 850 oC and a 5-fold molar excess of carbon. It has been established that under the conditions of the process, the quartz admixture is inert to the action of chlorine, and the chlorination of aluminosilicates does not proceed completely. Chlorination of leucoxene grains proceeds according to the model of a contracting core of a particle of a constant size. During the chlorination process, the reacting core is reduced, leaving a solid inert layer, which mainly consists of quartz. The inert layer prevents direct contact of carbon particles with the TiO2 surface located inside the grains. The TiO2 chlorination reaction proceeds through the formation of gaseous intermediates (presumably chlorine atoms) formed on the carbon surface. Gaseous reagents reach the surface of TiO2 inside the particles by means of their diffusion through the pores and channels of the inert quartz layer. Chlorine atoms enter into recombination reactions, which leads to thea decrease in their concentration when passing through the quartz layer. Having reached the surface of the reacting core inside the leucoxene grains, chlorine atoms interact with TiO2. As the thickness of the quartz layer increases, the degree of recombination of chlorine atoms increases, and the rate of the TiO2 chlorination reaction decreases. Upon reaching the critical thickness of the quartz layer, equal to 55 μm, chlorine atoms practically disappear, and the process of chlorination of TiO2 stops. For this reason, titanium dioxide in the fractions of the concentrate, the grains of which are larger than 110 microns, is not completely chlorinated. Processing of the concentrate of natural grain size makes it possible to achieve the extraction of titanium at the level of 80%. Grinding the grains of the concentrate leads to high losses of TiO2 with dusty fractions and cannot be used as a stage in the preparation of the concentrate for chlorination. To create an industrial process for the production of titanium tetrachloride in fluidized bed reactors, it is necessary to develop a method that enables to increase the extraction of TiO2 from the concentrate.The study was carried out with the financial support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research within the framework of the scientific project No. 18-29-24187 MK.