Rural Women Of Reproductive Age Research Articles

Dietary and Lifestyle Characteristics and Metabolic Disorders in Reproductive-Age Women: Explorative Study in Peshawar Pakistan

Background: In rural areas, women significantly contribute to both household and agricultural activities. Their involvement in diverse tasks impacts their health, emphasizing the need to study how their lifestyle, dietary habits, and stress levels relate to metabolic health. Objective: This cross-sectional study aims to examine the relationship between lifestyle, dietary diversity, psychological stress, and metabolic indicators among rural women of reproductive age. Methods: Data were collected from 300 women aged 20 to 40, free from chronic conditions, using standardized subjective and objective measures. These included assessments of nutritional status, psychosocial factors, dietary habits, physical activity, sleep duration, body composition, blood pressure, and fasting glucose levels. Dietary patterns were analyzed using Principal Component and Factor Analysis via SPSS. Results: The average age of the participants was 27 years. Mean weight was 61.7 ± 14.2 kg and mean height 156.3 ± 5.7 cm. About 31% were overweight and 13% underweight. The average Perceived Stress Score was 14.9, with 47.5% experiencing low stress and 8.5% high stress. Dietary diversity was low for 42.5% of the women. Sedentary lifestyles correlated strongly with adverse metabolic indicators. Principal dietary patterns identified were savory cereals, dairy-based vegetables, and high-fat red meat. High-fat red meat consumption showed strong correlations with increased BMI and visceral body fat. Conclusion: Lifestyle factors, psychological stress, and dietary patterns, especially high consumption of red meat and fat, significantly influence metabolic health among rural women.

Spillover effects of food and nutrition security interventions on non-treated population: Evidence from Madagascar

Benefits from development interventions may extend beyond their direct target group. This article evaluates both direct and spillover effects of multisectoral food and nutrition security interventions targeting rural smallholder women in Madagascar. The study uses cross-sectional data obtained from 715 rural women of reproductive age (15–49 years) with at least one child aged between 6 and 23 months who were selected from three different treatment groups (treated, control, and nonbeneficiary women within project villages). We used endogenous switching regression (ESR) and propensity score matching (PSM) to analyse both direct and spillover effects of the intervention. Furthermore, we employed several regressions to identify the pathways through which direct effects occurred. Results reveal that the project positively impacted the food security status of the treated group, as well as the dietary diversity of women and children. In addition, we find positive spillover effects on nonbeneficiaries within target villages. Spillover effects are smaller than direct effects, but still significant, with 36% of the direct effect for women’s dietary diversity and 50% of the direct effect for children’s dietary diversity. The analysis of impact pathways shows that positive direct effects can be explained by reducing postharvest losses and increasing field crop and vegetable diversity. Policy-makers and development organizations should consider not only the direct effect but also the spillover effect and impact pathways when planning and designing any intervention.

Three fourths of women of reproductive age in emerging regions of Ethiopia are facing problems in accessing health care

Providing adequate and equal access health care is a key goal towards universal health coverage (UHC), but women continue to confront considerable inequities in accessing healthcare, particularly in the emerging regions of Ethiopia. Therefore, we identified the contributing factors to the problems in accessing health care among women of reproductive age in emerging regions of Ethiopia. Data from the 2016 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey were used. A total of 4680 women in reproductive age were included in the final analysis and a multilevel mixed-effect binary logistic regression analysis was done to identify the contributing factors to the problems in accessing health care. In the final model, a p-value of less than 0.05 and adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to declare statistically significant factors. We found that 71.0% (95% CI 69.64–72.24%) of women in reproductive age had problems in accessing health care. Unmarried women (AOR = 1.30 95% CI 1.06–1.59), uneducated (AOR = 2.21 95% CI 1.48–3.30) and attended primary school (AOR = 1.58 95% 1.07–2.32), rural resident (AOR = 2.16 95% CI 1.40–2.02), poor (AOR = 2.95 95% CI 2.25–3.86) and middle wealth status (AOR = 1.74 95% CI 1.27–2.40), women who gave two births (AOR = 1.29 95% CI: 1.02–1.64) and not working (AOR = 1.33 95% CI 1.06, − 1.68) and working in agriculture (AOR = 1.88 95% CI 1.35–2.61) were factors that contributed for the problems in accessing health care. A significant proportion of women of reproductive age in emerging regions of Ethiopia face challenges in accessing healthcare, which places the country far from achieving its UHC targets. This issue is particularly prominent among unmarried, poor and middle wealth status, uneducated, non-working, and rural women of reproductive age. The government should develop strategies to improve women’s education, household wealth status, and occupational opportunities which would help to alleviate the barriers hindering healthcare access for women residing in emerging regions of Ethiopia.

Contraceptive Practices and Awareness of Emergency Contraceptive Pills among Rural Women of Reproductive Age

Background: Regular contraceptive use and emergency contraception are tools to prevent population explosion. Objective: To assess the contraceptive practices and awareness of emergency contraceptive pills among rural women of reproductive age. Methods: The cross sectional study is conducted over 3months (December 2021 to February 2022) among 345 women of reproductive age (15-49 years) who living with their husbands in selected rural residence at Mostafapur village under Sadar Upazilla in Cumilla district. Women who were pregnant, had a child younger than 2 years, or had any physical & psychological disorder were excluded. Participants are selected by convenience sampling technique, data are collected by face to face interview with a semi-structured questionnaire to assess socio-demographic characteristics, contraceptive practices and awareness of emergency contraceptive pills. Data are analysed by SPSS software. Results: In this study, majority (48.7%) of the participants are in the age group 25-34 years. Most of them are housewives (92.2%) and 33.0%has secondary education. The mean (±SD) monthly family income of the participants is 25463.77 (±15971.158) tk and 58.3% of the participants has 1-2 children. About the current practice of contraceptive method, 52.2% of the participants practice and OCP is the widely used method (58.3%), 44.40% take decision by both husband and wife. About reasons for using contraceptives, majority (38.3%) of them use due to spacing of birth and 27.2% cases do not use due to husband disapproval. Regarding awareness of ECPs, 55.9% of them aware of and Norpill is the widely heard method (20.7%). 27.4% of the participants’ source of information is frommedia: TV/Radio. About correct time of taking ECPs, 33.60%of them have no knowledge. Regarding conditions where ECPs are to be taken, majority 39.7% of them have no knowledge. About benefits of taking ECPs, majority (79.30%) of them know it can prevent pregnancy. Conclusion Contraceptive practices and awareness of ECPs are not satisfactory among rural women. So national wide campaign program should be conducted to improve this field.
 Central Medical College Journal Vol 6 No 1 January 2022 Page: 22-27

Interaction of Passive Smoking and Diet Habits on Vitamin D Deficiency among Women of Reproductive Age in Rural Central China.

Maternal dietary undernutrition is known to be associated with the risk of vitamin D (VD) deficiency. However, whether the risk of VD deficiency in women of reproductive age is influenced by the interaction between passive smoking and inadequate nutrition remains unknown. The aim of this study is to explore the interaction between passive smoking and dietary undernutrition on the risk of VD deficiency. A population-based case-control study including 1151 non-pregnant women of reproductive age between 18 and 40 years old was conducted in Henan Province, China from 2009 to 2010. Blood samples and information on exposure factors were collected. The prevalence of VD deficiency was estimated based on a result of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] < 26.0 ng/mL. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to explore the risk of VD deficiency. The prevalence of VD deficiency was 61.5%. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, the interactions between passive smoking and no nutritional supplementation, passive smoking and insufficient egg intake, and passive smoking and insufficient milk dairy products intake were associated with the risk of VD deficiency, and the adjusted ORs were 3.40 (95% CI 2.26-5.13), 2.87 (95% CI 2.20-4.10), and 2.18 (95% CI 1.33-3.58), respectively. The interaction coefficients were calculated to be 2.35, 2.79, and 1.70, respectively, indicating there were significant interaction effects, as all of the coefficients were higher than 1. Our findings present that the risk of VD deficiency was potentially influenced by interactions between passive smoking and inadequate nutrition. Passive smoking might strengthen the effect of inadequate nutrition on the risk of VD deficiency among rural women of reproductive age. More attention should be paid to the health education and nutritional status improvement of women of reproductive age, especially in rural areas of developing countries.

Rural-Urban Differences in the Utilization of Hospital-Based Care for Women of Reproductive Age.

Background: To investigate rural–urban differences in hospital-based care utilization among women of reproductive age (18–44 years).Methods: Rural–urban differences were estimated for hospital outpatient visits, emergency department (ED) visits, hospitalizations, and associated expenditures both overall and by insurance status, by analyzing a nationally representative sample of women of reproductive age from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (2006–2015).Results: The study sample consisted of 48,114 women of reproductive age. Unadjusted results showed that rural women reported higher likelihood of hospital outpatient visits (rural vs. urban: 17.10% vs. 13.34%) although, among those using such care, fewer average visits (rural vs. urban: 2.00 vs. 2.56 visits). Rural women reported higher likelihood of ED visits (rural vs. urban: 18.13% vs. 15.11%) and more hospital stays (rural vs. urban: 0.13 vs. 0.11 stays). Adjusted results showed rural women had higher likelihood of outpatient care use (+2.5 percentage points; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.002–0.049) but fewer visits (−0.314 visits, 95% CI = −0.566 to −0.062). For the privately insured, rural women had greater likelihood of outpatient care (+3.1 percentage points, 95% CI = 0.001–0.060) and fewer ED visits (−0.031 visits, 95% CI = −0.061 to −0.003); for the publicly insured, rural women had more hospital stays (+0.045 stays, 95% CI = 0.009–0.083); for the uninsured, rural women had fewer outpatient visits among those using such care (−1.118 visits, 95% CI = −1.865 to −0.372) and shorter hospital stays overall (−0.093 nights, 95% CI = −0.181 to −0.005). Rural–urban expenditure differences were not significant between any insurance grouping.Conclusions: Rural–urban differences in hospital-based care utilization were observed, although somewhat heterogeneous by insurance status. Strengthening outpatient and preventive service access, particularly for publicly insured and uninsured rural women of reproductive age, is important for shifting care to lower cost settings and improving population health.

Postpartum Health Care Seeking Behaviour among the Rural Women in Bangladesh

Introduction: Pregnancy and childbirth is an important event in the life cycle of women and their health during this period is very much vital for the mother and children. Maternal mortality ratio (MMR) of a country is an important indicator of the overall health status of mother. Objectives: To assess the health care seeking behaviour of postnatal women in rural Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted at Chaturia in Dhamrai upazilla of Dhaka district from January 2019 to March 2019 among purposively selected 196 rural women of reproductive age who had at least one living child. Data were collected by face-to-face interview using pretested questionnaire. Results: Among 196 respondents average monthly family income was 12561 Taka with SD of 10462 taka. Majority of them were housewives and about two-third (64.8%) were educated above secondary level. 70.9% respondents had their delivery of last child in a government health care center and 37.8% deliveries were conducted by nurses which was followed by government doctors (36.2%). Majority (62.2%) had their health checkup within 42 days, 59.2% of them had checkup for three or more times and the checkup were done by government doctors (60.2%). 47.1% of the respondents experienced high grade fever as postpartum complication. Statistically significant association (p<0.05) were revealed between age group of the respondents with health personnel conducted deliveries and also between educational level of the respondents with place of delivery of last child. Conclusion: Awareness, motivation and infrastructural development play a vital role in utilizing the government healthcare services by the postnatal women in rural Bangladesh. JAFMC Bangladesh. Vol 16, No 2 (December) 2020: 80-83

Occupational Health, Productivity and Evidence-Based Workplace Health Intervention

Occupational Health, Productivity and Evidence-Based Workplace Health Intervention

Investigation on factors related to uterine fibroids in rural women of northern Anhui province.

Given the increasing prevalence of hysteromyoma among the Chinese rural women of childbearing age, it is imperative that more attention should be given to researching risk factors that predispose women to this condition so that early preventive measures may be taken. Our study investigates potential risk factors for uterine fibroids such as participants' demographic characteristics (age, ethnicity, education), physiological characteristics (age at menarche, primiparous age), and the occurrence of several different female reproductive diseases (vaginitis, pelvic inflammatory disease). 2200 rural women of reproductive age were screened from a cross-sectional study carried out in the northern Anhui province. Data were collected by questionnaire surveys, gynecological and laboratory examinations and were subjected to univariate and multivariate analysis to evaluate the risk factors for uterine fibroids. Of the 2200 women, 440 had uterine fibroids. In general, women with endometriosis, ovarian cysts and early menarche were more likely to suffer from hysteromyoma. Factors including higher parity, late age of first childbirth, and a regular menstrual cycle were associated with the reduced risk of uterine fibroids. Our findings indicate that parameters such as earlier age of menarche, early primiparous age, lower parity and a variety of female reproductive diseases were associated with an increased risk of uterine fibroids. These findings may be used to guide the formulation of effective prevention and intervention protocols to improve the reproductive health of rural women.

Micronutrient Adequacy in the Diet of Reproductive-Aged Adolescent Girls and Adult Women in Rural Bangladesh.

Micronutrient deficiencies remain a serious nutritional concern in Bangladesh, especially among rural women of reproductive age (WRA). This study assesses the diet quality of reproductive-aged adolescent girls and adult women (referred to together as WRA in this study), including socio-demographic factors associated with their diet quality. The diet quality of adolescent girls was compared with that of adult women to assess which group was most at risk. The diet quality was measured by calculating the nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR), using the preceding 24 h dietary recall method. The mean adequacy ratio (MAR) was calculated as an overall measure of diet quality using the NAR. Nearly three quarters of WRA (adolescents: 73.1–88.5%; adult women: 72.9–86.4%) had an inadequate intake of calcium, vitamin A, folic acid, and vitamin B12. The prevalence of inadequate dietary intakes of calcium, zinc, and energy was significantly higher in adolescent girls (p < 0.001) than in adult women. Overall diet quality was significantly better in adult women (0.51 ± 0.21, p < 0.001) than in adolescent girls (0.49 ± 0.22). Age, marital status, educational level, and monthly household income were important factors associated with the diet quality of WRA. Micronutrient inadequacy is widely prevalent in the diets of WRA in Bangladesh, and adolescent girls with poor socio-economic status and lower educational levels are at higher risk.

Ionised serum calcium reference interval among rural women of reproductive age in Abuja, Nigeria.

Various medical conditions in pregnancy may be traced to suboptimal levels of serum calcium during pregnancy. Communities' derivation of normal serum calcium reference interval is imperative. The objective was to determine the normal free (ionised) serum calcium reference interval among women of reproductive age in the federal capital territory (FCT) of Nigeria. This was a cross-sectional study of 240 women from six primary health-care facilities in Abuja, Nigeria. Their blood samples were collected in serum separator bottles. The outcome measure was the determination of the reference interval of free (ionised) serum calcium among the participants. The obtained normal reference interval of ionised serum calcium (iCa) was 0.88-1.4 mmol/L. The accompanying reference intervals for total protein and albumin were 5.7-9.4 mg/dl and 3.3-5.2 mg/dl, respectively. The derived reference interval of iCa in this study was 0.88-1.4 mmol/L, while the total calcium range was 2.18-2.82 mmol/L. These intervals are recommended for use in the Nigerian FCT and its environs as it provides lower intervals compared to the operational values. There is a need for a national derived value as this may change the practice.

EAT-Lancet diet score requires minimum intake values to predict higher micronutrient adequacy of diets in rural women of reproductive age from five low- and middle-income countries.

The EAT-Lancet Commission promulgated a universal reference diet. Subsequently, researchers constructed an EAT-Lancet diet score (0-14 points), with minimum intake values for various dietary components set at 0 g/d, and reported inverse associations with risks of major health outcomes in a high-income population. We assessed associations between EAT-Lancet diet scores, without or with lower bound values, and the mean probability of micronutrient adequacy (MPA) among nutrition-insecure women of reproductive age (WRA) from low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). We analysed single 24-h diet recall data (n 1950) from studies in rural DRC, Ecuador, Kenya, Sri Lanka and Vietnam. Associations between EAT-Lancet diet scores and MPA were assessed by fitting linear mixed-effects models. Mean EAT-Lancet diet scores were 8·8 (SD 1·3) and 1·9 (SD 1·1) without or with minimum intake values, respectively. Pooled MPA was 0·58 (SD 0·22) and energy intake was 10·5 (SD 4·6) MJ/d. A one-point increase in the EAT-Lancet diet score, without minimum intake values, was associated with a 2·6 (SD 0·7) percentage points decrease in MPA (P < 0·001). In contrast, the EAT-Lancet diet score, with minimum intake values, was associated with a 2·4 (SD 1·3) percentage points increase in MPA (P = 0·07). Further analysis indicated positive associations between EAT-Lancet diet scores and MPA adjusted for energy intake (P < 0·05). Our findings indicate that the EAT-Lancet diet score requires minimum intake values for nutrient-dense dietary components to avoid positively scoring non-consumption of food groups and subsequently predicting lower MPA of diets, when applied to rural WRA in LMIC.

Effect of community health workers' visits on uptake of modern contraception among rural women of reproductive age in Nigeria.

This paper assessed the effect of visits by Community Health Workers (CHW) in the prior 12 months on modern contraceptive use at the time of the survey using a national sample of women residing in rural communities in Nigeria. Cross-sectional data from 5072 rural women ages 15-49 years interviewed in the PMA2020 Survey in 6 states in Nigeria in 2018 were used. Descriptive analysis and generalized linear models were conducted in Stata 15.1 and average marginal effects calculated. Overall prevalence of modern contraceptive use was 14.8% (95% CI: 12.7%, 17.3%), varying from 2.1% in Kano to 22.7% in Nasarawa. Ten percent of women reported that they were visited by a community health worker in the 12-month period preceding the survey, ranging from 2.9% in Kano to 14.6% in Nasarawa. Women visited by a CHW had 50% higher odds of reporting modern contraceptive use, and these visits raised the probability of modern contraceptive use by an average of 6.4 percentage points overall. Local governments in rural Nigeria should invest in training, deploying and supervising CHWs in the provision of modern contraception through home visits to women who may otherwise have limited access to improve use.

Prevalence and Determinants for Hypertension among Rural Women of Reproductive Age in Indonesia

This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and determinants of hypertension in rural women of reproductive age. The cross-sectional study was conducted in Cianjur district on August 2019. It involved 193 married rural women aged 20–49 years old. Independent variables investigated were socio-economic characteristics, anthropometry, fat distribution and nutrient intake. The prevalence of hypertension in the study population using the new American Guideline (ACC/AHA) was 58% in contrast to 23.8% using the European (ESC/ESH) cut offs. Socioeconomic characteristics and nutrient intake showed no significant association with hypertension (p>0.05) while, Body Mass Index (BMI) (p>0.012), Visceral Fat (VF) (p>0.013) and Waist Circumference (WC) (p>0.010) were significantly associated with hypertension. Hence, result of binary logistic regression showed waist circumference is the strongest factor to determine hypertension in our study (OR=2.2; 95% CI: 1.20–4.01). Overall, the use of the American guideline increases the sensitivity of hypertension screening. The use of simple anthropometry measurement of WC combined with BMI can be applied for risk screening of hypertension in the primary health care setting including in the integrated community health post to improve preventive measure. Due to several limitations in the current study, future study should consider larger sample size and addresses history of hormonal contraceptive use as well as physical activity

Assessment of dietary diversity of rural women of reproductive age

Assessment of dietary diversity of rural women of reproductive age

Rural community based study of Magnitude of Anaemia in Women of Reproductive age

Background: Despite several steps taken by governments, anaemia continues to be common, and affects women’s health negatively. Last demographic health survey in India revealed 27% women of 15-49 years age anaemic, so it was decided to look into present status in rural communities. Objective was to know community-based magnitude of anaemia in rural women of reproductive age. Material and Methods: Community based study was conducted for knowing magnitude of anaemia in nonpregnant women of 15 to 49 years. In 28 villages around 75±10 km away from study institute in Central India, as per availability, 1267 women were randomly screened, keeping in mind inclusion and exclusion criteria. After information and request to permit, minimum 25 women per village, who so ever volunteered, fitted in inclusion criteria were screened. Results: Of 1267 women randomly screened 858 (67.72%) were anaemic, 850 mildly or moderately anaemic. Eight (0.6%) severely anaemic, (Hb less than 7 gms/dl) were straight referred to hospital for work up and appropriate management. Others were also advised to get investigations, treatment, not part of study. Maximum burden of anaemia, (68.86%), was in women of 35-49 yrs age, 67.37% among 20-34 yrs old and 65.92% in adolescents, no significant difference in different age groups. Of 1267 screened, 972 (76.7%) were from lower economic status, 280(22.1%) middle economic status only 15(1.2%) from upper economic status, maximum anaemic was out of LES women. Most women with four and more births were anaemic. Parity affected maximum compared to age, economic status and education. Conclusion: Around 70% women of reproductive age without any obvious disorders. were found to be anaemic in rural communities Parity had maximum effect.

A Novel Method to Measure Resilience in Nutrition: Application to Diets and Body Mass Index of Rural Women in Nepal and Bangladesh (FS01-02-19)

ObjectivesThis study aimed to demonstrate feasibility of a novel method for measuring resilience in dietary diversity (DD) and body mass index (BMI) of rural women of reproductive age (WRA) in Nepal and Bangladesh. Resilience is defined as the population’s ability to recover from adverse shocks, measured relative to statistical mean reversion. MethodsWe used regionally representative surveys from Nepal (n = 2187) and Bangladesh (n = 1715) collected annually in Nepal (four panels, 2013–2016) and every 6 months in Bangladesh (3 panels, 2016–2017), for BMI (kg/m2) and DD using 10 food groups (7-day qualitative diet recall, Nepal) and 6 food groups (24-hour diet recall, Bangladesh). We estimated where i is the woman, y is the outcome of interest, and z is a vector of controls. ∆yi, t+j denotes change in y between t + j-1 and t + j. Declinedi,t+1 equals 1 if the change between t and t + 1 is negative, zero otherwise. β2 measures the degree of reversal in decline controlling for mean reversion (β1) and other differences (age, age2, age cube, and socioeconomic status). β2 = 0 is our benchmark of mean reversion around the trend, i.e., recoveries after decline are not significantly different from declines after recovery. ResultsOur technique revealed significant (P < 0.01) resilience of DD in Nepal (Figure 1, Panel A). Among 1682 women in the Terai region, 47% (n = 784) experienced an initial decline in DD, and 61% of that initial decline was recovered. Mean reversion removed only 25% of the initial change among those who gained. We found no significant resilience in Bangladesh (Figure 1, Panel B) or for BMI in either country. ConclusionsThe resilience of DD in Nepal could reflect food aid responses to the 2015 earthquake or other interventions, while lack of resilience in BMI could reflect time lags, measurement errors or limits on the speed and timing of weight change. Lack of resilience of DD in Bangladesh could reflect shorter time intervals. Future work will apply this method to test for differences in resilience associated with exposure to programmatic interventions. Funding SourcesSupport provided by Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Nutrition, funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). Supporting Tables, Images and/or Graphs▪

A Novel Method to Measure Resilience in Nutrition: Application to Diets and Body Mass Index of Rural Women in Nepal and Bangladesh (FS01-02-19)

ObjectivesThis study aimed to demonstrate feasibility of a novel method for measuring resilience in dietary diversity (DD) and body mass index (BMI) of rural women of reproductive age (WRA) in Nepal and Bangladesh. Resilience is defined as the population’s ability to recover from adverse shocks, measured relative to statistical mean reversion. MethodsWe used regionally representative surveys from Nepal (n = 2187) and Bangladesh (n = 1715) collected annually in Nepal (four panels, 2013–2016) and every 6 months in Bangladesh (3 panels, 2016–2017), for BMI (kg/m2) and DD using 10 food groups (7-day qualitative diet recall, Nepal) and 6 food groups (24-hour diet recall, Bangladesh). We estimated where i is the woman, y is the outcome of interest, and z is a vector of controls. ∆yi, t+j denotes change in y between t + j-1 and t + j. Declinedi,t+1 equals 1 if the change between t and t + 1 is negative, zero otherwise. β2 measures the degree of reversal in decline controlling for mean reversion (β1) and other differences (age, age2, age cube, and socioeconomic status). β2 = 0 is our benchmark of mean reversion around the trend, i.e., recoveries after decline are not significantly different from declines after recovery. ResultsOur technique revealed significant (P < 0.01) resilience of DD in Nepal (Figure 1, Panel A). Among 1682 women in the Terai region, 47% (n = 784) experienced an initial decline in DD, and 61% of that initial decline was recovered. Mean reversion removed only 25% of the initial change among those who gained. We found no significant resilience in Bangladesh (Figure 1, Panel B) or for BMI in either country. ConclusionsThe resilience of DD in Nepal could reflect food aid responses to the 2015 earthquake or other interventions, while lack of resilience in BMI could reflect time lags, measurement errors or limits on the speed and timing of weight change. Lack of resilience of DD in Bangladesh could reflect shorter time intervals. Future work will apply this method to test for differences in resilience associated with exposure to programmatic interventions. Funding SourcesSupport provided by Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Nutrition, funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). Supporting Tables, Images and/or Graphs▪

Reproductive Attitudes of Young Rural Women in the Republic of Tatarstan

Introduction. The modern rural society suffers a demographic crisis due to a drop in the birth rate and a decrease in the total fertility rate. Young women of reproductive age play an important role in increasing the number of births in rural areas. The objective of the paper is to study the reproductive intentions and preferences of young rural women in the Republic of Tatarstan as well as to identify the reasons for birth postponement and the degree of influence of the state support measures. Materials and Methods. The results of a sociological survey conducted in the Republic of Tatarstan in 2018 were used as the materials for the study. Statistics were used for the calculation; the systematic and comparative methods of analysis were employed. Results. The study has revealed the sustainable subjective preferences of young rural women in the Republic of Tatarstan to have two or more children. It has also confirmed the heterogeneity of the reproductive attitudes in the rural community and identified the rural women’s reasons for birth postponement. Assessment of certain reserves of increasing the birth rate has been made. State support measures affecting fertility rates have been evaluated. Discussion and Conclusion. The increase in the birth rate in the Republic of Tatarstan largely depends on the quantitative and qualitative indicators such as the number of rural women of reproductive age as well as on the measures taken by the state to stimulate the birth rate and thereby increase the reproductive attitudes. The research materials will be useful for the heads of municipal districts, heads of governmental structures, scholars and helpful when devising federal and regional demographic and family development strategies as well as when implementing the Demography national project.

Frequency of television viewing and association with overweight and obesity among women of the reproductive age group in Myanmar: results from a nationwide cross-sectional survey

ObjectivesThis study aimed to discern the association between the frequency of television viewing and overweight and obesity among reproductive age women of Myanmar.DesignThis was a cross-sectional study.SettingThis study used Myanmar...