Rumex Dentatus Research Articles

Total synthesis of nepodin and torachrysone glucosides: Evidence for naturally occurring l-glucosides

The first concise synthesis of nepodin-1-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (D-1) and its l-glucopyranoside (L-1), as well as torachrysone-1-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (D-2) and its l-glucopyranoside (L-2), was achieved via Fries rearrangement and selective glycosylation. Spectral data, particularly the specific rotation signs of the synthetic l-glucosides, correlated with those of natural products previously isolated from Rumex dentatus. This confirms the presence of naturally occurring l-glucosides, L-1 and L-2, identified through synthetic approaches.

Antibacterial efficacy of Rumex dentatus leaf extract-enriched zinc oxide and iron doped zinc nanoparticles: a comparative study

In the current investigation, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles and Fe-doped ZnO nanoparticles were sustainably synthesized utilizing an extract derived from the Rumex dentatus plant through a green synthesis approach. The Scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Ultra-violet visible spectroscopy (UV–vis) spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) techniques were used to examine the compositional, morphological, optical, and thermal properties of both samples. The doping of iron into ZnO NPs has significantly influenced their properties. The analysis firmly established that both ZnO NPs and Fe-doped ZnO NPs have hexagonal wurtzite structures and spherical shapes by XRD and SEM. The EDX analysis suggests that iron atoms have been successfully integrated into the ZnO lattice. The change in color observed during the reaction indicated the formation of nanoparticles. The UV–vis peaks at 364 nm and 314 nm confirmed the presence of ZnO NPs and Fe-doped ZnO NPs, respectively. The band gap of ZnO NPs by Fe dopant displayed a narrowing effect. This indicates that adding iron ions to ZnO NPs offers a control band gap. The thermal study TGA revealed that Fe-doped ZnO NPs remain stable when heated up to 600 °C. The antibacterial efficacy of ZnO NPs and Fe-doped ZnO NPs was evaluated against several bacterial strains. The evaluation is based on the zone of inhibition (ZOI). Both samples exhibited excellent antibacterial properties as compared to conventional pharmaceutical agents. These results suggest that synthesizing nanoparticles through plant-based methods is a promising approach to creating versatile and environmentally friendly biomedical products.

Pyroxasulfone based tank-mix herbicide combinations for diverse weed flora control in wheat

Field studies were conducted to assess the efficacy of pyroxasulfone alone and its combinations with other herbicides at different time of application against a diverse weed flora in wheat (Triticum aestivum L). Applications of pyroxasulfone at 125 g/ha as pre-emergence (PE) or early post-emergence (EPO) at 20 days after sowing effectively controlled the grass weeds (Phalaris minor Retz. and Avena ludoviciana Durieu). However, pyroxasulfone alone exhibited poor control of broad-leaved weeds, such as Medicago denticulata Willd and Rumex dentatus L. To address the limitations in controlling broad-leaved weeds, tank mix combinations of pyroxasulfone at 125 g/ha with either pendimethalin at 1000 g/ha or metsulfuron at 4 g/ha or metribuzin at 300 g/ha proved highly effective. Pre-emergence pyroxasulfone application in combination with either metsulfuron (125 + 4 g/ha) or with metribuzin (125 + 300 g/ha) in wheat gave effective control of diverse weed flora and improved wheat productivity by 52.1% and 51.2%, respectively, over untreated control. Ready mix combination of clodinafop + metribuzin 60 + 210 g/ha applied as post emergence (32 DAS) provided >99% control of P. minor, A. ludoviciana, M. denticulata and R. dentatus L., however the phytotoxicity with this treatment produced 6.7% lower yield as compared to season long weed free conditions. Among the herbicidal treatments, pre-emergence application of pyroxasulfone + metsulfuron at 125 + 4 g/ha had the highest net returns followed by alone application of pre-emergence metribuzin at 300 g/ha.

Antibacterial and antibiofilm potentials of Rumex dentatus root extract characterized by HPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS

The control of infections is one of the key strategies to treat cuts, wounds, lung, and skin infections. In this study the folkloric use of Rumex dentatus (R. dentatus) roots in the mentioned conditions was scientifically investigated. The methanolic (MeOH) crude extract of R. dentatus root was fractionated (n-hexane, ethyl acetate and water) via bioassay-guided method, and its antibacterial activity was evaluated using the agar well diffusion and Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays against clinical isolate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa). The antibiofilm activity was measured using the crystal violet staining method. The crude extract, fractions and sub-fractions tested showed the MICs values ranging from 200 to 1000 μg/mL respectively. Among the fractions, notably, the water fraction exhibited the highest activity against P. aeruginosa. The water fraction was then subjected to thin layer chromatography (TLC). Following spectrometric analysis using HPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS, gallic acid and emodin were identified as the primary components within the same fraction, responsible for eliciting antibacterial and antibiofilm effects. The in-silico studies conducted with AutoDock Vina on the LasR protein, using both isolated gallic acid and emodin, confirm the binding affinity of these molecules to the active sites of the LasR protein that has regulatory role in building of biofilm formation and its pathogenicity. By scientifically validating the infection-controlling properties of R. dentatus, this research provides compelling evidence that supports its traditional use as reported in folklore. Moreover, this study contributes to our understanding of the plant's potential in managing infections, thereby substantiating its traditional therapeutic application in a scientific context.

Management of Rumex dentatus L. in Vicia faba L. cultivations via Ononis vaginalis Vahl. As a potential bioherbicide

Biological control of undesirable weeds associated with crop cultivation is a sustainable approach that can reduce chemical herbicide dependence. The current study aimed to assess the bio-herbicidal potential of the donor species Ononis vaginalis Vahl. on germination efficiency as well as various growth and physiological parameters of the recipient species Rumex dentatus L., a major broad bean pest (Vicia faba L.). To assess the greatest inhibitory allelopathic effect on the recipient species in mixed (Rumex dentatus L. and Vicia faba L.) and pure cultures (each one separately), two experiments were conducted under laboratory conditions. A Petri dish experiment using O. vaginalis shoot aqueous extract (5%, 10%, 20%, and 40%) and a pot experiment using O. vaginalis shoot crude powder (1%, 2%, 5%, and 10%) were conducted to investigate its biological activity on some growth and physiological parameters of both crop and weed species. O. vaginalis underwent a general phytochemical screening that revealed a high production of allelochemicals, which are secondary metabolites and may have a function like that of natural herbicides. The result showed that the germination of V. faba seeds in both pure and mixed cultures was not significantly affected by low levels of O. vaginalis shoot aqueous extract treatments in pure and mixed cultures, in contrast, those recorded for R. dentatus gradually dropped as levels of O. vaginalis increased in both cultures. Results recorded a significant increase in total phenolics of V. faba shoots and roots under different treatments, except at the high concentrations of crude powder at the donor species level (5 and10%). A reduction in the total phenolic and flavonoid fractions was observed in R. dentatus roots under varying concentration treatments. Conversely, under high concentration treatments, flavonoids decreased in the roots of the mixed culture of R. dentatus but increased in the shoots. In conclusion, allelopathy can be used to suppress weeds in field crops. The study confirmed the use of O. vaginalis into current weed control techniques. O. vaginalis could be explored further for weed suppression in the field.

Influence of soil physicochemical properties on diversity and distribution of aquatic vegetation in the riverine forested habitats

Riverine flora is one of the most dynamic aspects of a landscape, and it involves species which are adapted and specialised to grow in a range of environmental conditions. An ecological analysis was conducted to describe the phyto-sociological and floristic structure of the plant species in the riverine forest at Balloki along moisture gradients caused by river bank. A random quadrat method with a quadrat size of 1 × 1 m was used for sampling of the riverine site. All plant species growing in the riverine habitats were collected and identified. A detailed survey was conducted to record the ecological attributes such as density, frequency, cover, and importance value. These values were then used to calculate the relative values of these ecological indicators. These ecological indicators were correlated with various soil physical parameters (soil texture, moisture contents and saturation percentage), chemical properties (ECe and pH), and nutrients (Na, Ca, K and N). Most of the species were linked to sites 3 and 4 with high moisture content, low ECe, acidic pH and moderate nutrient composition. The species with the highest ecological importance were Cynodon dactylon, Rumex dentatus and Saccharum spontaneum which accounted for more than 80% of the total abundance. It was concluded that species distribution differed significantly along the four study sites mainly depending on the soil-physicochemical features of the study sites.

Phytochemistry, allelopathy and anticancer potentiality of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Solanaceae).

Withania somnifera is a wild plant that shows great activity and safety against several human diseases. The current research explored the plant's chemical composition and allelopathic effects on Rumex dentatus (recipient plant). Moreover, anticancer activity is also tested against four types of human cancer cell lines. Chemical analysis of W. somnifera showed a high percentage of saponins and tannins, while glycosides, alkaloids, and flavonoids occurred in the second order. Results of the allelopathic experiments revealed significant inhibition of the R. dentatus plumule and radicle lengths as well as their relative dry weights. In addition, significant reductions in some primary metabolites of R. dentatus, like non-reducing and total sugar as well as soluble proteins, were determined. Cytotoxic potentiality of W. somnifera was also proved against four different cancer lines, namely; human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG2), human non-small cell lung cancer cell line (A549), human breast cancer cell line (MCF7), and colon cancer cell line (CaCo2) with IC50 value of about 38, 19, 27, and 24 𝜇g/ml, respectively.

Ultrastructural, Secondary Metabolite, and Antioxidant Modulation in Response to Salt-Affected Habitats Induced Oxidative Stress and Their Accumulation in Malva parviflora L. and Rumex dentatus L.

Salinity stress is a major abiotic factor that affects medicinal plant growth, performance, and secondary compounds. Malva parviflora L. and Rumex dentatus L. plants were collected from three habitats in the northeastern Nile Delta governorates of Damietta and El-Dakahlia. Conductivity (salinity) classified the habitats as mesophytic, moderately saline, and saline. Chemical and physical soil characteristics varied by habitat. Results show that M. parviflora L. and R. dentatus L. had high soluble sugars, total carbohydrates, electrolyte leakage, and proline in the saline habitat. In contrast, mesophytic habitats showed low content. In addition, R. dentatus L. had more antioxidant enzymes and elements in saline habitats than in mesophytic habitats. In saline habitats, M. parviflora L. and R. dentatus L. were characterized by more calcium and sodium increase than mesophytic habitats. Moreover, R. dentatus L. had more phenols, alkaloids, flavonoids, anthocyanin, and tannins under saline conditions than M. parviflora. Meanwhile, in the saline habitat, plant hormones, i.e., indole acetic acid and gibberellic acid, decreased significantly in both M. parviflora and R. dentatus than in the mesophytic habitat. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) of the tested plants showed the highest stomatal frequency and area on the lower surface of mesophytic plant leaves compared to either its upper surface or both leaf surfaces in saline habitat. Hence, it can be concluded that R. dentatus plant can mitigate the negative effects of salinity by improving the qualitative and quantitative performance under salinity stress more than M. parviflora plant.

Four new phenolic constituents from the roots of Rumex dentatus L.

Four new phenolic compounds, including two naphthalenes, musizin-8-O-β-D-(6′-O-malonyl-3′′-methoxy)glucopyranoside (1) and 2-acetyl-3-methyl-1,4-naphtho-quinone-8-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (2), one chromone, (2′R)-7-hydroxy-2-(2′-hydroxypropyl)-5-methyl acetate chromone (3), and one xanthone, 2,8-dimethyl-3,6-dihydroxyxanthone (4) were isolated from the roots of Rumex dentatus L. (Polygonaceae). In addition, five known including four naphthalenes (5–8) and one chromone (9) were also obtained. Their structures were determined by means of extensive spectroscopic analysis and acidic hydrolysis. Compound 1 showed moderate antifungal activity against Epidermophyton floccosum, with inhibitory rate of 39.539 ± 0.412% at a concentration of 100 μM.

Trouble in the rice field: Distribution ecology and indicator value of weed species in the rice fields of Himalayan region

Field-based evaluation of indicator weed species in agriculture systems is effective for developing site-specific weed management. Because of anthropogenic activities and climate change, new weeds are invading agricultural fields. The current study examined the weed species in agricultural fields with a focus on diversity, distribution ecological patterns, and identification of indicator species, all of which might help in effective weed management practices. Following the calculation of the Importance Value Index for each weed species, ordination, and indicator species analysis were conducted. We collected vegetation data through random sampling, and the current study recorded 47 species, taxonomically distributed across 41 genera and 19 families. Asteraceae with 13% of species was the leading family followed by Poaceae, and Brassicaceae (11% each). Annual weed species with 49% were the dominant life span category. The phytogeographical analysis revealed that the highest number (28 species) recorded from the study area were native, while 19 species were alien. Of the total alien species, 4 were invasive, and 14 were naturalised and one species Bassia scoparia was casual. The diversity indices show significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) in weeds in rice fields recorded from the study area. Detrended correspondence analysis grouped the species Geranium rotundifolium, Sisymbrium loeselii, Mentha longifolia, Rumex dentatus, Amaranthus viridis on the extreme left side suggest a low score on axis 1 and a high score on axis 2. The analysis of indicator species revealed a significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) in agriculture fields across the sampled sites. According to the indicator species analysis, Poa annua, Persicaria hydropiper, Ranunculus sceleratus, and Echinochloa colona were the key weed species found in the study area. This investigation might aid weed management strategies to minimize crop losses and increase of rice production to fulfill the current food requirement.

Influence of residue management and simulated rainfall timings on pyroxasulfone efficacy and productivity of wheat in North West India

The adoption of new advanced technology for finest one pass sowing solution in residue in North West India has resulted in increased interest among weed scientists to improve weed management strategies due to herbicide resistant Phalaris minor and herbicide efficacy. A study was conducted over two consecutive crop seasons at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana and Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Muktsar, Punjab, India. The objectives of the study were to find out pyroxasulfone rate required as pre emergence (PRE) in residue removal and incorporation scenarios for weed control and to compare efficacy of PRE application under simulating rainfall at 2, 5 and 10 days after sowing (DAS) and its effect on wheat grain yield. Incorporation of paddy residue (RI) gave 3.8 & 3.7% and 1.8 & 5.1% higher grain yield than residue removal (RR) at Ludhiana and Muktsar during 2020–21 and 2021–22, respectively. At Ludhiana, pyroxasulfone 191.25 g ha−1 recorded significantly less Phalaris minor than pyroxasulfone 127.5 ha-1 but provided similar control of broad leaved weeds (Rumex dentatus and Medicago denticulata). However, both doses of pyroxasulfone recorded similar control of grass and broad-leaved weeds at Muktsar. Simulated rainfall increased the efficacy of pyroxasulfone and recorded less P. minor when given at 2 DAS than 10 DAS at Ludhiana but at Muktsar all simulated rainfall events did not affect weed density and biomass. Phyto-toxicity of pyroxasulfone was not observed on wheat crop when simulated rainfall was applied 2, 5 and 10 DAS in wheat sown under different residue scenarios at both the locations.

Micro-morphological adaptations and tolerance assessment of selected vascular plant species exposed to vehicular exhausts

The vehicular exhausts on roadsides negatively affect living organisms and disturb their environment. These negative impacts of vehicular exhausts on plants demand a scientific investigation of roadside plants in Abbottabad, Pakistan. So, this observational and experimental study was conducted to evaluate the effect of vehicular exhausts on morphology, epidermal structure and biochemical characteristics of leaves of plants near roadsides and compared with the non-polluted site. The quantitative morphological parameters: leaf area, length of petiole and vein-to-vein difference along with anatomical attributes such as stomata and epidermal cells were recorded. Compared to non-polluted areas, the chlorophyll content of plant leaves from polluted areas was higher. The results indicate that vehicular exhaust negatively affects leaf morphology and increases the Stomatal number at adaxial (front surface) of leaves. The air pollution tolerance index evaluated Melia azedarach and Salix angustifolia as tolerant tree species and Rumex dentatus, Amaranthus viridis and Sonchus hydrophilus as tolerant herbaceous species. In order to survive in polluted environments, this study demonstrated that plants go through adaptive processes.

Weed control in wheat with pyroxasulfone and its combinations with other herbicides

AbstractField and pot investigations were conducted to determine the effectiveness of pyroxasulfone alone and its combinations with other herbicides against diverse weed flora of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) including multiple herbicide‐resistant (MHR) littleseed canarygrass (Phalaris minor Retz.). Applications of pyroxasulfone 100–127.5 g/ha as pre‐emergence (PE) or early post‐emergence (EPOE) @ 63.75 g/ha at 21–23 days after sowing (1 day before irrigation) were highly effective for control of grass weeds namely P. minor and wild oat (Avena ludoviciana Dur.). It was poor for control of broad‐leaved weeds (Medicago denticulata Willd. and Rumex dentatus L.). However, pyroxasulfone in tank‐mix combination with metsulfuron 4 g/ha, triasulfuron 20 g/ha, and pyroxsulam 18 g/ha effectively controlled (96.5%–99.8%) the diverse weed flora and improved the wheat grain yield (69.5%–285.9%) over untreated weedy control. Also, the pre‐mix of pyroxasulfone + pendimethalin applied as PE was superior to either of these applied alone for weed control and grain yield. Pyroxasulfone 100–127.5 g/ha had yield gain of 119.6%–125.4% and 10.1%–26% over untreated control and pendimethalin 800–1250 g/ha, respectively. In pot studies, straw burnt ash drastically reduced the pyroxasulfone efficacy against P. minor and A. ludoviciana. Pyroxasulfone was also effective in pot studies for control of MHR P. minor having resistance against acetyl‐coA carboxylase (ACCase), acetolactate synthase (ALS), and photosynthesis at the photosystem‐II site‐A (PS‐II) inhibitor herbicides (clodinafop, sulfosulfuron, and isoproturon, respectively). The studies indicate that pyroxasulfone as PE or EPOE can be an alternative grass weed control herbicide in wheat in particular for the control of MHR P. minor.

Isolation of bioactive natural products from Rumex dentatus and their antimicrobial evaluation: A comparative study against various pathogenic bacteria

Rumex dentatus is traditionally used to treat different ailments including bacterial and fungal infections. The presented study disclosed isolation of five bioactive molecules from Rumex dentatus. All the isolates were evaluated for antimicrobial activities. In this protocol the comparative study has been made on various extracts and isolated compounds in order to identify the lead molecule. Thus the activity carried, resulted, compound X2 with strong anti-microbial potential and exhibiting IC50 value between 14–32 μM. While rest of isolates showed moderate antibacterial potential. Further, the investigation of antimicrobial activity on various plant extracts against six human pathogens (five bacteria and a fungal pathogen), most of the extracts showed strong to moderate antimicrobial activity with IC50 ranging from 24–35 μM. Out of all the extracts which were evaluated for antimicrobial activities, the hexane and methanol: DCM (1:1) extracts were found to have good antibacterial potential in microtiter plate assay. The IC50 value of compound X2 was found to be favorable and presented a strong antimicrobial potential. Thus the results inferred that the plant has strong antibacterial value and hence can be used in medication for the treatment of various bacterial infections.

Quantitative ethnobotanical appraisal of Shawal Valley, South Waziristan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Background: This study's primary goal was to collect and document uses of plants by local residents of Shawal Valley, South Waziristan, Pakistan. Methodology: A semi-structured questionnaire was used to interview 65 residents (24 women and 41 males). The Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC), Use Value (UV), Fidelity Level (FL), Informant Consensus Factor (ICF), and Jaccard Index (JI). Results: The research region is abode of 60 plant species belonged to 32 families of ethnobotanical significance. Lamiaceae family contributed maximum number of species (7), followed by Pinaceae (6 species). The most preferred plant parts among the reported species were the leaves (60%), followed by the stem (28.3%). Thymus mongolicus was found to have the highest RFC (0.86), while Adiantum capillus-veneris had the lowest (i.e. 0.02). The UV was between 0.02 and 1. Thymus mongolicus was found to have the greatest UV (UV=1); whereas, Adiantum capillus-veneris had the lowest UV (0.02). Twelve plants had a fidelity level of 100% while Quercus dilatata had the lowest (33.3%). Plants' ICF values varied from 0.87 to 0.96. The Average Direct Matrix Ranking revealed that Quercus dilatata received the highest rating (1st) for its many uses, followed by Pinuswallichiana (2nd), and Rumex dentatus (3rd), Pinus gerardiana (4th), and Zingiberofficinale (5th). Conclusion:Ethnomedicinal research indicates that indigenous people in the studied area are knowledgeable on the use of plants. These plants and indigenous knowledge must be preserved.

Crop-establishment methods and weed management effects on weeds, wheat (Triticum aestivum) yield and economics under a conservation agriculture-based rice (Oryza sativa)–wheat system

A field experiment was conducted at the ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute during the winter (rabi) season of 2018–19 and 2019–20 involving 6 tillage and residue practices, viz. T1 , zero-till (ZT) direct-seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.) (ZTDSR)–zero-till wheat [Triticum aestivum (L.) emend Fiori & Paol] (ZTW); T2 , ZTDSR + wheat residue (WR)–ZTW + rice residue (RR); T3 , ZTDSR + WR + brown manuring (BM) – ZTW+RR; T4 , ZTDSR–ZTW– ZT mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek] (ZTMB); T5, ZTDSR + mungbean residue (MBR) – ZTW + RR – ZTMB+WR; T6 , puddled transplanted rice (PTR)–conventional till wheat (CTW) in main plot; and 4 weed-control treatments, i.e. W1 , un-weeded control; W2 , Total (ready mix of sulfosulfuron + metsulfuron-methyl) 0.040 kg/ha at 30 day after sowing (DAS); W3 , tank-mixture of clodinafop-propargyl 0.060 kg/ha + metsulfuron-methyl 0.004 kg/ha at 30 DAS; W4 , tank-mixture of clodinafop-propargyl 0.060 kg/ha + carfentrazone-ethyl 0.02 kg/ha at 30 DAS in sub-plot under a split-plot design and replicated thrice. Treatment T6 resulted in significantly higher population and dry weight of littleseed canarygrass (Phalaris minor Retz.), yellow sweet clover [Melilotus indica (L.) All.] and swine cress [Coronopus didymus (L.) Smith] than other treatments, whereas, population and dry weight of common lambsquarter (Chenopodium album L.), sour dock (Rumex dentatus L.) and annual sowthistle (Sonchus oleraceus L.) were significantly higher under T1 and T4 treatments. The treatment T5 registered ~62, 44, 35, 31 and 24% lower population of P. minor than T6 , T1 , T4 , T2 and T3 treatments, respectively. Similarly, total weed population and total weed dry weight were ~38 and 33% lower under T5 compared with T6 treatment respectively. Better wheat growth and lower weed interference under T5 treatment led to 14.6% higher wheat grain yield under this treatment than T6 . The tank- mix of clodinafop-propargyl + metsulfuron significantly reduced the population and dry weight of all weeds compared to UWC and it led to 88.9% weed-control efficiency (WCE) and 89.4% weed-control index (WCI) in wheat. Therefore, growing of wheat under zero-till triple cropping system with rice, wheat and mungbean residues (T5 ) combined with tank-mix application of clodinafop + metsulfuron at 30 DAS may be recommended for better weed management, and higher productivity and profitability from wheat in Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) of India and in similar agro-ecologies of the tropics/ sub-tropics.

Biochemical and in silico study of leaf extract from Rumex dentatus against Staphylococcus aureus

Rumex dentatus is a medicinal plant with a variety of bioactive components that can be used to treat infections and multidrug-resistant (MDR) microbes. MDR microbes associated with infection pose a real threat and the available antibiotics can no longer be used to control or kill those bacteria. Thus, the study aimed to ascertain the antibacterial activity of Rumex dentatus leaf extract and identify a potent compound that can be used as a drug developmental agent may against Staphylococcus aureus. Disc diffusion method, mortality assay of brine shrimp, and DPPH free radical scavenging assay were carried out for in vitro analysis. Standard computational tools and servers such as Pymol, PyRx, and Discovery Studio were used for carrying out the in silico studies. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from the infected area of eczema sufferers and identified through morphological, biochemical, and 16SrRNA sequence analysis. Rumex dentatus leaf extract was diluted with methanol and it showed the maximum zone of inhibition (14.33 ± 0.68 mm) after applying it against Staphylococcus aureus at the dose of 150µg/disc. Furthermore, the extract revealed remarkable antioxidant activity and the death rate of brine shrimp and leaf extract concentration were positively connected. Finding pharmacological targets with a high affinity for the FosB (4nb2) protein, which controls antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus, was done via molecular docking. 1-Alpha-18O-1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (CID- 5280453), Androstan-3-ol, 9-methyl-(3 beta,5 alpha) (CID- 22215820), Phenylacetaldehyde (CID- 998), and Benzenepropanoic acid, 3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxy- methyl ester (CID- 62603) substances had binding energies of -6.8 Kcal/mol, -6.6 Kcal/mol, -5.6 kcal/mol, and -5.5 kcal/mol, respectively. As an organic source of medicines, Rumex dentatus leaf extract could thus be used to combat the antimicrobial-resistant pathogen.

Green synthesis of AgNPs, alginate microbeads and Chlorella minutissima laden alginate microbeads for tertiary treatment of municipal wastewater

The present study included a tertiary treatment of municipal wastewater to eliminate bacterial count, nitrite, nitrate, ammonia and phosphorus using AgNPs, free and Chlorella minutissima laden alginate microbeads. The green synthesis of AgNPs (size range = 5–20 nm) was by using the Rumex dentatus plant extract. The UV–Vis spectroscopy analysis indicates the presence of two peaks at 360 and 486 nm representing the AgNPs with different sizes. The free and alginate immobilized AgNPs (0.068 g.L−1) record a highly significant bactericidal effect of 100 % growth elimination till 48 h treatment. The removal efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus pollutants by free and C. minutissima immobilized alginate microbeads was time-dependent, with the highest removal efficiencies (38–82 %) after 12 h and (55–100 %) after 24 h. As most of the water resources are closed systems, the results of the present study could help improve the wastewater quality before runoff in receiving water system.

Bacterial secondary metabolites: Possible mechanism for weed suppression in wheat.

Chemical weed control is an effective method, but has proved hazardous for humans, environment, and soil biodiversity. Use of allelopathic bacteria (AB), may be more efficient and sustainable weed control measure. The bacterial inoculants never studied in context of their interaction with weed root exudates and precursor-dependent production of the natural phytotoxins (cyanide, cytolytic enzymes and auxin) by these stains to understand their weed suppression and wheat growth promotion abilities. Therefore, root exudates of Avena fatua, Phalaris minor, Rumex dentatus and wheat were quantified and their role in microbial root colonization and secondary metabolites production i.e. cyanide, cytolitic enzymes, phenolics and elevated auxin concentration was studied. The results depicted L-tryptophan and glycine as major contributor of elevated cyanide and elevated levels in weed rhizosphere by the studied Pseudomonas strains, through their higher root colonization ability in weeds as compared to wheat. Furthermore, the higher root colonization also enhanced p-coumaric acid (photosynthesis inhibitor by impairing cytochrome c oxidase activity in plants), and cytolytic enzymes (root cell wall degradation) concentration in weed rhizosphere. In conclusion, the differential root colonization of wheat and weeds by these strains is responsible for enhancing weed suppression (enhancing phytotoxic effect) and wheat growth promotion (lowering phytotoxic effect).

Standardization of spray technique for pre-emergence herbicides in ZT-wheat (Triticum aestivum) with surface residue cover

The present study was carried out at Regional Research Station, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Karnal, Haryana during winter (rabi) seasons of 2019–20 and 2020–21. In this experiment, ZT-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was sown with happy seeder under surface residue load of 6 t/ha (chopped). Fourteen weed control treatments including pre-emergence herbicide (pendimethalin 1500 g/ha), sequential application of pre-emergence fb post-emergence (POE) herbicide (pendimethalin 1500 g/ha fb pinoxaden 50 g/ha), weedy check and weed-free were applied in a randomised block design (RBD) with 3 replications. Pre-emergence (PRE) herbicides were applied on the top of rice (Oryza sativa L.) residues using two water volumes (500 and 1000 litre/ha) with 3 types of nozzles (flat-fan, flood-jet and air-injection). Among weed species, Rumex dentatus (L.) and Phalaris minor (Retz.) showed significantly higher suppression under residue mulch and Medicago polymorpha (L). showed least suppression. Pendimethalin 1500 g/ha fb pinoxaden 50 g/ha (1000 l/ha) (Flood-jet) was statistically similar to weed-free in terms of grain yield, net returns and B:C ratio during both the years.