MANET Routing Protocols Research Articles

Energy consumption pattern and scalability of routing protocols for heterogeneous MANETs

Routing proposals in MANETs have been implemented and tested considering homogeneous environment where nodes have equal capabilities and responsibilities to perform. These assumptions are not helpful to realise the actual performance of the routing protocols. Therefore, existing routing protocols should be tested and benchmarked for heterogeneous MANETs H-MANETs. In this paper, an analysis of AODV, DSR, AOMDV and CBRP protocols is done. The efficacy of these protocols has been judged for varying network size and varying traffic for H-MANETs. Heterogeneity has been introduced in terms of different random initial energy values given to each node. The performance analysis has been done using network simulator NS-2 for various important performance parameters. Results show that CBRP as compare to other protocols performs better and as a second choice, especially for large traffic, AOMDV is the best protocol. This work is useful for the judicious and sensible selection of the base routing protocol.

An extended AODV routing protocol for secure MANETs based on node trust values

In MANETs, various QoS problems exist such as high error rates, handling node mobility, inefficient routing, power conservation, and limited processing capabilities of network devices. To obtain secure ad hoc routing, misbehaving or malicious nodes should be detected and isolated. Otherwise, the overall network performance will be decreased. The participating nodes should establish a network with an acceptable level of trust relationships among themselves. This problem is solved with the adoption of a trust management framework and by extending the conventional routing protocol. This paper proposes a new routing protocol (TRUST_AODV) that extends the AODV routing protocol by incorporating a trust algorithm that detects misbehaving nodes. For each node, the proposed algorithm computes the weighted trust by taking into account the packet delivery ratio, energy consumption rate and buffer length. TRUST_AODV secures the MANET against potential packet drop attacks and denial-of-service attacks. It also improves the network performance under heavy network load conditions. The simulation results demonstrate that it supports secure routing and optimised performance.

Energy consumption pattern and scalability of routing protocols for heterogeneous MANETs

Routing proposals in MANETs have been implemented and tested considering homogeneous environment where nodes have equal capabilities and responsibilities to perform. These assumptions are not helpful to realise the actual performance of the routing protocols. Therefore, existing routing protocols should be tested and benchmarked for heterogeneous MANETs (H-MANETs). In this paper, an analysis of AODV, DSR, AOMDV and CBRP protocols is done. The efficacy of these protocols has been judged for varying network size and varying traffic for H-MANETs. Heterogeneity has been introduced in terms of different random initial energy values given to each node. The performance analysis has been done using network simulator (NS-2) for various important performance parameters. Results show that CBRP as compare to other protocols performs better and as a second choice, especially for large traffic, AOMDV is the best protocol. This work is useful for the judicious and sensible selection of the base routing protocol.

QSLB: queue size based single path load balancing routing protocol for MANETs

A mobile ad hoc networks MANETs is a collection of independent mobile nodes, which are able to communicate in the wireless medium without the assistance of any infrastructure. Because of the dynamic nature of MANETs and resources constraints of wireless medium, load must be distributed throughout the network based on some parameters. Otherwise, resources of the heavily loaded nodes deplete soon and those nodes could not participate further in the communication. So, network performance degrades due to the congestion. Load at the nodes situated in the centre of the network is higher as compared to the other part of the network. In this paper, we propose a load balancing technique that distributes the traffic throughout the network in such a way that load at the centre of the network decreases. Simulation results show that the proposed routing protocol distributes the load efficiently and improve the network performance.

Performance analysis of on-demand routing protocol for MANET using EA3ACK algorithm

Performance analysis of on-demand routing protocol for MANET using EA3ACK algorithm

Analysis and implementation of manet routing protocols

Analysis and implementation of manet routing protocols

Performance Evaluation of LAR and OLSR Routing Protocols in Forest Fire Detection using Mobile Ad-Hoc Network

Objectives: To provide an assessment of two different types of MANET routing protocols. Methods/ Statistical Analysis: One of the key applications of the MANET technology include the disaster responding and the rescuing applications. Forest fires need a constant monitoring and an efficient communicative system. MANET includes several routing protocols. In spite of there being a large number of protocols, their performance in such disaster situations is ineffective due to high costs and a practical inability to recreate this scenario in a lab. Findings: The routing protocol performance was assessed using the MATLAB software. The different evaluation metrics that were adopted included the energy consumption, packet delivery ratio, routing overhead, and the end-to-end delay. Application/ Improvement: In our study, we have simulated a model for the forest fire disaster and have assessed two different routing protocols, i.e., the reactive Location-Aided Routing (LAR), and the proactive Optimised Link State Routing (OLSR). These protocols were evaluated to determine which is the more effective and reliable protocol amongst the two, in the case a forest fire disaster occurs. Our results have shown that the reactive LAR protocol was much better as compared to the proactive OLSR protocol as it showed better results for the Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), energy consumption, and overheads, while the OLSR protocol has lesser values for the End-to-End Delay (E2E-Delay) parameter.

A Literature Review of MANET's Routing Protocols Along With Security Issues

A Literature Review of MANET's Routing Protocols Along With Security Issues

Security Aware Fuzzy C-Means Cluster-based Social Spider Elliptic Curve Cryptography (FSER) Routing Protocol in FSO MANET

Objective: To design an FSER (Fuzzy _means cluster-based Social spider Elliptic Curve Cryptography Routing) protocol to enhance the security and prevent the loss of data while routing in FSO MANET. Methods/Statistical Analysis: Our proposed protocol scheme is based on three stages: (i) Cluster formation stage, (ii) Network routing stage and (iii) Secure communication stage. In the first stage, an efficient Fuzzy c-means (FCM) clustering process is used to form clusters in FSO MANET. In the second stage, Social Spider Algorithm (SSA) is used to create the routing table through vibration to other spiders based on the distance from the members and efficient routing through vibration intensity of spiders in the web. In the third phase, we suggest an Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) Algorithm for MANET to provide secure data delivery from source to destination. Findings: A hierarchal secure FSER routing protocol for FSO MANET is proposed. Nowadays, MANETs are demanding higher bandwidths, smarter and faster. In this paper, the higher demands on growing application can be supported using FSO which has the advantage of low power consumption and higher bandwidth to support huge number of nodes. First, a temporary topology is created by forming clusters with cluster head in order to consume the energy in which each node having multiple transceivers. Then a quality aware routing is performed by checking the path for QoS demand from source to destination. A secure data delivery from source to destination is provided by encrypting the packets using the ECC authentication scheme. Improvements/Application: Experimental simulations on FSO MANETs are implemented in MATLAB tool by finding an optimal path to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed FSER protocol that fulfills several Quality of Service (QoS) constraints. The designed proposed protocol in FSO is observed to be performing well with high speed optical modulation for bandwidth intensive applications like multimedia.

E-SHARP: Enhanced Secured Hierarchical Anonymous Routing Protocol for MANETs

E-SHARP: Enhanced Secured Hierarchical Anonymous Routing Protocol for MANETs

Analysis of Distributed Packet Receiving in ADHOC Network Using Multicast Routing Protocol

The main purpose multicast routing protocol in MANET is to deliver the data to a group of receivers. Several researchers are proposed various multicast routing protocols to achieve the reliability and scalability in MANET. MANET suffers from high overhead and redundant data transmission due to multicasting. We propose a neural network based multicast routing protocol to overcome the highest overhead and delay thereby network life time and packet delivery ratio (PDR) are improved. This is achieved by identifying the probability of optimum forwarding group node based on the information augmented with the JOIN_QUERY packet. The performance evolution shows the proposed approach ensures the PDR and reducing the control overhead significantly.

Enhanced energy efficient AODV routing protocol for MANET

Enhanced energy efficient AODV routing protocol for MANET

Evaluation of Mobility Model with MANET Routing Protocols

is class of an emerging technology of ad hoc networks. Ad hoc networks can be built around any wireless technology, including infrared, global positioning system (GPS), radio frequency (RF) and so on. Each node in a MANET is free to move freely in any direction, and therefore it will change its links to other devices frequently. Mobility model shows how the speed and direction of a node changed over the time according to given pattern of mobility. In this paper, various mobility model with routing protocols of ad hoc networks are studied.

A Novel Load Balancing Scheme for Multipath Routing Protocol in MANET

The recent advancements in information and communication technology create a great demand for multipath routing protocols. In MANET, nodes can be arbitrarily located and can move freely at any given time. The topology of MANET can change rapidly and unpredictably. Because wireless link capacities are usually limited, congestion is possible in MANETs. Hence, balancing the load in a MANET is important since nodes with high load will deplete their batteries quickly, thereby increasing the probability of disconnecting or partitioning the network. To overcome these, the multipath protocol should be aware of load at route discovery phase. The main objective of the proposed article is to balance the load on a node and to extend the lifetime of the node due to the congestion, energy depletion and link failures. This article describes a novel load and congestion aware scheme called Path Efficient Ad-hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector (PE-AOMDV) protocol to increase the performance of routing process in MANET in terms of congestion, end-to-end delay and load balancing. A new threshold value and a counter variable are introduced to limit the number of communication paths passing over a node in route discovery phase. For every new request the counter variable is incremented by one and the threshold value is compared to see whether the maximum number of connections has been reached or not since are the transmission range. The proposed method is network simulator ns-2 and it is found that there is a significant improvement in the proposed scheme. It reduces the energy consumption, average end-to-end delay and normalized routing overhead. Also the proposed scheme increases packet delivery ratio, throughput and minimizes routing overheads.

Reliable and Power Efficient Routing Protocol for MANETs

Reliable and Power Efficient Routing Protocol for MANETs

Hybrid MANET–DTN and a New Algorithm for Relay Nodes Selection

In this paper, a new way to a selection of the secure relay nodes in hybrid MANET–DTN networks based on the cooperation between routing, trust and game theory mechanisms is introduced. The hybrid MANET–DTN enables delivering the data or messages in the situation when communication paths are disconnected or broken and also in the emergency situations. We focus on the situations when MANET routing protocol cannot establish the end-to-end connection between source and destination nodes. In this situation, it is necessary to select relay nodes, that will be able to transport data or messages between isolated islands of mobile terminals with limited connectivity to other terminals. The proposed algorithm enables to select the relay nodes, that will come into contact with other mobile nodes located in different network areas with regards to trust and game theory. The parameter trust is computed for all mobile nodes and relies on a parameter obtained during routing and data transport processes. The game theory provides a powerful tool to select one candidate from a number of possible nodes with respect to confidence and security. Moreover, we propose a new mechanism to compute and select the trusted node, that can be used for transportation of the secure data in this hostile and disconnected environment. In order to verify the functionalities of this mechanism, we implement this mechanism into the OPNET modeler simulation environment and introduce performance analysis.

Mobile Agents based Reliable and Energy Efficient Routing Protocol for MANET

Mobile Agents based Reliable and Energy Efficient Routing Protocol for MANET

Simulation of Black Hole Attack in Manet

A Mobile Ad-Hoc Network is a collection of mobile nodes that are dynamically and arbitrarily located in such a manner that the interconnections between nodes are capable of changing on continual basis. Due to security vulnerabilities of the routing protocols, wireless ad-hoc networks are unprotected to attacks of the malicious nodes. One of these attacks is the Black Hole Attack. In this paper, we give an algorithmic approach to focus on analysing and improving the security of AODV, which is one of the popular routing protocols for MANET. Our aim is on ensuring the security against Black hole attack. The proposed solution is capable of detecting & removing Black hole node(s) in the MANET at the beginning. Also the objective of this paper is to provide a simulation study that illustrates the effects of Black hole attack on network performance. Previously the works done on MANETs focused mainly on different security threats and attacks such as Impersonation, Wormhole, Jellyfish, and Intrusion detection. Attack of black hole is required on routing protocols AODV, OLSR and TORA. And also check which protocol performs better against black hole attack. There is a need to address all these types of protocols under the attack, as well as the impacts of the attacks on the MANETs. We want to analyse Black Hole attack in MANETs using AODV, OLSR and TORA which are reactive, proactive and hybrid protocol respectively in nature.

Video transmission in mobile ad hoc networks using multiple interfaces and multiple channels

SummaryMobile Ad hoc NETworks (MANETs) are an important part of wireless communications and the increasing use of mobile devices is confirming that. MANETs can be of great value in Emergency Response situations where communication between mobile deployed units is critical and wired or wireless infrastructures may not be present or functional. In emergency scenarios, multimedia communication is very important for decision making and situation assessment. This requires up‐to‐date (on‐line) information feed on the situation, including voice and video from the affected zone. However, MANETs do not seem to efficiently support multimedia applications, and this is quite evident in video transmission. One way to remedy this is to use more (wireless) interfaces per mobile node and consequently more communication channels. In this work, we perform an analytical study on the use of multiple interfaces and multiple channels (MIMC) in video transmission with respect to the requirements of Emergency Response Ad hoc Networks. More specifically, we examine and present the impact of using MIMC on MANETs during video transmission applications, we evaluate the performance of three basic routing protocols in MANETs, and we propose a channel selection mechanism in MANET nodes with MIMC for enhanced video transmission. In addition, we evaluate video transmission streams with rate adaptation and present comparative results. The proposed mechanism is evaluated using the ns‐2 network simulator and the simulations are performed for a variety of topologies. Simulation results show that the different routing protocols respond differently when MIMC is introduced. The Ad hoc On‐Demand Multipath Distance Vector and (especially) the Ad hoc On‐Demand Distance Vector routing protocols benefit significantly, while the Destination Sequenced Distance Vector shows fewer improvements. The proposed mechanism is shown to be beneficial for transmitting video streams and enhances the network's ability to accommodate more streams and reduce packet delay. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Empirical Performance Evaluation of Reactive Routing Protocols for Wireless Ad hoc Networks in Adversarial Environment

Researchers have already shown the way, how to improve and compare the existing MANET routing protocols that help us to understand the basic feature and functionality of the various routing protocols. However, while these routing protocols have been proposed from different research groups in the literature, which shows the existing routing protocols, are not consistent to common framework to evaluate its performance. Moreover, these protocols are vulnerable to many collaborative attacks, due to its cooperative nature of routing algorithms. Hence, it is difficult for one to choose a proper routing protocol for a given application; therefore, we initially study and review to compare the different existing routing protocols in adversarial environment with varying traffic and mobility simulation scenarios. This paper addresses the comparison of various reactive routing protocols in adversarial environment. To achieve this, we had investigated with widely used NS-2 simulators for fair comparisons of different routing protocols. Furthermore, we also develop a collaborative adversary model for these existing routing protocols that can interfere with communications to subvert the normal operation of the network. Specifically, Our extensive simulation results shows the relative quantitative analysis for comparing the performance of reactive routing protocols such as AODV, DSR under adversarial environments with varying traffic and mobility simulation scenarios. Moreover, the performance of these protocols is measured with the various metrics such as throughput, end-to-end delay, packet delivery ratio, and routing overhead.