Rotational Intensity Research Articles

Effects of deep friction massage and dry needling therapy on night pain and shoulder internal rotation in subacromial pain syndrome: 1-year follow up of a randomised controlled trial

Background/AimsShoulder problems are common in the general population. The aim of this research was to compare the short and long-term effects of trigger point deep friction massage and trigger point dry needling therapy on rest, activity, and the intensity of night shoulder pain and shoulder internal rotation in Subacromial Pain Syndrome.MethodsOut of 73 outpatients diagnosed with Subacromial Pain Syndrome, 40 were selected according to agreed criteria and were randomly assigned to two groups. A total of 19 patients received trigger point deep friction massage and 21 received trigger point dry needling therapy. The trigger point deep friction massage group received treatment over 3 weeks and the trigger point dry needling therapy group received treatments over 4 weeks. Both groups received six treatment sessions and a programme of post-treatment exercises. The shoulder internal rotation angle was measured using a goniometer, and pain intensities were measured using a visual analogue scale before the first session, after six sessions and after 1 year.ResultsAccording to both the short- and long-term data, significant improvements were seen in both groups for all parameters. However, when the groups were compared, no significant difference was found between the two interventions, although the trigger point deep friction massage intervention showed earlier improvements as the treatments could be carried out in 3 weeks, rather than the 4 weeks required for the trigger point dry needling therapy sessions.ConclusionsBoth trigger point deep friction massage and trigger point dry needling therapy are effective in improving pain and shoulder internal rotation. Both groups maintained significant clinical improvement throughout the year. Although both interventions produced good results, trigger point deep friction massage treatments were completed in a shorter time and so demonstrated earlier improvements. Therefore, Trigger point deep friction massage may be regarded as the preferred option, particularly as no equipment is needed and is a non-invasive method of treatment.

A 4D flow cardiovascular magnetic resonance study of flow asymmetry and haemodynamic quantity correlations in the pulmonary artery

Objective. In this paper we elucidate the asymmetric flow pattern and the haemodynamic quantity distributions and correlations in the pulmonary artery (PA) vasculature in healthy adults having structurally normal hearts, to provide reference on the flow characteristics in the PA and the right ventricle. Approach. Velocity data are acquired non-invasively from 18 healthy volunteers by 4D flow magnetic resonance imaging, resolved to 20 phases with spatial resolution 3 × 3 × 3 mm3. Interpolation is applied to improve the accuracy in quantifying haemodynamic quantities including kinetic energy, rotational energy, helicity and energy dissipation rate. These quantities are volumetrically normalised to remove size dependency, representing densities or local intensity. Main results. Flow asymmetry in the PA is quantified in terms of all the flow dynamic quantities and their correlations. The right PA has larger diameter and higher peak stroke velocity than the left PA. It also has the highest rotational energy intensity. Counter-rotating helical streams in the main PA appear to be associated with the unidirectional helical flow noticed in the left and the right PA near the peak systole. Significance. This study provides a fundamental basis of normal flow in the PA. It implies the validity to use these flow pattern-related quantitative measures to aid with the identification of abnormal PA flow non-invasively, specifically for detecting abnormalities in the pulmonary circulation and response to therapy, where haemodynamic flow is commonly characterised by increased vortical and helical formations.

Generation, reflection and transmission of nonlinear harmonic waves by direct superposition of anharmonic dipoles

It is well known that the linear and nonlinear light reflection and transmission formula can be obtained from the standard macroscopic Maxwell equation. In the past, a microscopic approach based on the Ewald–Oseen extinction theorem to derive the reflection and transmission formula by direct dipole summation has been performed by Fearn et al where they successfully derived the Fresnel formula in linear optics. In this work, we extend their work for the first time to derive the nonlinear reflection and transmission formula by direct summation of anharmonically oscillating dipoles for the case of a normal incidence wave, yielding similar results with coupled-mode-theory (CMT). We demonstrate for a decaying incoming field that dipolar radiation is no longer forbidden inside the bulk of a centrosymmetric material. Using the simplified bond hyperpolarizability model (SBHM), we find that these additional bulk dipole contribution must be accounted along with the surface dipoles and bulk quadrupolar contribution to explain recent rotational anisotropy SHG intensity experimental data of Si(111) with high precision.

Evaluating cardiac substructure radiation exposure in breast rotational intensity modulated radiation therapy: Effects of cancer laterality, fractionation and deep inspiration breath-hold

PurposeRotational intensity-modulated radiation therapy currently has a growing role in breast cancer radiation therapy, since this radiation technique reduces cardiac radiation exposure while homogeneously covering target volumes. This study aims to evaluate radiation exposure of cardiac substructures across a broad spectrum of breast cancer cases differing by cancer laterality, fractionation regimen and addition of deep-inspiration breath hold. Materials and methodsCardiac substructures were delineated following guidelines endorsed by the European Society for Radiotherapy and Oncology (ESTRO) for forty-four breast cancer patients having undergone conserving surgery and adjuvant rotational intensity-modulated radiation therapy. Target volumes consisted of the whole breast with a boost, axillary and internal mammary nodes. Patients were treated using free-breathing technique for left-sided or right-sided, normofractionated or hypofractionated helical tomotherapy or volumetric modulated arc therapy, or using deep-inspiration breath hold for left-sided normofractionated volumetric modulated arc therapy. Mean and maximum doses to cardiac substructures were retrieved. Correlations were performed between mean- and maximum radiation doses to cardiac substructures. ResultsLeft-sided and right-sided irradiations were associated with different cardiac substructure exposure patterns despite comparable mean heart dose: 7.21Gy for left-sided normofractionated regimen, 6.28Gy for right-sided normofractionated regimen. Deep-inspiration breath hold reduced mean doses to almost all cardiac substructures for left-sided irradiation, but did not decrease maximum doses to coronary arteries. Correlations between mean- and maximum doses to cardiac substructures were usually moderate, but stronger for right-sided irradiation. ConclusionDespite comparable mean heart dose, cardiac substructure radiation exposure patterns with rotational intensity-modulated radiation therapy strongly depend on the breast side, which could trigger clinically different long-term cardiotoxicity events. Deep-inspiration breath hold improves cardiac substructure dosimetry. Mean- and maximum heart dose could probably not be used as surrogate markers for precise cardiac substructure evaluation. In a near future, clinical practice and cardiotoxicity studies could possibly gain by considering cardiac substructure in a more systematic manner, possibly relying on cardiac autosegmentation algorithms.

Soil organic carbon stocks maintained despite intensification of shifting cultivation

Shifting cultivation systems of Southeast Asia are rapidly intensifying, especially through shortening of the fallow periods. It is typically assumed that intensification will result in a depletion of soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks, but existing estimates of carbon stocks in these systems are variable, and there is little certainty about the carbon outcomes of intensification. We investigated the effects of intensification on SOC stocks of a shifting cultivation system in northern Laos. Volume-specific soil samples were collected from 20 sites representing: i) various rotation intensities (fallow periods of 3–4 years and 7–10 years), ii) various stages of the rotation cycle (fallows and active fields) and iii) reference plots (old regrowth of 25–30 years). Samples were analyzed for SOC, soil texture, pH, Total Nitrogen and permanganate oxidizable carbon (POXC) – an active carbon fraction that has been suggested as an easily measured early indicator of land use induced changes in soil quality and SOC. There were no significant differences between SOC concentrations or stocks of any of the sites under shifting cultivation and the reference sites. However, the SOC stock under fallows in the intensive rotation category was significantly larger than the SOC stock under fallows in the extensive rotation category. This is likely because inputs of dead root biomass from the slashed vegetation provides an important input to the SOC pool. Fallow sites under intensive rotation had significantly higher contents of POXC in the topsoil than the active fields, which suggests that POXC captures the immediate effect of the decreased input of litter to the topsoil during the cultivation period. We conclude that in this study there is no evidence that intensification of shifting cultivation leads to a decline in total soil carbon stock, or to a decline in the more active carbon fraction measured by POXC. Therefore, narratives of shifting cultivation leading to a decline in soil carbon stocks need to be revisited, and land use policies related to the system should not uncritically be based on this incorrect assumption.

Deep Inspiration Breath-Hold (DIBH) for Locoregional Breast Irradiation using Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT) and Intensity Modulated Proton Therapy (IMPT): A Dosimetric Comparison to Cardiac Substructure

Conventional breast irradiation with tangent fields poses cardiotoxicity risks but recent techniques significantly reduce heart exposure, such as rotational intensity modulated radiation therapy or proton therapy. This study evaluates the potential of deep inspiration breath-hold (DIBH) combination with volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) and intensity modulated proton therapy (IMPT) for further cardiac sparing, at the cardiac substructure level. Following breast conserving surgery, 14 left-sided breast cancer patients treated with free breathing (FB)-VMAT (n = 7) or DIBH-VMAT (n = 7) were retrospectively included. Patients were treated to a dose of 51.8Gy to the whole left breast, 50.4 Gy to the axillary and internal mammary nodes, and 63 Gy to the tumor bed. Pencil beam scanning plans were generated on the initial simulation FB or DIBH computed tomography scans with similar PTV coverage constraints. The endpoint was the mean dose to the heart, to the cardiac cavities, to the left ventricle walls and to the coronary arteries. Table 1 presents the mean doses to cardiac substructures using VMAT and IMPT, with or without DIBH. When combined with VMAT, DIBH significantly reduces dose to nearly all cardiac substructures and to all coronary artery segments. In contrast, when combined with IMPT, DIBH does not show any dosimetric benefit. FB-IMPT significantly spares cardiac substructures compared with DIBH-VMAT. Contrasting with VMAT irradiation where DIBH significantly reduces doses delivered to nearly all cardiac substructures, DIBH does not seem to demonstrate a dosimetric benefit when combined with IMPT. DIBH is thus probably unnecessary for locoregional breast irradiation with IMPT.Abstract 2091; TableStructureVMAT (mean dose Gy)IMPT (mean dose Gy)Free BreathingDIBHp valueFree BreathingDIBHp valueHeart7.123.500.010.800.320.05Left ventricle7.403.19<0.010.090.220.09Anterior wall12.475.23<0.010.260.720.18Apical wall12.384.390.010.400.880.20Lateral wall6.603.37<0.010.040.160.02Inferior wall4.131.65<0.02<0.010.010.47Septal wall6.622.77<0.030.020.010.36Right ventricle7.053.55<0.040.790.070.14Left auricle3.971.910.02<0.01<0.010.08Right auricle3.892.440.040.060.030.13Left main coronary artery6.342.85<0.010.02<0.010.37Left anterior descending artery21.198.32<0.012.481.650.47Proximal segment12.995.170.040.190.290.63Mid segment24.1010.88<0.014.003.130.68Distal segment23.528.370.012.151.380.35Circumflex artery5.122.540.03<0.01<0.010.11Proximal segment7.343.090.02<0.010.010.22Distal segment4.532.410.06<0.01<0.010.10Right coronary artery5.402.870.010.030.060.62Proximal segment6.454.580.220.060.140.59Mid segment4.152.270.050.01<0.010.29Distal segment3.011.170.01<0.01<0.010.36Posterior descending segment6.151.560.01<0.01<0.010.18Author Disclosure: P. Loap: None. F. Goudjil: None. B. Baron: None. M. Ribeiro: None. A. Fourquet: None. Y. Kirova: None. Open table in a new tab

How Do Politicians Capture a State? Evidence from State-Owned Enterprises

This article discusses political state capture in the context of party patronage. Evidence of this is delivered from state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and the rotations of members of their management and supervisory boards. In this case, it is deemed that an interest group, which consists of politicians and representatives in the government administration, decides about the appointment and dismissal of board members through the corporate governance of SOEs and ownership policy of the state. We analyzed the scale and intensity of rotations in Poland of about twelve thousand joint-stock companies in the years 2001–2017 according to their ownership structure. We show that changes of managers and supervisory board members in state-owned enterprises are higher than in private companies and are related to political elections. We estimated that on average three months after a new government is formed, a peak of changes in the composition of boards is observed, though they are earlier in the case of a supervisory board. We conclude that this can be regarded as an example of state capture by politicians.

Quantifying natural disturbances using a large-scale dendrochronological reconstruction to guide forest management.

Estimates of historical disturbance patterns are essential to guide forest management aimed at ensuring the sustainability of ecosystem functions and biodiversity. However, quantitative estimates of various disturbance characteristics required in management applications are rare in longer-term historical studies. Thus, our objectives were to (1) quantify past disturbance severity, patch size, and stand proportion disturbed and (2) test for temporal and subregional differences in these characteristics. We developed a comprehensive dendrochronological method to evaluate an approximately two-century-long disturbance record in the remaining Central and Eastern European primary mountain spruce forests, where wind and bark beetles are the predominant disturbance agents. We used an unprecedented large-scale nested design data set of 541 plots located within 44 stands and 6 subregions. To quantify individual disturbance events, we used tree-ring proxies, which were aggregated at plot and stand levels by smoothing and detecting peaks in their distributions. The spatial aggregation of disturbance events was used to estimate patch sizes. Data exhibited continuous gradients from low- to high-severity and small- to large-size disturbance events. In addition to the importance of small disturbance events, moderate-scale (25-75% of the stand disturbed, >10ha patch size) and moderate-severity (25-75% of canopy disturbed) events were also common. Moderate disturbances represented more than 50% of the total disturbed area and their rotation periods ranged from one to several hundred years, which is within the lifespan of local tree species. Disturbance severities differed among subregions, whereas the stand proportion disturbed varied significantly over time. This indicates partially independent variations among disturbance characteristics. Our quantitative estimates of disturbance severity, patch size, stand proportion disturbed, and associated rotation periods provide rigorous baseline data for future ecological research, decisions within biodiversity conservation, and silviculture intended to maintain native biodiversity and ecosystem functions. These results highlight a need for sufficiently large and adequately connected networks of strict reserves, more complex silvicultural treatments that emulate the natural disturbance spectrum in harvest rotation times, sizes, and intensities, and higher levels of tree and structural legacy retention.

Influence of auxiliary cylinders on the dynamics of overland flow upstream of the main cylinder based on particle image velocimetry

The position of auxiliary cylinders in flow experiments noticeably affects soil erosion and pollutant transportation processes by altering the dynamic flow field in front of the main cylinder. However, few studies have been conducted for overland flow due to the shallow flow depth and limited observation technology. In this study, we conducted fixed-bed flume experiments and developed a high-resolution and high-frequency particle image velocimetry system to investigate the two-dimensional dynamic field of overflow using a symmetrical surface (i.e., the vertical plane passing through the axis of the main cylinder in the flow direction) upstream of the main cylinder as the observation area. Two auxiliary cylinders in each position were placed upstream, parallel, and downstream (i.e., pre-column condition, parallel condition, and post-column condition, respectively). Results showed that: For a given flow discharge, the ranking of the cylinder configurations in terms of the stability of the hydrodynamic conditions (velocity, turbulent energy, shear force, and Reynolds stress) was pre-column condition < parallel condition < post-column condition. The number of horseshoe vortices and the rotation intensity of the main horseshoe vortex were similar for the three configurations. The position of the main horseshoe vortex was closest to the main cylinder in the pre-column condition, causing substantial soil erosion around the main cylinder. For different flow rates, the water depth and turbulent intensity showed monotonic increasing trends as the flow discharge increased, whereas the shear force and Reynolds stress exhibited a single peak. As the Reynolds number of the cylinder increased, the flow separation point moved upstream, and the rotation intensity of the main horseshoe vortex was negatively correlated with the water depth. Therefore, a shallower water depth corresponded to significantly greater erosion damage by the horseshoe vortex. Overall, the configuration of the auxiliary cylinders downstream of the main cylinder resulted in the optimum water flow control. The findings of this study provide theoretical support for designing vegetation management strategies that minimize soil erosion and protect water resources.

Measuring the rotational temperature and pump intensity in molecular alignment experiments via high harmonic generation.

We demonstrate a method to simultaneously measure the rotational temperature and pump intensity in laser-induced molecular alignment by the time-resolved high harmonic spectroscopy (HHS). It relies on the sensitive dependence of the arising times of the local minima and maxima of the harmonic yields at the rotational revivals on the pump intensity and rotational temperature. By measuring the arising times of these local extrema from the time-resolved harmonic signals, the rotational temperature and pump intensity can be accurately measured. We have demonstrated our method using N2 molecules. The validity and robustness of our method are tested with different harmonic orders and by changing the gas pressures as well as the distance between the gas exit and the optical axis. Moreover, we have also demonstrated the versatility of our method by applying it to CO2 molecules.

The Diversification and Intensification of Crop Rotations under No-Till Promote Earthworm Abundance and Biomass

The diversification and intensification of crop rotations (DICR) in no-till systems is a novel approach that aims to increase crop production, together with decreasing environmental impact. Our objective was to analyze the effect of different levels of DICR on the abundance, biomass, and species composition of earthworm communities in Argentinean Pampas. We studied three levels of DICR—typical rotation (TY), high intensification with grass (HG), and with legume (HL); along with three references—natural grassland (NG), pasture (PA), and an agricultural external reference (ER). The NG had the highest earthworm abundance. Among the DICR treatments, abundance and biomass were higher in HL than in HG and, in both, these were higher than in TY. The NG and PA had a distinctive taxonomic composition and higher species richness. Instead, the DICR treatments had a similar richness and species composition. Earthworm abundance and biomass were positively related to rotation intensity and legume proportion indices, carbon input, and particulate organic matter content. The application of DICR for four years, mainly with legumes, favors the development of earthworm populations. This means that a subtle change in management, as DICR, can have a positive impact on earthworms, and thus on earthworm-mediated ecosystem services, which are important for crop production.

GSRB rotation and rovibration intensities for: The bent HOCl molecule, and for: Quantum monodromy in NCNCS

Considerable work has gone into identifying and delineating the effects of quantum monodromy on molecules. Recently this included consideration of transition intensities of the NCNCS molecule using ab initio electric dipole moment functions in the Generalised SemiRigid Bender (GSRB) model [M. Winnewisser et al. PCCP 16, 17373-17407 (2014)]. In that work a discrepancy between the observed and calculated spectra was discovered. The purpose of the present work is to identify the source of that discrepancy - is it due to the physics of monodromy itself or are other issues involved? To investigate this we use the same theoretical approach for the simpler molecule HOCl. This allows us to identify a programming error affecting the b-type rovibrational transitions. We show that the NCNCS spectrum calculated with the corrected GSRB model does reproduce the experimental spectrum for pure rotational transitions within the ν7 large amplitude bending vibrational states, starting from the ground state and progressing through levels at the monodromy energy and beyond, while also reproducing the a-type υ:1←0rovibrational spectrum. However, the discrepancy with regard to the b-type rovibrational transitions remains. We discuss possible reasons for this discrepancy. In the course of this work we obtain a good GSRB model for the bending vibration-rotation levels of the atmospherically important HOCl molecule and its isotopologues. With ab initio calculations of the electric dipole moment function the GSRB calculates the rotation and bending rovibrational spectrum of HOCl in agreement with other determinations and with experiment. Using the physically constrained GSRB model, errors in tabulated transitions (including in the HITRAN database) were easily identified.

A straightforward estimation of cardiac substructure exposure for clinical practice: example of breast rotational intensity modulated radiation therapy

Introduction. Mean heart dose (MHD) is the most widely used dosimetric parameter for cardiac sparing during treatment planning. Specific cardiac substructure exposure could be more clinically important, but MHD cannot provide the radiation oncologist with precise insight at the substructural level. Materials. We propose a straightforward method for estimating cardiac substructure exposure based on linear regressions between mean dose delivered to cardiac substructures and MHD. We focused on breast irradiation with intensity modulated radiation therapy as an application example. Correlations between mean dose to cardiac substructures and MHD were statistically significant and usually moderate (r > 0.5) or strong (r > 0.7), allowing the use of such linear regression models to estimate cardiac substructure exposure from MHD for clinical practice. Conclusion. This method can be extrapolated to other clinical situations for daily practice, albeit with some restrictions.

Multi-year observations of mesoscale variances of hydroxyl nightglow near the mesopause at Tory and Zvenigorod

Digital difference filters were used for the analysis of data of the spectral observations of the rotational temperature and emission intensity of vibrationally excited hydroxyl (OH*) at altitudes 85–90 km at observatories Zvenigorod (56° N, 37° E) for 2004–2016 years and Tory (52° N, 103° E) for 2012–2017. The monthly-average values and standard deviations of mesoscale perturbations of the OH* emission characteristics with periods 0.8–11 h are obtained. These mesoscale perturbations may reflect internal gravity waves (IGWs) in the mesopause region. To filter out mesoscale perturbations, differences between the sequential values of the OH* emission characteristics, averaged over the intervals by duration from 0.5 h to 2 h, were obtained. The average monthly variances of mesoscale perturbations in the OH* rotational temperature obtained at Tory are larger compared to Zvenigorod ones. Average seasonal changes of relative mesoscale variances demonstrate maxima in winter and in summer, with the summer maximum shifted closer to spring months for the Tory station. The reasons for the differences could be different orography and jet streams in the lower and middle atmosphere, also different spectra of IGW horizontal wavelengths due to different geometry of observations at Tory and Zvenigorod.

Development of a Continuous Pulsed Electric Field (PEF) Vortex-Flow Chamber for Improved Treatment Homogeneity Based on Hydrodynamic Optimization.

Pulsed electric fields (PEF) treatment is an effective process for preservation of liquid products in food and biotechnology at reduced temperatures, by causing electroporation. It may contribute to increase retention of heat-labile constituents with similar or enhanced levels of microbial inactivation, compared to thermal processes. However, especially continuous PEF treatments suffer from inhomogeneous treatment conditions. Typically, electric field intensities are highest at the inner wall of the chamber, where the flow velocity of the treated product is lowest. Therefore, inhomogeneities of the electric field within the treatment chamber and associated inhomogeneous temperature fields emerge. For this reason, a specific treatment chamber was designed to obtain more homogeneous flow properties inside the treatment chamber and to reduce local temperature peaks, therefore increasing treatment homogeneity. This was accomplished by a divided inlet into the chamber, consequently generating a swirling flow (vortex). The influence of inlet angles on treatment homogeneity was studied (final values: radial angle α = 61°; axial angle β = 98°), using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). For the final design, the vorticity, i.e., the intensity of the fluid rotation, was the lowest of the investigated values in the first treatment zone (1002.55 1/s), but could be maintained for the longest distance, therefore providing an increased mixing and most homogeneous treatment conditions. The new design was experimentally compared to a conventional co-linear setup, taking into account inactivation efficacy of Microbacterium lacticum as well as retention of heat-sensitive alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Results showed an increase in M. lacticum inactivation (maximum Δlog of 1.8 at pH 7 and 1.1 at pH 4) by the vortex configuration and more homogeneous treatment conditions, as visible by the simulated temperature fields. Therefore, the new setup can contribute to optimize PEF treatment conditions and to further extend PEF applications to currently challenging products.

No-tillage system participatory quality index

ABSTRACT The no-tillage system participatory quality index aims to evaluate the quality and efficiency of soil management under no-tillage systems and consists of a weighted sum of eight indicators: intensity of crop rotation, diversity of crop rotation, persistence of crop residues in the soil surface, frequency of soil tillage, use of agricultural terraces, evaluation of soil conservation, balance of soil fertilization and time of adoption of the no-tillage system. The aim of this study was to assess the extent to which these indicators correlate with the no-tillage system participatory quality index and to characterize the farmers who participated in the research. The data used were provided by ITAIPU Binacional for the indicators of the no-tillage system participatory quality index II. Descriptive analyses were performed, and the Pearson correlation coefficient between the index and each indicator was calculated. To assess the relationship between the indicators and the farmers’ behavior toward the indicators, principal component analysis and cluster analysis were performed. Although all correlations are significant at p-value ≤ 0.05, some correlations are weak, indicating a need for improvement of the index. The principal component analysis identified three principal components, which explained 66% of the variability of the data, and the cluster analysis separated the 121 farmers into five groups. It was verified that the no-tillage system participatory quality index II has some limitations and should therefore be reevaluated to increase its efficiency as an indicator of the quality of the no-tillage system.

Abrupt Shrinking of Solar Corona in the Late 1990s

Abstract We derive the longest uniform record of rotational intensities solar coronal magnetic field since 1968 and compare it with the heliospheric magnetic field (HMF) observed at the Earth. We scale the Mount Wilson Observatory and Wilcox Solar Observatory observations of the photospheric magnetic field to the level of the Synoptic Optical Long-term Investigations of the Sun/Vector Spectro Magnetograph and apply the potential field source surface model to calculate the coronal magnetic field. We find that the evolution of the coronal magnetic field during the last 50 yr agrees with the HMF observed at the Earth only if the effective coronal size, the distance of the coronal source surface of the HMF, is allowed to change in time. We calculate the optimum source surface distance for each rotation and find that it experienced an abrupt decrease in the late 1990s. The effective volume of the solar corona shrunk to less than one half during a short period of only a few years. We note that this abrupt shrinking coincides with other changes in solar magnetic fields that are likely related to the decrease of the overall solar activity, i.e., the demise of the Grand Modern Maximum.

The Limits of the Linear Quadratic (LQ) Model for Late Cardiotoxicity Prediction: Example of Hypofractionated Rotational Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) for Breast Cancer

The Limits of the Linear Quadratic (LQ) Model for Late Cardiotoxicity Prediction: Example of Hypofractionated Rotational Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) for Breast Cancer

PFI-ZEKE-photoelectron spectroscopy of N2O using narrow-band VUV laser radiation generated by four-wave mixing in Ar using a KBBF crystal.

A new nonlinear optical scheme relying on sum-frequency mixing in a KBe2BO3F2 crystal has been used to generate intense, broadly tunable, narrow-bandwidth, coherent vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) radiation beyond 16 eV by resonance-enhanced four-wave mixing in Ar. The VUV radiation was used to record high-resolution pulsed-field-ionization zero-kinetic-energy photoelectron spectra of the N2O+ A+ ← N2O X photoionizing transition in the wave-number range from 132 000 cm-1 to 135 000 cm-1. The rotational structure of almost all vibrational levels of the A+ state with vibrational term values up to 2700 cm-1 could be resolved, and improved values of the first two adiabatic ionization energies of N2O, corresponding to the formation of the X+ 2Π3/2(000) J+ = 3/2 and A+ 2Σ+(000) N+ = 0 levels of N2O+ from the X 1Σ+(000) J″ = 0 ground state [103 969.30(12) cm-1 and 132 197.70(12) cm-1, respectively], were derived. The rotational intensity distributions of the bands were found to depend strongly on the value of the vibrational angular momentum of the ionic levels. The vibrational structure is discussed in terms of previously reported effective-Hamiltonian analyses.

ЦИРКУЛЯЦИОННЫЕ МЕХАНИЗМЫ СТАБИЛИЗАЦИИ РЕГИОНАЛЬНОЙ ДИНАМИКИ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОГО СЛОЯ ОКЕАНА

Circulation patterns characterizing the variability of the dynamics of the active ocean layer describes in the regions of Greenland and Norwegian seas, in the Subpolar Gyre of the North Atlantic based on the analysis of numerical experiments for 1948–2009 with the model of the North Atlantic and the Arctic (step 0.25°, 40 levels). Density and current velocities anomalies were determined by subtracting the average annual cycle from the realizations for 0–300 m layer. Most covariant joint distributions (modes) for the spatiotemporal fields these anomalies defined by SVD analysis and investigated. An analysis of the structural, correlation, and dispersion characteristics of the main joint modes of variability of water density and current velocities anomalies is given. The second and third modes of circulation anomalies in the north of the Greenland Sea and in the Subpolar Gyre of the North Atlantic show the possibility of stabilizing the amplitude of the variability of heat and salt transport by currents and water exchange between the Atlantic and Arctic at a certain climatic level. These phenomena are characterized by the time scale from intra-monthly to six months in the north of the Greenland Sea. The change in the intensity of the anticyclonic water rotation in the Norwegian Basin balances the variability of the Atlantic Norwegian Current mass transport on a 2.5-year scale.