Rotational Anisotropy Research Articles

Generalized form of the magnetic anisotropy field in micromagnetic and atomistic spin models

We present a general approach to the derivation of the effective anisotropy field which determines the dynamical behaviour of magnetic spins according to the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation. The approach is based on the gradient in spherical polar coordinates with the final results being expressed in Cartesian coordinates as usually applied in atomistic and micromagnetic model calculations. The approach is generally valid for all orders of anisotropies including higher order combinations of azimuthal and rotational anisotropies often found in functional magnetic materials such as permanent magnets and an emerging class of antiferromagnetic materials with applications in spintronics. Anisotropies are represented in terms of spherical harmonics which have the important property of rational temperature scaling. Effective field vectors are given for anisotropies up to sixth order, presenting a unified framework for implementing higher order magnetic anisotropies in numerical simulations.

Computational analysis of water dynamics in AOT reverse micelles

Aerosols can be modeled for detailed investigations using reverse micelles in the laboratory as well as in computational simulations. A long-standing question in the description of confined water under these conditions is that of a two-state model of core – interface or a three-state model of core – intermediate – interface. In this work, we present results of analysis of water dynamics inside reverse micelles from fully atomistic molecular dynamics simulations. The size and composition of reverse micelles is expressed through w0, the ratio of the number of water molecules to the number of surfactant molecules. Reverse micelles of diverse sizes, with w0 ranging from 5 to 20, were constructed with Sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (AOT) surfactant and simulated within isooctane solvent. Residence time and diffusion coefficients, in the simulations, both behaved increasingly like bulk water with the increase in size of reverse micelles. Rotational anisotropy autocorrelation was modeled using exponential functions in the short time range of 10–20 ps and longer time data were modeled as a power law fit. Similarly, the diffusion of water in the reverse micelles was also modeled on a power law fit. All these metrics demonstrate a clear progression towards bulk water behavior as the reverse micelle size increases. Additionally, our results also support a 3-layer model of water in a reverse micelle of core – intermediate – interface. These results extend the understanding of water dynamics in reverse micelles and provide further evidence for the 3-layer model.

Dynamically adjustable directional acoustic radiation based on non-uniform cylindrical labyrinth structure

In this work, a cylindrical four-channel non-uniform labyrinth structure is constructed. The ring shaped metamaterial designed by using the rotational anisotropy of the structure can control sound wave and achieve dynamically adjustable directional sound radiation. The cylindrical non-uniform labyrinth structure comprised of four channels has dipole resonance characteristic. At the dipole resonance frequency, sound waves can radiate from the openings of two sector channels that occupy a large proportion. At this time, the cylindrical non-uniform labyrinth structure can be approximately regarded as a dipole sound source. For the cylindrical uniform labyrinth structure, the sound transmission property will not change as it rotates around its center. However, when the cylindrical non-uniform labyrinth structure rotates around its own center, the position of the dipole sound source and the direction of the radiated sound wave also change. Placing a point sound source in the center of the circular metamaterial composed of 18 non-uniform labyrinth structures, and adjusting the rotation angle of the circular non-uniform labyrinth structure so that each structure lies in the conductive or cut-off state, the propagation of the point sound source in all directions can be controlled. The propagation characteristics of these structures are utilized to achieve dynamically adjustable directional sound radiation. In addition, the influence of the rotation angle of the cylindrical non-uniform labyrinth structure on the transmitted sound wave is studied, and the switching effect of the non-uniform cylindrical labyrinth structure in the constructed sound source system is explored, which provides a new idea for constructing simple directional radiation acoustic equipment.

Universal quantum computation with symmetric qubit clusters coupled to an environment

One of the most challenging problems for the realization of a scalable quantum computer is to design a physical device that keeps the error rate for each quantum processing operation low. These errors can originate from the accuracy of quantum manipulation, such as the sweeping of a gate voltage in solid state qubits or the duration of a laser pulse in optical schemes. Errors also result from decoherence, which is often regarded as more crucial in the sense that it is inherent to the quantum system, being fundamentally a consequence of the coupling to the external environment. Grouping small collections of qubits into clusters with symmetries may serve to protect parts of the calculation from decoherence. In this work, we use four-level cores with a straightforward generalization of discrete rotational symmetry, called $\ensuremath{\omega}$-rotation invariance, to encode pairs of coupled qubits and universal two-qubit logical gates. We include quantum errors as a main source of decoherence, and show that symmetry makes logical operations particularly resilient to untimely anisotropic qubit rotations. We propose a scalable scheme for universal quantum computation where cores play the role of quantum-computational transistors, or quansistors for short. Initialization and readout are achieved by tunnel-coupling the quansistor to leads. The external leads are explicitly considered and are assumed to be the other main source of decoherence. We show that quansistors can be dynamically decoupled from the leads by tuning their internal parameters, giving them the versatility required to act as controllable quantum memory units. With this dynamical decoupling, logical operations within quansistors are also symmetry-protected from unbiased noise in their parameters. We identify technologies that could implement $\ensuremath{\omega}$-rotation invariance. Many of our results can be generalized to higher-level $\ensuremath{\omega}$-rotation-invariant systems, or adapted to clusters with other symmetries.

Magnetic damping anisotropy in the two-dimensional van der Waals material Fe3GeTe2 from first principles

Magnetization relaxation in the two-dimensional itinerant ferromagnetic van der Waals material Fe$_3$GeTe$_2$, below the Curie temperature, is fundamentally important for applications to low-dimensional spintronics devices. We use first-principles scattering theory to calculate the temperature-dependent Gilbert damping for bulk and single-layer Fe$_3$GeTe$_2$. The calculated damping frequency of bulk Fe$_3$GeTe$_2$ increases monotonically with temperature because of the dominance of resistivitylike behavior. By contrast, a very weak temperature dependence is found for the damping frequency of a single layer, which is attributed to strong surface scattering in this highly confined geometry. A systematic study of the damping anisotropy reveals that orientational anisotropy is present in both bulk and single-layer Fe3GeTe2. Rotational anisotropy is significant at low temperatures for both the bulk and a single layer and is gradually diminished by temperature-induced disorder. The rotational anisotropy can be significantly enhanced by up to 430% in gated single-layer Fe$_3$GeTe$_2$.

Coding Engineered Reflector for Wide-Band RCS Reduction Under Wide Angle of Incidence

This communication presents the design of 1 bit coding engineered reflector for wideband monostatic/bistatic radar cross section (RCS) reduction under a wide angle of incidence by redirecting the backscattered electromagnetic (EM) energies into wide and countless angles. The proposed surface can achieve an excellent monostatic/bistatic RCS reduction performance of more than 10 dB over a wide frequency range from 60 to 120 GHz under wide angles of incidence up to 75°. This is achieved by designing a wideband anisotropic polarization rotator unit cell with a relative polarization conversion bandwidth of 66.7% and polarization conversion efficiency of more than 99%. The unit cell and its mirrored version are used to represent the “0” and “1” coding states of an optimized 1 bit coding sequence. The distribution of the “0” and “1” coding states and the dimensions of the anisotropic unit cell are optimized carefully, such that the unit cell will have 180° ± 30° reflection phase difference between the <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$x$ </tex-math></inline-formula> - and <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$y$ </tex-math></inline-formula> -axes over the whole three frequency bands (V-, E-, and W-bands) and obtains ultrawideband and wide-angle diffusion scattering patterns under oblique incidence up to 75°. The simulation and experimental results show that the proposed coding engineered reflector has nearly uniform diffusive scattering characteristics under normal and wide-angle off-normal incidences of EM waves up to 75° over the three frequency bands.

Anisotropic Rotation of TEMPO Radical in the Cavities of Metal–Organic Framework ZIF-8 Induced by Guest Solvents

Anisotropic Rotation of TEMPO Radical in the Cavities of Metal–Organic Framework ZIF-8 Induced by Guest Solvents

Constraining Mass of M31 Combing Kinematics of Stars, Planetary Nebulae and Globular clusters

We construct a multiple-population discrete axisymmetric Jeans model for the Andromeda (M31) galaxy, considering three populations of kinematic tracers: 48 supergiants and 721 planetary nebulae (PNe) in the bulge and disk regions, 554 globular clusters extending to ∼30 kpc, and halo stars extending to ∼150 kpc of the galaxy. The three populations of tracers are organized in the same gravitational potential, while each population is allowed to have its own spatial distribution, rotation, and internal velocity anisotropy. The gravitational potential is a combination of stellar mass and a generalized NFW dark matter halo. We created two sets of models, one with a cusped dark matter halo and one with a cored dark matter halo. Both the cusped and cored model fit kinematics of all the three populations well, but the cored model is not preferred due to a too high concentration compared to that predicted from cosmological simulations. With a cusped dark matter halo, we obtained total stellar mass of 1.0 ± 0.1 × 1011 M ⊙, dark matter halo virial mass of M 200 = 7.0 ± 0.9 × 1011 M ⊙, virial radius of r 200 = 184 ± 4 kpc, and concentration of c = 20 ± 4. The mass of M31 we obtained is at the lower side of the allowed ranges in the literature and consistent with the previous results obtained from the H i rotation curve and PNe kinematics. Velocity dispersion profile of the outer stellar halo is important in constraining the total mass while it is still largely uncertain. Further proper motion of bright sources from Gaia or the Chinese Space Station Telescope might help on improving the data and lead to stronger constraints on the total mass of M31.

Vibrational spectral dynamics and ion-probe interactions of the hydrogen-bonded liquids in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide

We investigate ion-probe interactions within the molecular liquid, examine dynamics, and interpret the vibrational spectral dynamics of the mixtures of ionic liquid, 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, [EMIm][NTf2] with the probes of varying alkyl chain length – HOD, methanol-d4, ethanol-d6. Structural analysis depicts pronounced interactions of the oxygen atom of HOD with the corresponding anionic oxygen site rather than the hydrogen atom located at the two-position of the imidazolium ring. Our computed frequency distribution for each of the probes in IL exhibits similarity with the experimental linear FT-IR spectrum. We further performed the orientational anisotropy calculations; the ion reorientation plays a significant role in determining the transport properties in ILs. The results of rotational anisotropy of the O-D bond vector reflect the hydrogen bond length-scale fluctuations and collective reorientation associated with the complete structural reorganization of the probe modes. Our findings in this study agree well with the earlier experimental and simulation studies.

Dynamic magnetic properties of Co[formula omitted]FeAl/IrMn bilayers

We perform a systematic investigation of the static and dynamic magnetic properties of exchange-biased Co2FeAl/IrMn films. We analyze the evolution of the coercive field, exchange bias field, rotatable anisotropy and magnetic damping, using broadband ferromagnetic resonance, as a function of IrMn antiferromagnet film thickness. We observe an increase of exchange bias and rotatable anisotropy with the thickness of the IrMn layer. These anisotropies reach nearly constant values for thickness above 20 nm of IrMn, and surprisingly the rotatable anisotropy does not decrease as observed in other systems. We obtain magnetic damping parameters α between 5.47×10−3 and 8.89×10−3, for the CoFeAl/IrMn systems, with no clear correlation with the thickness of the IrMn or the rotatable anisotropy. The present study brings interesting new results on the dynamic properties of magnetic Co2FeAl/IrMn systems, and open new challenges for theoretical explanation of the observed effects.

Three-dimensional numerical modelling of progressive failure of caisson foundation in sand using a coupled FDM–DEM method

Bearing capacity and the relationship between loading and displacement for caisson foundations have been widely studied, but failure mechanism and loading response at the micro level were out of their reach. Considering the pros and cons of both discrete and continuum methods, this study investigates the progressive failure of caisson foundation in sand using the coupled FDM–DEM (Finite Difference Method – Discrete Element Method) method. The caisson is modelled by shell elements of FDM and its surrounding soils in a limited area are modelled by spherical particles of DEM with the rest part of soil modelled by FDM. Rolling resistance contact model is used to account for the effect of particle shape of sand. A series of scale model tests are simulated for investigating the failure process of the caisson foundation in sand under various combined horizontal force and moment loadings. Based on simulations, the macro and micro characteristics of surrounding soils of caisson are analysed during the failure process of the foundation. In particular, soil displacement, rotation, force chain and fabric anisotropy in failure zone are analysed at particle level to explain macro responses, which improves the understanding of the micro-mechanisms in the progressive failure process of caisson foundation.

Structural Phase Transitions in closo-Dicarbadodecaboranes C2B10H12.

The crystal structures of three thermal polymorphs (I, II, and III) for each isomer of closo-dicarbadodecaboranes C2B10H12 (ortho, meta, and para) have been determined by combining synchrotron radiation X-ray powder diffraction and density functional theory calculations. The structures are in agreement with previous calorimetric and spectroscopic studies. The difference between rotatory phases (plastic crystals) I and II lies in isotropic rotations in the former and anisotropic rotations of the icosahedral clusters in the latter. Phase I is the cubic close packing (ccp) of rotating closo-molecules C2B10H12 in the space group Fm3̅. Phase II is the ccp of rotating closo-molecules C2B10H12 in the cubic space group Pa3̅. The preferred rotational axis in II varies with the isomer. The ordered phases III are orthorhombic (meta) or monoclinic (ortho and para) deformations of the cubic unit cell of the disordered phases I and II. The ordering in the phase III of the ortho-isomer carrying the biggest electrical dipole moment creates a twofold superstructure w.r.t. the cubic unit cell. The thermal polymorphism for C2B10H12 and related metal salts can be explained by division of the cohesive intercluster interactions into two categories (i) dispersive cohesive interaction with additional Coulombic components in the metal salts and (ii) anisotropic local interaction resulting from nonuniform charge distribution around icosahedral clusters. The local interactions are averaged out by thermally activated cluster dynamics (rotations and rotational jumps) which effectively increase the symmetry of the cluster. The C2B10H12 molecules resist at least as well as the CB11H12– anion to the oxidation, and both clusters form easily a mixed compound. This allows designing solid electrolytes such as Nax(CB11H12)x(C2B10H12)1–x, where the cation content may be varied and the temperature of transition into the disordered conducting phase is decreased.

Computing microwave background polarization power spectra from cosmic birefringence

We present a new publicly available code, class_rot, which modifies class to enable fast nonperturbative calculation of cosmic microwave background polarization power spectra due to both isotropic and anisotropic polarization rotation from cosmic birefringence. Cosmic birefringence can arise from new parity-violating physics such as axion dark matter with a Chern-Simons coupling to photons or Faraday rotation due to a primordial magnetic field. Constraints on these effects can be obtained by comparing measurements to precise numerical calculations of the polarization power spectra. We describe the implementation of class_rot in terms of both mathematical formalism and coding architecture.

Crystalline anisotropy of β-Ga2O3 thin films on a c-plane GaN template and a sapphire substrate

In this work, crystalline anisotropy of heteroepitaxial () β-Ga2O3 films on a c-plane sapphire substrate and a GaN template was investigated using x-ray diffraction. The () ω-scan broadening of β-Ga2O3 on GaN exhibited six-fold rotational symmetric anisotropy along different azimuths, with maxima along the [010] direction and minima along the [102] direction, respectively. However, in β-Ga2O3 on sapphire, it was nearly isotropic. Smaller lattice mismatch between β-Ga2O3 and GaN were taken into account to explain the discrepancy, which also explained the better quality of β-Ga2O3 deposited on GaN. Our results present a new viewpoint of the crystallographic anisotropy of () β-Ga2O3 thin films.

Terahertz-field-induced second optical harmonic generation from Si(111) surface

We study, both experimentally and theoretically, the second-harmonic (SH) generation (SHG) of optical radiation assisted by intense terahertz electromagnetic pulses from the surface of high-resistivity Si(111). The study was performed within the framework of the analysis of the superposition of different SH sources, including the surface-dipole, bulk-quadruple, and electric-field-induced (EFI) bulk-dipole (arising from internal built-in and external terahertz fields) contributions. Azimuthal rotation anisotropy of SHG for an arbitrary mutual polarization of the terahertz, fundamental, and SH optical fields was calculated and experimentally verified. The strongest impact of the terahertz field on SHG was observed in the case where the polarizations of the terahertz and SH fields coincide. In these polarization configurations, the terahertz field added mainly an isotropic term to the SH azimuthal dependences. It has been demonstrated that the application of the terahertz field can be helpful for distinguishing the SHG mechanism. For the sample under study, the contribution to the SH energy from the built-in field-induced source was found to be &gt;4 times greater than the contribution from the surface and quadrupole nonlinear sources. The dominance of the EFISHG allowed us to find the ratio between the components of a silicon third-order nonlinear tensor ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{}^{(3)}(2\ensuremath{\omega};\ensuremath{\omega},\ensuremath{\omega},0)$: ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{1122}={\ensuremath{\chi}}_{1212}\ensuremath{\approx}0.51{\ensuremath{\chi}}_{1111}$ and ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{1212}\ensuremath{\approx}{\ensuremath{\chi}}_{1221}$ for the fundamental optical wavelength 790 nm.

Revisiting OD-stretching dynamics of methanol‑d4, ethanol-d6 and dilute HOD/H2O mixture with predefined potentials and wavelet transform spectra

• The stretching profiles of OD probes were obtained from classical trajectories. • The normalized frequency distribution and rotational anisotropy are reported. • An accurate and efficient method was reported for the spectral profiles. • The reported results are in an excellent agreement with that of the experiment. Classical molecular dynamics simulations were performed to explore the stretching profiles of hydrogen-bonded liquids using the wavelet transform of classical trajectories to calculate the time-resolved vibrational stretching frequencies of the probes. This method considers the instantaneous distance fluctuations of the unit vector and the momentum along the corresponding bond to calculate the instantaneous stretching frequencies and equilibrium distribution. In this work, we calculated the vibrational spectral properties of the O-D stretch modes in hydrogen-bonding liquids, water, methanol, and ethanol. The time-varying vibrational stretching frequencies of the probes were obtained from the simulated trajectory accurately as compared to other methods. The normalized frequency distribution, time-dependent decay of frequency fluctuations, rotational anisotropy calculations are reported, and relative comparison is made with the existing results. The results of the isotopically diluted HOD mixture and deuterated methanol molecules are in excellent agreement with the experiment, and the ethanol results are satisfactory. This computational method of determining the stretching frequency distribution comparable to the reported vibrational spectrum is one of the complementary accurate theoretical models for the ultrafast vibrational echo spectroscopy experiments. Further, the method can also be adapted to calculate the instantaneous stretching frequency of any probe of interest in a complicated molecular environment.

Interaction of surfactants with poloxamers 338 and its effect on some properties of cream base

The aim. Study of the interaction of surfactants with poloxamer 338 (P338) and the effect of P338 on the properties of cream bases.&#x0D; Materials and methods. Solutions of the surfactants and P338 as well as cream bases were under study. The average hydrodynamic diameter (Dh) and zeta potential (ζ‑potential) were determined by the light scattering intensity and electrophoretic mobility of micelles. The electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra of spin probes in micelles, solvents and bases were obtained; the type of spectrum, isotropic constant (AN), rotational correlation times (τ) and anisotropy parameter (ε) were determined. Liquids and cream bases were studied by capillary and rotational viscometry; the flow behaviour and yield stress (t0), dynamic and apparent viscosity (η) as well as the hysteresis (thixotropic) area (AH) were determined. The microstructure of the bases was examined by optical microscopy. The strength of adhesion (Sm) was assessed by the pull-off test, and the absorption of water was studied by dialysis.&#x0D; Results. Under the impact of P338 the hydrodynamic diameters of micelles formed by cationic, anionic and nonionic surfactants decreased as well as the absolute values of their ζ‑potential became lower, but the microviscosity of the micelle nuclei increased. There was also a change in the structure of the aggregates of surfactant with fatty alcohols; EPR spectra, which were superpositions characteristic for the lateral phase separation, converted into triplets that indicated the uniform distribution of lipophilic probes in the surfactant phase. When the content of P338 increased to 17 %, the rheological parameters of the bases increased drastically, the flow behaviour and the microstructure changed. The bases had the consistency of cream within temperature range from 25 °C to 70 °C and completely restored their apparent viscosity, which had decreased under shear stress. P338 enhances the adhesive properties of the bases. Due to their microstructure, cream bases have a lower ability to absorb water compared to a solution and gel containing 17 % and 20 % P338, respectively.&#x0D; Conclusions. The structure of surfactant micelles and aggregates of surfactants with fatty alcohols changed under impact of P338 due to the interaction of surfactants with P338. As a result of this interaction, at a sufficiently high concentration of P338, the microstructure and flow behaviour of bases changed, their rheological parameters, which remain high at temperatures from 25 °C to 70 °C, increased significantly, and water absorption parameters decreased. The bases with P338 were more adhesive

Viscous magnetization decrease in first-order reversal curves induced by rotatable magnetic anisotropy in polycrystalline exchange-biased bilayers

A prototypical polycrystalline in-plane exchange bias system exhibited a viscous decrease of the ferromagnetic magnetization upon increasing external magnetic field when measuring first-order reversal curves. The phenomenon is investigated by means of angular-resolved vectorial magneto-optical Kerr magnetometry complemented by fits of model calculations and by Kerr microscopy. It is found that the viscous magnetization decrease is mediated by a rotatable magnetic anisotropy arising from thermally unstable antiferromagnetic grains coupled to the probed ferromagnet. This additionally manifests itself by a creeping domain wall motion in the ferromagnet due to thermally activated processes in the antiferromagnet. The investigations are in agreement with a generalized description of polycrystalline exchange bias systems and emphasize the relevance of understanding minor loop behavior addressing nonsaturated magnetic states for systems susceptible to dynamic changes on the hysteresis loop timescale.

Modulation of interfacial magnetic relaxation timeframes by partially uncoupled exchange bias

A set of partially uncoupled NiFe/Cu/IrMn exchange biased thin films with variable thickness of non-magnetic Cu spacer is characterized by ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) and Brillouin light scattering (BLS) techniques applied complementary to reveal time-scale dependent effects of uncoupling between ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic layers on high-frequency magnetization dynamics. The results correlate with interfacial grain texture variations and static magnetization behavior. Two types of crystalline phases with correlated microwave response are revealed at the ferro–antiferromagnet interface in NiFe/Cu/IrMn thin films. The 1st phase forms well-textured NiFe/IrMn grains with NiFe (111)/IrMn (111) interface. The 2nd phase consists of amorphous NiFe/IrMn grains. Intercalation of NiFe/IrMn by Cu clusters results in relaxation of tensile strains at the NiFe/IrMn interface leading to larger size of grains in both the NiFe and IrMn layers. The contributions of well-textured and amorphous grains to the high-frequency magnetization reversal behavior are distinguished by FMR and BLS techniques. Generation of a spin-wave mode is revealed in the well-textured phase, whereas microwave response of the amorphous phase is found to originate from magnetization rotation dominated by a rotatable magnetic anisotropy term. Under fixed FMR frequency, the increase of Cu thickness results in higher magnetization rotation frequencies in the amorphous grains.

Stellar Dynamical Models for 797 z ∼ 0.8 Galaxies from LEGA-C

Abstract We present spatially resolved stellar kinematics for 797 z = 0.6–1 galaxies selected from the LEGA-C survey and construct axisymmetric Jeans models to quantify their dynamical mass and degree of rotational support. The survey is K s -band selected, irrespective of color or morphological type, and allows for a first assessment of the stellar dynamical structure of the general L* galaxy population at large look-back time. Using light profiles from Hubble Space Telescope imaging as a tracer, our approach corrects for observational effects (seeing convolution and slit geometry), and uses well-informed priors on inclination, anisotropy, and a non-luminous mass component. Tabulated data include total mass estimates in a series of spherical apertures (1, 5, and 10 kpc; 1 × and 2 × R e), as well as rotational velocities, velocity dispersions, and anisotropy. We show that almost all star-forming galaxies and ∼50% of quiescent galaxies are rotation dominated, with deprojected V/σ ∼ 1–2. Revealing the complexity in galaxy evolution, we find that the most massive star-forming galaxies are among the most rotation dominated, and the most massive quiescent galaxies among the least rotation-dominated galaxies. These measurements set a new benchmark for studying galaxy evolution, using stellar dynamical structure for galaxies at large look-back time. Together with the additional information on stellar population properties from the LEGA-C spectra, the dynamical mass and V/σ measurements presented here create new avenues for studying galaxy evolution at large look-back time.