Production of unsaturated fatty acids in an internal-ripened cheese.

Biobased chitosan films incorporating rosemary-mediated silver nanoparticles for enhanced antimicrobial activity and catalytic applications.

Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is widely used in food-contact applications due to its bio-based origin, compostability, and transparency; however, its limited resistance to thermo-oxidative degradation remains a challenge for applications involving repeated thermal exposure. The moderate but repetitive heating conditions commonly encountered during food use and pre-recycling stages were analyzed for the samples filled with algal biomass and rosemary extract, additives accepted for use in the food industry. In this context, the present study introduces a comparative and application-driven approach by evaluating the effect of food-grade fillers-rosemary extract, spirulina biomass, and kelp biomass-incorporated at low loadings (0.5-3 wt%) on the thermal and oxidative behavior of PLA subjected to repeated heating at 80 °C. The presented results show algal biomasses as multifunctional fillers and benchmark their performance against a well-established natural extract. By combining DSC, FTIR, and chemiluminescence analyses, the study aims to clarify whether such bio-fillers act as stabilizing or destabilizing factors under realistic service-life thermal stress. This strategy provides insight into the suitability of algae-based fillers for food-contact PLA materials from both performance and recyclability perspectives.

Abstract. Padmanabhan S, Dharshini BP, Vasugi S, Dilipan E. 2025. Rosemary-loaded nanolipid carriers for multifunctional antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antifungal therapy enhancement. Asian J Nat Prod Biochem 23: 146-152. We developed and characterized rosemary-loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLCs) and evaluated their multifunctional bioactivity. Rosemary extract (Soxhlet, 80% methanol) was incorporated into a lipid matrix via a microemulsion route. Physicochemical analyses confirmed successful encapsulation and stability: X-ray diffraction showed a semi-crystalline/disordered matrix consistent with efficient loading, and FTIR revealed characteristic bands (O–H, C–H, C=O/C–O–C) indicating compatible interactions between extract and lipids. In vitro bioassays demonstrated strong, concentration-dependent effects. Anti-inflammatory activity (protein-denaturation model) rose from 44% inhibition at 50 µg to 94% at 200 µg. Antioxidant capacity (DPPH) increased from 52.32% at 50 µg to 89.47% at 200 µg. Antifungal testing against Candida albicans showed dose-dependent zones of inhibition, with maximal effects at the highest tested volume (100 µL). Collectively, these data indicate that NLC encapsulation enhances the functional performance of rosemary bioactive across complementary therapeutic axes anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antifungal while maintaining structural integrity of the carrier system. The eco-friendly formulation strategy, relying on biocompatible lipids and surfactants, supports improved bioavailability and stability and is well-suited for translation to topical wound care, infection control, and targeted drug-delivery applications. Future work will optimize particle attributes and release kinetics and benchmark efficacy against standard comparators in relevant preclinical models.

Abstract Objectives Amyloid protein buildup in the kidneys leads to renal amyloidosis (RA), which impairs kidney function and often progresses to end-stage renal disease. The underlying mechanisms are not fully understood, and effective treatments are lacking. Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), an edible spice and medicinal herb, has demonstrated promising renal protective effects in recent years. Nevertheless, further investigation is needed to determine its effect on RA. Materials and methods A lysozyme amyloid-like fibril model (M-LYSO) was added to MES13 cell cultures or administered intravenously to C57BL/6 mice to mimic the pathological microenvironment of amyloidosis. Spectroscopic, histological, and molecular mechanistic analyses were performed to evaluate the modulatory effects of rosemary ethanol extract (REE) on RA using both in vitro and in vivo models. Results Spectroscopic analysis revealed that REE disrupted amyloid fibril structures and reduced the aggregation propensity of amyloid proteins. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that REE alleviated cellular damage to MES13 cells by improving subcellular function. It restored calcium homeostasis and eliminated reactive oxygen species, which inhibited the PERK/ATF-4/CHOP endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway and the apoptosis pathway. Continuous oral administration of REE at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg for 8 weeks significantly mitigated pathological changes in renal tissues and restored kidney function in the RA model. Conclusions These findings suggest that rosemary is a promising candidate for adjuvant therapy for RA.

This study focused on fabricating linseed oil-in-water nanoemulsions (LON) at different pressures of 50 and 150 bar (named as LON50 and LON150, respectively) using a high-pressure homogenizer. Subsequently, these nanoemulsions were encapsulated in alginate hydrogel beads. It was observed that higher homogenizing pressure led to smaller droplet size (108.57 nm), harder beads (222.54 N), less LON release from the beads, and higher oxidation rate, as well as more reduction in α-linolenic acid content during the storage time. To increase the oxidative stability of LON150, natural antioxidants including clove essential oil (CEO), rosemary extract (RE), and a mixture of both (CEO+RE) were separately incorporated into the oil phase of LON (LON150-CEO), alginate aqueous dispersion (LON150-RE), and both lipid and aqueous phases (named as LON150-CEO+RE), respectively. It was shown that LON150-CEO+RE had weaker mechanical properties than LON150-RE and LON150-CEO. In addition, this sample (LON150-CEO+RE) showed the lowest oxidation rate and the minimum α-linolenic acid loss (9.82%) during storage. The highest LON release rate from the beads was related to LON150-RE. The results of this study might help in designing bioactive lipids-filled hydrogel beads with appropriate chemical stability and mechanical properties.

Increasing consumer demand for healthier and clean-label meat products, together with health concerns over synthetic antioxidants, has driven interest in natural alternatives. In this context, tannin-rich extracts were evaluated as functional ingredients to improve the quality and shelf life of beef patties. The effect of two different tannin-rich extracts, each tested at three different concentrations (0.005%, 0.02%, and 0.04% w/w), was investigated in beef patties. Obtained results were compared with a commercial rosemary extract (0.2% w/w) and an untreated control. Natural antioxidant supplementation significantly reduced lipid oxidation during refrigerated storage, limiting malondialdehyde (MDA) formation. At the end of the 7-day storage period, the control sample exhibited the highest thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) value of 2.99 ± 0.01 mg MDA/kg, whereas treated samples showed markedly reduced oxidation (0.34-0.97 mg MDA/kg), with tannin-rich extracts presenting greater antioxidant efficacy with respect to rosemary extract (p < 0.001). The natural compounds also effectively inhibited hexanal formation and delayed the accumulation of 1-octen-3-ol compared with the control (p < 0.001). Moreover, all extracts enhanced meat redness, as indicated by higher CIELAB a* values, while no significant effects (p > 0.05) were observed on texture, microbial growth, or overall sensory acceptance. These results highlight tannin-rich extracts as promising natural antioxidants for improving oxidative stability and extending the shelf life of beef patties.

The increasing prevalence of hair loss, particularly among men, has led to a growing interest in natural remedies. Among these, Rosmarinus officinalis leaf extract (rosemary) has gained attention for its potential hair growth-promoting properties. This review examines the efficacy of some natural remedies, with a focus on rosemary extract, in stimulating hair growth in patients with androgenetic alopecia (AGA). In contrast to conventional treatments like minoxidil and other chemical remedies, which often come with undesirable side effects such as scalp irritation, systemic effects, and potential dependency, rosemary offers a more natural alternative with fewer adverse effects. Using both in vitro and in vivo models, the research assesses the extract's efficacy in enhancing hair follicle proliferation and extending the anagen phase of hair growth. Clinical trials demonstrated significant improvements in hair density and thickness among participants using rosemary extract compared to control groups. These findings suggest R. officinalis leaf extract may serve as a viable natural alternative for hair loss treatment, warranting further investigation into its mechanisms and long-term benefits. This review highlights the need for further research into natural remedies, as well as rosemary's long-term efficacy and safety, positioning it as a promising candidate for those seeking a safer approach to hair restoration.

To develop an eco-friendly method for synthesizing zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) using rosemary extract and to evaluate their effectiveness in removing hydrocarbons from soil and date palm leaves. Methods Study sites were selected in Baghdad near the Central Oil Company to represent different pollution levels, including highly contaminated and nearly uncontaminated areas and analyzed using XRF and GC-MS to determine hydrocarbon concentrations. Rosemary leaves were processed to obtain the bioactive extract used for the green synthesis of ZnO-NPS through an ultrasonic-assisted aqueous reaction, followed by centrifugation, drying, and sterilization. The nanoparticles were characterized using SEM, FTIR, and XRD to determine their morphology. Results: GC analysis of the rosemary extract revealed 32 active compounds including phenolics, organic acids, amines, alcohols, and fatty acids which contributed to nanoparticle stabilization and enhanced surface reactivity. SEM confirmed the formation of spherical, smooth, and uniformly dispersed nanoparticles measuring 15–30 nm, with an organic layer of 2–3 nm thickness. DLS analysis showed a narrow size distribution (PDI = 0.18). The application of rosemary-mediated ZnO-NPS resulted in a significant reduction in hydrocarbon concentrations, achieving 25–36% removal in soil and 40–52% in date palm leaves over six months, while maintaining the activity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. SPAD chlorophyll measurements indicated improved photosynthetic performance and reduced oxidative stress due to decreased hydrocarbon toxicity and increased zinc availability for essential enzymatic processes. Conclusions: The results demonstrate that ZnO nanoparticles synthesized using rosemary extract provide an effective and environmentally friendly approach for hydrocarbon remediation, while enhancing plant growth and preserving soil microbial health.

In situ reverse micelle-assisted extraction of rosemary antioxidants: A green solvent-free strategy for extending the oxidative stability of flaxseed oils.

Background and Aim: Pregnancy and early lactation in small ruminants are characterized by heightened metabolic activity and increased production of reactive oxygen species, predisposing animals to oxidative stress and reduced productivity. Despite extensive research in dairy cattle, evidence is limited for subtropical small-ruminant systems. This study evaluated whether dietary antioxidant supplementation during mid- and late-gestation improves oxidative status, milk quality, and neonatal growth in crossbred Beetal goats. Materials and Methods: Forty healthy multiparous Beetal goats were allocated to mid- (n = 20) and late-gestation groups (n = 20), each further divided into control and antioxidant-supplemented subgroups (120 mg/kg BW/day of a tocopherol–rosemary extract blend). The 90-day trial included serial blood sampling (gestation days 60–165) and milk/colostrum collection (0, 15, and 30 days postpartum). Enzymatic (Catalase [CAT], Superoxide dismutase [SOD], and Glutathione peroxidase [GPx]) and non-enzymatic antioxidants (phenolics, flavonoids, lycopene, carotenoids), total protein, Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC), total oxidant status (TOS), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were quantified. Kid birth weight, growth, litter size, and survival were recorded. Data were analyzed using repeated-measures analysis of variance. Results: Antioxidant supplementation significantly increased CAT, SOD, and GPx activities during both gestational phases (p &lt; 0.05), with parallel improvements in colostrum and milk enzymatic antioxidant profiles. Non-enzymatic antioxidant concentrations, including phenolics, flavonoids, lycopene, and carotenoids, were markedly elevated in treated animals across all sampling points (p &lt; 0.05). Maternal TAC and total protein increased, while TOS and MDA were significantly reduced (p &lt; 0.05), demonstrating enhanced redox homeostasis. Milk from supplemented goats exhibited higher antioxidant capacity and lower oxidative damage markers. Neonatal outcomes showed increased birth weight in male kids (p &lt; 0.05), although litter size, growth rates, and survival remained unchanged (p &gt; 0.05). Conclusion: Maternal antioxidant supplementation effectively strengthened oxidative defense mechanisms, improved colostrum and milk biochemical quality, and enhanced neonatal birth weight in Beetal goats. These findings support the strategic use of natural antioxidant blends as a nutritional intervention to mitigate periparturient oxidative stress and improve productivity under subtropical management conditions. Keywords: antioxidant supplementation, transition period, oxidative stress, enzymatic antioxidants, colostrum quality, milk biochemical profile, neonatal growth, Beetal goats.

Rosemary extract (RE), rich in carnosic and rosmarinic acid, which have antibacterial/antioxidant/anti-inflammatory effects, is a potential natural feed supplement for heat-stressed dairy buffaloes. This study systematically evaluated dietary RE effects on dairy buffaloes during hot weather. Twenty Mediterranean dairy buffaloes were randomly allocated into two groups for a 35-day trial: the control (CON) group receiving a basal diet, and the RE group receiving the same basal diet supplemented with 20 g/d of RE. Results showed RE tended to reduce buffalo body surface temperature; increased milk production, 4% fat-corrected milk, milk protein, lactose, and solids-not-fat; and optimized milk fatty acid profiles. In regard to blood, the RE group exhibited higher catalase activity, total antioxidant capacity, and concentrations of immunoglobulin A and M, together with lower concentrations of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α. Additionally, RE markedly elevated concentrations of total volatile fatty acid, acetate, propionate, and butyrate; improved microbial α-diversity indices (Sobs and Ace); and increased the abundances of Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group and Butyrivibrio spp., as well as the enrichment of multiple genera belonging to the family Lachnospiraceae. In conclusion, supplementing the diet of heat-stressed dairy buffaloes with 20 g/d of RE improves milk production and composition-related performance by optimizing the rumen ecosystem and enhancing systemic health status, with these effects observed as short-term responses under the conditions of the present study.

Experimental studies suggested potential adverse effects of preservative food additives, but epidemiological data are lacking. We aim to investigate associations between exposure to these compounds and type 2 diabetes incidence in the NutriNet-Santé prospective cohort (n = 108,723; 79.2%women; mean age=42.5 (SD = 14.6); France, 2009-2023). Dietary intakes are assessed using repeated 24h-dietary records. Exposure is evaluated through multiple composition databases and ad-hoc laboratory assays in food matrices. Associations between cumulative exposures to preservatives and diabetes incidence are characterised using multi-adjusted Cox models. The sum of total preservatives encompasses 58 substances. Among those, 17 are consumed by at least 10% of the study population and thus individually investigated. Thirteen (12 after multiple test correction) widely used individual preservatives are associated with higher diabetes incidence (n=1131cases): potassium sorbate, potassium metabisulfite, sodium nitrite, acetic, citric and phosphoric acids, sodium acetates, calcium propionate, sodium ascorbate, alpha-tocopherol, sodium erythorbate, and rosemary extracts. These findings call for their safety re-evaluation and support recommendations to favour fresh and minimally processed foods without superfluous additives. Trial registration: The NutriNet-Santé cohort is registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03335644).

The goal of this work is to determine whether SnO2 made from rosemary extract at concentrations of 0.1M and 0.2M may be used to enhance PSi for photodetector applications. Electrochemical etching was used to prepare the porous silicon samples. To identify the chemical linkages created during the etching process, PSi subjected to FTIR spectroscopy. The energy gap from PL emission was 1.75 eV. Using the drop casting technique, SnO2 films produced on substrates (glass and PSi). The films are polycrystalline and crystal with structure was tetragonal rutile, according to XRD pattern. It was discovered that the produced samples' crystallite sizes ranged from 9 to 12 nm. The films' surface at 0.1M found to be smooth by AFM, with a mean grain size of 73.76 nm, according to the study, the SnO2 film's surface exhibits good grain distribution and homogeneity at concentrations of 0.2 M, and the grain size grows to 83.87 nm. As the molar concentration of precursor rises, the band energy of SnO2NPs tends to decrease. Presence of SnO2 nanoparticles made from Salvia rosmarinus extract at two different concentrations 0.1M and 0.2M verified by FTIR analysis. It was discovered that current-voltage (I-V) characteristics showed Schottky-like features, with photocurrent growing exponentially as bias voltage and light intensity rose. The synthesized reagents' suitability for detection in the UV and NIR areas confirmed by their good responsivity and selective detectivity.

Sol-gel biosynthesis of magnetic spinel zinc ferrite nanoparticles ZnFe2O4 using rosemary leaf extract for sunlight-driven photocatalytic degradation of Malachite Green dye

Rosemary extract improves thermo-oxidative stability of Camellia seed oil by selectively protecting against double bond-distal β-scission rather than proximal sites

Effects of encapsulated rosemary extract on turkey semen quality characteristics during short-term low temperature storage

Lipid oxidation chain reactions occurring during the deep-fat-frying of coated chicken products are undesirable since they reduce quality and nutritional value of the product, thereby shortening shelf life. In recent years, natural antioxidants have gained increasing attention as alternatives to synthetic ones for preventing lipid oxidation and improving product quality. This study aimed to evaluate the chemical, technological, and sensory properties of chicken nuggets fried in sunflower oil (SO), canola oil (CO), and olive pomace oil (PO), with or without the addition of rosemary extract (RE). The type of frying oil and the presence of antioxidants did not significantly affect the moisture content of cooked nuggets, though variations were observed in other compositional parameters. The addition of RE to sunflower oil decreased the pH of the cooked product. While RE addition did not influence lightness (L*), it affected redness (a*) and yellowness (b*) differently across treatments. Antioxidant inclusion showed no significant impact on technological quality parameters. Among the oils, CO groups exhibited higher oil absorption and lower batter pick-up compared to others. The addition of RE reduced purge loss during storage in PO groups, whereas it caused an increase in CO groups. According to the TBARS results, the addition of RE accelerated lipid oxidation in final products fried in SO and PO. In contrast, RE reduced TBARS values in nugget samples fried in CO. Sensory scores indicated that neither the oil type nor the addition of antioxidants significantly affected color, crispness, or juiciness. Although CO samples without RE received the lowest flavor and overall acceptability scores, these scores improved with the inclusion of antioxidants. In conclusion, RE demonstrated oil-dependent effects on oxidation and quality, highlighting the importance of selecting appropriate oil-antioxidant combinations for optimizing the frying stability and sensory properties of chicken nuggets.

Rosemary extract as scale and eco-friendly corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel in HCl medium

Salvia rosmarinus Spenn. (rosemary) is a medicinal and aromatic plant of notable pharmacological value. This study evaluated the therapeutic properties of rosemary leaves collected from two Serbian continental (L1, L2) and one Montenegrin Mediterranean (L3) locations, harvested in November (N), March (M), and July (J). Extracts prepared with 70% methanol, 70% ethanol, and water were analyzed for chemical composition and biological activity. L3 extracts exhibited the highest polyphenolic content, with L3M methanolic extract showing the greatest total phenolic (134.60 mg GAE/g) and phenolic acid levels (211.96 mg CAE/g), and L3M ethanolic extract the highest flavonoid content (25.54 mg QE/g). LC/MS analysis identified 28 previously unreported compounds in Rosmarinus sp. extracts, revealing hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives and flavonoid O-glycosides as the main constituents in S. rosmarinus. The alcoholic extracts were rich in 1,8-cineole, camphor, borneol, terpinen-4-ol, and verbenone. L3 extracts demonstrated the strongest antioxidant and enzyme-inhibitory activities, often surpassing positive controls. L3J showed pronounced cytotoxicity against HCT-116 colorectal cancer cells (IC50 = 13.08 µg/mL after 24 h incubation), while showing non-cytotoxic effects on normal human keratinocytes (IC50 > 500 µg/mL). Finally, rosmarinic acid alone synergistically enhanced the cytotoxic effect of 5-fluorouracil (combination index < 0.8). This comprehensive study highlights the influence of geography, season, and solvent on phytochemical profile and bioactivity of rosemary extracts, emphasizing the therapeutic potential of distinct rosemary populations.