Role Of Orientation Research Articles

Sex-Specific Functional Connectivity in the Reward Network Related to Distinct Gender Roles.

Gender roles are anti-dichotomous and malleable social constructs that should theoretically be constructed independently from biological sex. However, it is unclear whether and how the factor of sex is related to neural mechanisms involved in social constructions of gender roles. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate sex specificity in gender role constructions and the corresponding underlying neural mechanisms. We measured gender role orientation using the Bem Sex-Role Inventory, used a voxel-based global brain connectivity method based on resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging to characterize the within-network connectivity in the brain reward network, and analyzed how the integration of the reward network is related to gender role scores between sex groups. An omnibus analysis of voxel-wise global brain connectivity values within a two-level linear mixed model revealed that in female participants, femininity scores were positively associated with integration in the posterior orbitofrontal cortex and subcallosal cortex, whereas masculinity scores were positively associated with integration in the frontal pole. By contrast, in male participants, masculinity was negatively correlated with integration in the nucleus accumbens and subcallosal cortex. For the first time, the present study revealed the sex-specific neural mechanisms underlying distinct gender roles, which elucidates the process of gender construction from the perspective of the interaction between reward sensitivity and social reinforcement.

How to Use Modern Teaching Methods to Cultivate Students’ Autonomous Learning Ability

Starting with Modern Educational Technology, this paper discusses how to use modern teaching methods to explore new teaching ways and teaching methods to improve students’ autonomous learning ability, including updating teaching contents, using network resources to expand students’ horizons, enhancing the students’ subjectivity, experience and interest in classroom activities and changing the teachers’ role orientation.

Towards intelligent organisations: an empirical investigation of learning orientation's role in technical innovation

Towards intelligent organisations: an empirical investigation of learning orientation's role in technical innovation

Exploring influences on social entrepreneurial intentions among Indian students: The function of gender role orientation

Exploring influences on social entrepreneurial intentions among Indian students: The function of gender role orientation

Gender Mainstreaming Role Preferences and Perceptions of University Students Enrolled at Van School of Health

Gender Mainstreaming Role Preferences and Perceptions of University Students Enrolled at Van School of Health

Gender Role and Supervisory Styles of Public-School Heads

The study focused on the administrative and supervisory functions of male and female school heads in public schools of Cebu City Division. The key informants were school heads and teachers from sixteen districts in Cebu City Division. The school head informants were chosen according to the number of administrative and instructional experience. The school heads had at least five years leadership experience. The teacher informants were chosen at random by the researcher. The main instrument of the study was the researcher and the key informants. The study utilized interview guides covering different areas of administrative management and instructional leadership function. In administrative management the informants were interviewed about the distinct practices of male and female school heads involving human research management, physical facilities management, fiscal management, data management, linkage management, communication and conflict management. In instructional leadership function, the key informants talked about the distinct practices of male and female school heads in instructional supervision, curriculum leadership and staff development. Based on the findings of the study, the following propositions were drawn: one, administrative function could be gauged by physical facilities, teacher behavior and student development; two, instructional leadership is contributed by learning performance outcome and teacher competence; third, gender bears the administrative function and instructional leadership. From the different propositions mentioned, this theory was generated, Tan’s Gender Role Orientation Theory of Institutional Management. After the conduct of the study and the theory generated, it is revealed that administrative and instructional leadership styles of male and female school heads can be influenced by gender orientation.

A Psychosemantic Study of Compensation Psychological Defense Mechanism in the Novice Military Leaders

The aim of the article is to study the formative impact of the defense mechanism “compensation” on the leader’s personality. The research is based on the axiological semantic research method created due to the development and application of experimental psychosemantics to the issue of leadership. An experiment was conducted with the view of confirming the fact of impact of the defense mechanism “compensation” on the leader’s personality formation. This experiment involved 30 students undergoing leadership training for tactical officers at the Heroiv Krut Military Institute of Telecommunications and Information Technologies. A test-questionnaire was created to experimentally substantiate the reliability of the proposed conjecture. At the outset of the experiment, the participants were asked to note in the test-questionnaire the basic postulates they rely on when forming relationships in the military community. For the purpose of creating a relaxed atmosphere the postulates (60 units) were presented in the form of posts (quotes and aphorisms) which are most often posted on social media pages. Based on the methods of psychological subjective semantics and psychosemantics, we established the predominance of a certain form of defence mechanism “compensation”. Then followed the assessment of the leadership role preferences displayed by the participating pilot students, this providing the basis for drawing conclusions as regards the tendency for a particular form of leadership. Matching of the obtained results revealed correlations between mental reflections of various phenomena. Although correlational study has a lower degree of confidence in predicting cause and effect, it can provide strong indications that relationships exist. Results and discussions. The defense mechanism “direct compensation” correlates with the kind of “fighter” leader, “overcompensation” correlates with the kind “father”, “decompensation” correlates with the kind “tyrant”. To conclude, trend to use a certain type of defense mechanism affects the acceptance and assimilation of a certain role type of leader. In addition, the use of information which are most often posted by social media users on their personal accounts as a content for the test-questionnaire allows us to conclude about the possibility of using social media account to determine the psychological type of personality by analyzing posts, likes and comments.

Gender Role Orientation and Marriage Adjustment as Factors Affecting Gender Role Conflict of Pastors’ Husbands

The purpose of this research is to determine the effect of gender role orientation and marriage adjustment on the emergence of gender role conflict of pastors’ husbands. This research uses a non-experimental quantitative research method and is analyzed using SEM-PLS (Structural Equation Model-Partial Least Squares). This study uses three scales, namely The Gender-role Conflict Scale developed by O'Neil., et al (1986) to measure gender role conflict, Sex Role Orientation Inventory (SROI) developed by Tomeh (1978) to measure orientation of gender roles, and The Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS) from Spanier (1976) used to measure marriage adjustment. The subjects in this research are husbands of GBKP pastors totaling 79 people. Based on the hypothesis testing, it is revealed that marital adjustment influences gender role conflict in pastors’ husbands, whereas gender role orientation does not affect the pastor husband's gender role conflict. Researchers who are interested in examining gender role conflicts in men are expected to be able to include other variables that have not been studied in this research, such as spirituality, religiosity, coping strategies, cultural influences, etc., in order to enrich and develop the science of psychology, especially social psychology.

Features of the Role Structure and Relationships in Korean and Russian Couples

The modern world leads to collapse of the marriage institution. It causes a lot of problems. One of them raises the question of how ethnic culture preserves the relationships in married couples within traditional framework if these couples live in a different national cultural; environment. Both Russian and Korean are collectivism cultures. However, in Russia individualism is spreading very quickly among young people. In Korean families elderly people have a big influence, they adhere to Confucianism. Russians have more democratic relations and adhere to Christianity. We tried to prove that Korean couples still have traditional marital roles, relationships, and attitudes. The purpose of the study is to compare the role structure, features of the husband-wife relationship, and attitudes in the Russian and Korean married couples living in Russia. Russian and Korean family roles are considered in the article, as well as the features of family attitudes that characterize the type of family and describe the mentality of Russians and Koreans. A comparative cross-methodology was applied within pairs and between Korean and Russian pairs, and data was factorized. The sample consisted of n = 80 participants. We used the following methods: measurement of roles in a family; study of understanding relationships, emotional attraction and authoritarianism; attitudes towards love, children, money, and divorce. The scientific novelty of the research is expressed in the fact that the comparison with various aspects of the structure of roles and relationships in modern Korean and Russian couples is carried out, the members of married couples of both nationalities are compared. The study showed that Russians and Koreans living in Russia have become very similar in their lifestyle, but they differ in the internal arrangement of the family, role preferences and attitudes in a married couple, especially in relation to children, sex, psychological climate and financial responsibility. The data obtained can be used in family counseling and therapy.

Towards intelligent organisations: an empirical investigation of learning orientation's role in technical innovation

Intelligent organisations are the ones that can learn how to create and innovate so as to improve the technical innovation capability. This paper proposes a knowledge-based integration between intelligent organisations and learning orientation. Moreover, it also examines whether such organisations can enhance learning orientation, and whether this process can lead to improving technical innovation. Study followed the descriptive design. Questionnaires were distributed to senior employees at Jordanian software companies. Results indicate that intelligent organisations and learning orientation are good predictors to improve technical innovation. Findings support that intelligent organisations, and especially the ones that know how to learn and store the appropriate knowledge, that able to master technical innovation. Moreover, 'developing collective intelligence' and 'achieve purpose' found to be essential to be intelligent, followed by a 'mobilise resources' and 'understanding environment'. Practical implications urge organisations to adopt knowledge-based models and build up the collective individuals' intelligence that leads to innovation.

Leadership Dilemma of Group Leaders in Private Enterprises and Solutions

<p>The outstanding problems existing in the leadership of group leaders in private enterprises mainly include: insufficient attention to the improvement of team leaders’ leadership, deviation of role orientation, weak team building consciousness, unreasonable division of labor, inadequate implementation of work, and poor training effect. To solve the dilemma, we should make concerted efforts from the following four aspects: accurate selection, open, fair and fair selection of team leaders; scientific employment to stimulate the work initiative of team leaders; training and educating people to improve the management ability of team leaders; sincere retention of personnel, the establishment of a scientific incentive mechanism to promote the growth of team leaders.</p>

Audience expectations of journalism: What’s politics got to do with it?

Audience expectations of journalism are a crucial dimension not only to understand journalism’s public legitimacy and institutional character but also its economic foundations in terms of consumers’ prospects. Although we see a critically growing disconnect between the audience and journalism, we know little about what the audience actually expects from journalism and what explains audience expectations. Using data from an online survey among the audience ( n = 2775) as well as professional journalists ( n = 818), this study compares audience expectations of journalism with journalists’ role orientations in Austria. Furthermore, multivariate analyses particularly aim to explore the role of political parameters for the understanding of audience expectations of journalism. Results show both congruencies and discrepancies between citizens’ and journalists’ perception of specific functions of journalism and that – besides media use – political attitudes may very well play an important role.

A Negotiative Theory of Journalistic Roles

Abstract In probing how journalists negotiate the perceived discrepancy between their social role orientation and role performance, we arrive at a negotiative theory of roles. The theory is based on an inductive study where we combine classic theoretical frameworks of role theory with conceptual approaches of discursive institutionalism and Hochschilds’ theory of feeling rules. We examined journalists’ narratives from qualitative in-depth interviews with 20 Swiss newspaper journalists, who were asked to interpret the perceived gap—found in previous studies—between journalism ideals and journalism practice. The results compelled us to revisit role theories and to consider a number of overlooked or under-utilized analytic features of social roles to propose refinements to the concepts of journalistic roles and role performance. This resulted in a negotiative theory of roles that focuses attention on intra- and interpersonal discourse as well as what we call “role work.”

Styles of Representation in Constituencies in the Homeland and Abroad: The Case of Italy

Abstract The role orientation of political representatives and candidates is a longstanding concern in studies of democratic representation. The growing trend in countries to allow citizens abroad to candidate in homeland elections from afar provides an interesting opportunity for understanding how international mobility and context influences ideas of representation among these emigrant candidates. In public debates, emigrant candidates are often portrayed as delegates of the emigrant constituencies. However, drawing on the paradigmatic case of Italy and an original data set comprising emigrant candidates, we show that the perceptions of styles of representation abroad are more complex. Systemic differences between electoral districts at home and abroad are relevant for explaining why and how candidates develop a trustee or delegate orientation.

Leading Proactivity in Innovative Startups: A Moderated Mediation Model

Despite the growing research interest in proactivity, little is known about the relational mechanisms that cultivate individuals’ proactivity in the workplace. This research aims to explore the leader–follower relational mechanisms leading to employee proactive performance in innovative startups. The sample consisted of 83 employees from eleven startups. Conditional process modeling was conducted to explore the background relational mechanisms of employee proactive performance. Employees with upward psychological safety (who felt safe to speak up and contribute in front of their leaders) were willing to go beyond their formal roles and job descriptions for the sake of the firm (challenging role orientation). In turn, this orientation predicted self-directed efforts and initiated better ways of doing their job (proactive performance). Under high levels of perceived uncertainty, upward psychological safety was a stronger predictor of proactive performance through a challenging role orientation. This study reveals that upward psychological safety is critical for enhancing employee proactivity at work, particularly under high uncertainty.

How traditional gender roles hurt both women and men: negative processes and outcomes in mixed-gender negotiations

PurposeBased on the social role theory, role congruity theory and gender role conflict theory, this paper aims to investigate the mediating role of “relationship conflict” in the association between traditional gender role (TGR) endorsement and objective and subjective negotiation outcomes.Design/methodology/approachTwo experimental negotiation studies (n1 = 138, n2 = 128) were conducted at a US university.FindingsThis paper presents three original and noteworthy findings: One, in mixed-gender negotiations, as a dyad’s TGR endorsement increases, final agreements become significantly more likely to favor men than women. Two, in mixed-gender negotiations, TGR endorsement is significantly associated with a decreased ability to establish a pleasant, mutually satisfactory and successful business relationship, resulting in a possible future economic cost due to lost opportunity. Three, the heightened relationship conflict during the negotiation mediates the negative association between TGR endorsement and women’s economic outcomes.Research limitations/implicationsEmpirical findings support social role theory, role congruity theory and gender role conflict theory. The use of a distributive negotiation case and laboratory research methodology may limit the generalizability of findings.Practical implicationsFindings about the detrimental effects of TGR in mixed-gender negotiations magnify the importance of becoming aware of our TGR orientations and their potential negative consequences on our long-term collaborations. Also, it is necessary to provide negotiation trainings to both genders with regard to gender-driven conflicts and offer tools to prevent or tackle such conflicts.Social implicationsNegotiations are among the most consequential of social interactions as their results have a substantial impact on individuals’ careers and financial outcomes. Understanding the effect of TGRs is paramount to improve female representation, participation and effectiveness in management and leadership. Mixed-gender negotiations such as collective equality bargaining, workplace social interactions, work-life balance discourse are critical to establishing gender equality and fairness in organizations and societies.Originality/valueUnderstanding how gender influences negotiation processes and outcomes and using the findings to improve both genders’ negotiation success are crucial to establishing fairness and equity in society and business. This research attempts to close a gap in the literature by focusing on the potential function of gender role orientation in explaining gender differences in negotiation.

The role of sex and femininity in preferences for unfamiliar infants among Chinese adults.

Guided by parental investment theory and social role theory, this study aimed to understand current contradictory results regarding sex differences in response to infant faces by considering the effect of gender role orientation. We recruited 300 adults in China and asked them to complete an Interest in Infants questionnaire and a Bem Sex Role Inventory and then administered a behavioral assessment that used unfamiliar infant faces with varying expressions (laughing, neutral, and crying) as stimuli to gauge three components of motivation towards infants (i.e., liking, representational responding, and evoked responding). The results demonstrated that sex differences emerged only in self-reported interest in infants, but no difference was found between the sexes in terms of their hedonic reactions to infant faces. Furthermore, femininity was found to correlate with preferences for infants in both verbal and visual tests, but significant interactive effects of feminine traits and sex were found only in the behavioral test. The findings indicated that men's responses to infants were influenced more by their feminine traits than were women's responses, potentially explaining the greater extent to which paternal (vs. maternal) investment is facultative.

“I suppose I’ll be patching you up, as usual”: Women’s roles and normative femininity in a team-based video game

Women are often viewed as outsiders in the videogaming environment, particularly in first-person shooter games. Perceived infringement on an overwhelmingly masculine space pushes women to the margins of online team-based games, where gender norms inform the presumption that they play supportive roles that are viewed as passive and unskilled rather than actively contributing to team objectives. This study explores why women continue to play these roles, even as they are belittled, how societal expectations of women translate to the gaming space, and consequences for gender as a social structure. Findings suggest similarities to gendered labor in that women report feeling obligated to shoulder tasks that nobody else desires, much in the same way that professional work characterized as feminine is devalued. In addition, women must perform emotion work as they game by hiding their role preferences, feeling shame at fulfilling harmful gender stereotypes, and justifying their utility.

Explaining Judicial Assistants’ Influence on Adjudication with Principal-Agent Theory and Contextual Factors

By way of a survey among 80 Dutch administrative law judges, this paper uses principal-agent theory, as well as contextual factors, to explain judicial assistants’ influence on adjudication. Principal-agent theory has, thus far, been applied mainly to the setting of the US Supreme Court—to test the hypothesis that judicial assistants influence justices’ decisions less, as the political attitudes of assistants and justices differ more. To create a more universal theory to explain judicial assistants’ influence, we have derived five other hypotheses from principal-agent theory, which can also be used to explain judicial assistants’ influence in other court settings. As expected, we find that judges’ managerial role orientation, trust in judicial assistants and favourable risk-benefit perception of assistants’ input increase assistants’ influence. Contrary to our expectations, we did not find judges’ rule of law role orientation and relative experience of assistants to be correlated with assistants’ influence. Likewise, none of the contextual factors—panel judgments (vs. single-judge judgments), complexity of court cases and time pressure—are correlated with assistants’ influence. While three perceived risks of defection explain the influence that judges allow assistants, contextual factors do not. As such, our study shows that—when operationalised differently—principal-agent theory can be fruitfully applied to settings apart from the politicised US Supreme Court.

Beginning teacher induction program for technology integration in CLIL

Beginning teacher induction is a transition from pre-service teacher preparation to teaching professional which brings a shift in a role orientation and an epistemological move from knowing about teaching through formal study to knowing how to teach by facing daily teaching challenges. This paper deals with the implementation and evaluation of beginning teacher induction programs for technology integration in Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) for 24 beginning teachers from the northeastern region in Thailand. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected. Quantitative data were collected from the assessment of the lesson plans and implementation of the lesson plans then analyzed using mean and standard deviation. Qualitative data were collected from three sources: (1) written logs by the participants, (2) data from video observation by the researcher, and (3) field notes by the researcher. Findings from the assessment of the lesson plans and implementation of the lesson plans were at a low level. Almost all participants reported having difficulties in technology integration in CLIL.