Role Of Vitamin D3 Research Articles

Protective Role of Vitamin D Against Development of Active Tuberculosis in Close Household Contacts of Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients: A Prospective Cohort Study.

Vitamin-D is known to promote innate immune responses by acting as a cofactor of VDR for induction of antimicrobial peptides like cathelicidin. Close household contacts of pulmonary tuberculosis patients are at high risk of active infection, Therefore, possible role of vitamin-D in TB prevention through cathelicidin production was studied in high-risk household contacts (HHCs) of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) patients. 20 HHCs of PTB patients were recruited and followed up for one year. Levels of vitamin-D (25(OH)D) and its associated molecules were evaluated at 3-months intervals for one year or until the development of active TB. 25(OH)D was measured using chemiluminescence method. Serum VDR and cathelicidin levels were measured by ELISA and VDR mRNA expression by qPCR. Throughout the study period mean range of serum 25(OH)D levels was 20.51 ± 5.12 ng/ml. VDR and cathelicidin levels however showed significant decline after six months suggesting decrease in bacterial exposure. None of the HHCs developed active infection even with high exposure to 2 + to 3 + AFB positive index cases. Mantoux positive household contacts had high levels of VDR and cathelicidin, suggestive of an early or latent phase of infection, did not develop active TB plausibly due to maintenance of adequate serum levels of vitamin-D. Optimal levels of 25(OH)D and its associated molecules during early stages of infection may serve as protective factor against development of active TB. Cohort of HHCs with severely deficient vitamin-D levels (10 ng/ml) could be followed up for a better risk assessment.

Role of vitamin D3 on IL-17 expression in colon and improvement of colonic mucosa in an inflammatory bowel disease mice model

Background Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an inflammation due to a Th1/Th2 regulatory imbalance and a Th17/Treg transformation imbalance which then releases inflammatory mediators, such as interleukin-17. The administration of vitamin D has the potential to prevent the inflammation in IBD.
 Objective To evaluate a possible role of vitamin D3 in reducing IL-17 expression and colonic mucosal repair in an IBD mice model.
 Methods The study used male BALB/c mice, 8-10 weeks old, weighing 20-25 grams, divided randomly into five groups with 8 mices in each group. The experimental mice were given 5% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) on days 1-7 to induce colitis, and then were given vitamin D3 on days 8-14. Group 1 was the control group; Group 2 was given 5% DSS; Group 3 was given 5% DSS and vitamin D3 0.2 mcg/25 g body weight; Group 4 was given 5% DSS and vitamin D3 0.4 mcg/25 g body weight; and Group 5 was given 5% DSS and vitamin D3 0.6 mcg/25 g body weight. On day 15, the mice underwent euthanasia and colonic retrieval. Parameters assessed were IL-17 expression (immunohistochemical, with monoclonal antibody against IL-17) and colonic histology improvement, using the mouse colitis histology index (MCHI) score.
 Results The IL-17 expression measured by immunohistochemistry increased significantly in only 5% DSS group. There was a significant decrease in MCHI scores in the groups given vitamin D3, where the greater the dose of vitamin D3 given, the lower the MCHI score. Interleukin-17 expression had positive strong correlation with MCHI (r=0.985; P=0.002)
 Conclusion The improvement of colonic mucosal damage based on MCHI score was significant in groups given vitamin D3. There is a significant correlation between IL-17 reduction and colonic mucosal repair in IBD mice.

The Importance of PTH for Heart Failure. Comment on Thiele et al. The Role of Vitamin D3 as an Independent Predicting Marker for One-Year Mortality in Patients with Acute Heart Failure. J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11, 2733.

The communication by Thiele et al. reported that there were no significant differences in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) for the 22 of 118 acute heart failure (HF) patients, 71% with de novo HF and 29% with chronic HF, who died within 12 months after admission to the intermediate care unit of a maximum care hospital in Germany compared to those who survived [...].

Relationship between Maternal Vitamin D Levels and Adverse Outcomes.

Vitamin D (VD), a fat-soluble vitamin, has a variety of functions that are important for growth and development, including regulation of cell differentiation and apoptosis, immune system development, and brain development. As such, VD status during pregnancy is critical for maternal health, fetal skeletal growth, and optimal pregnancy outcomes. Studies have confirmed that adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as preeclampsia, low birth weight, neonatal hypocalcemia, poor postnatal growth, skeletal fragility, and increased incidence of autoimmune diseases, can be associated with low VD levels during pregnancy and infancy. Thus, there is growing interest in the role of VD during pregnancy. This review summarizes the potential adverse health outcomes of maternal VD status during pregnancy for both mother and offspring (gestational diabetes mellitus, hypertensive gestational hypertension, intrauterine growth restriction, miscarriage, stillbirth, and preterm birth) and discusses the underlying mechanisms (regulation of cytokine pathways, immune system processing, internal secretion, placental function, etc.) of VD in regulating each of the outcomes. This review aims to provide a basis for public health intervention strategies to reduce the incidence of adverse pregnancies.

An emerging role of vitamin D3 in amino acid absorption in different intestinal segments of on-growing grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella).

Vitamin D3 (VD3), an essential nutrient for animals, has been demonstrated to stimulate the uptake of certain amino acids. However, the role of VD3 in the intestine, the primary site for digestion and absorption of nutrients, remains poorly characterized. Here, the grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) was studied to assess the influence of different doses of VD3 (15.2, 364.3, 782.5, 1,167.9, 1,573.8, and 1,980.1 IU/kg) on growth performance, intestinal morphology, digestive absorption, amino acid transport, and potential signaling molecule levels in a feeding experiment. As a result, dietary VD3 improved growth performance, intestinal structure, and digestive and brush border enzyme activities. Additionally, most intestinal free amino acids and their transporters were upregulated after VD3 intake, except for Ala, Lys, Asp, Leu, solute carrier (SLC) 7A7, SLC1A5, and SLC1A3 mRNA in different segments, Leu and SLC6A14 mRNA in the proximal intestine, and SLC7A5 mRNA in the mid and distal intestine. In the crucial target of rapamycin (TOR) signal pathway of amino acid transport, the gene and protein expression of TOR, S6 kinase 1, and activating transcription factor 4 were elevated, whereas 4E-binding protein 1 was decreased, further suggesting an advanced amino acid absorption capacity in the fish due to VD3 supplementation. Based on percentage weight gain, feed efficiency, and trypsin activity, the VD3 requirements of on-growing grass carp were estimated to be 968.33, 1,005.00, and 1,166.67 IU/kg, respectively. Our findings provide novel recommendations for VD3 supplementation to promote digestion and absorption capacities of fish, contributing to the overall productivity of aquaculture.

Role of vitamin D3 in tumor aggressiveness and radiation response for hepatocellular carcinoma.

Locoregional control is a significant prognostic factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Historically, the use of radiotherapy (RT) for HCC was limited owing to the low radiotolerance of the liver and the need for high RT doses for disease control. We aimed to examine if 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol) has a role in the tumor inhibition and the radiation response of HCC in vitro and in vivo, and explore the underlying mechanisms. The human and murine liver cancer cell lines were selected for cellular and animal experiments to investigate the changes in tumor characteristics and the radiation response after calcitriol supplementation. The effects induced by calcitriol supplementation on interleukin-6 (IL-6) signaling and the tumor immune microenvironment following RT were also examined. Our data revealed that calcitriol supplementation attenuated tumor aggressive behavior, decrease IL-6 expression, and augmented radiation-induced tumor inhibition. The biological changes following calcitriol treatment included suppressed epithelial-mesenchymal transition, attenuated cancer stem cell-like properties and increased radiation-induced reactive oxygen species and cell death in vitro. Regarding immune microenvironment, calcitriol attenuated the recruitment of myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) recruitment and increased the infiltration of cytotoxic T cells in tumor following RT. Furthermore, When the primary liver tumor was irradiated with larger dose per fraction, calcitriol induced a smaller size of synchronous unirradiated tumor in mice, which linked with attenuated IL-6 signaling and MDSC recruitment. In conclusion, calcitriol treatment reduced tumor aggressiveness and enhanced the radiation response. The inhibited IL-6 signaling and subsequently enhanced antitumor immunity might be responsible to augment radiation-induced tumoricidal effect induced by calcitriol. Based on our results, we suggest that calcitriol could exert the antitumor and radiosensitization effects for HCC, especially for multifocal tumors.

The Role of Vitamin D3 as an Independent Predicting Marker for One-Year Mortality in Patients with Acute Heart Failure.

Background: Deficiency in vitamin D3 and its metabolites has been linked to dismal outcomes in patients with chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease and heart failure (HF). It remains unclear if a vitamin D3 status is a prognostic feature in patients with acute decompensated HF. Methods: We assessed serum levels of 25-OH-vitamin D3 and 1,25-(OH)2-vitamin D3 in 139 patients with acute HF who had been admitted to the intermediate care unit of a maximum care hospital. The follow-up period was one year. After exclusion of patients with sampling errors and those who were lost to follow-up, 118 patients remained in the final study cohort. Outcome estimates by 25-OH-vitamin D3 and 1,25-(OH)2-vitamin D3 levels were compared to the Seattle Heart Failure (SHF) Model. Results: More than two-thirds (79.7%) of the patients showed inadequate 25-OH-vitamin D3 levels (i.e., <30 ng/mL) upon admission. Low levels of 1,25-(OH)2-vitamin D3 (i.e., <19.9 pg/mL) were observed in 16.1% of patients. Of the 118 HF patients, 22 (19%) died during the following 12 months. There were no differences in vitamin D3 levels between patients who died and those who survived, neither in 25-OH-vitamin D3 (23.37 ± 19.14 ng/mL vs. 19.11 ± 12.25 ng/mL; p = 0.19) nor in 1,25-(OH)2-vitamin D3 levels (31.10 ± 19.75 ng/mL vs. 38.25 ± 15.73 ng/mL; p = 0.02); therefore, vitamin D3 levels alone did not predict one-year survival (AUC [25-OH-vitamin D3] 0.50; 95% CI 0.34–0.65; AUC [1,25-(OH)2-vitamin D3] 0.62; 95% CI 0.48–0.76). Moreover, whilst the SHF model exhibited acceptable discriminatory ability for predicting one-year mortality (AUC 0.79; 95% CI 0.66–0.91), adding vitamin D levels on admission to the SHF score did not improve its discriminatory value. Conclusion: Our data do not support the use of vitamin D3 screening in patients admitted with acute decompensated HF to aid prognostication.

Antioxidant Effect of Thioredoxin and Vitamin D3 in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients.

Background Among the chronic diseases, chronic kidney failure is one of diseases that have the most difficulty in coping with oxidative stress due to the deterioration of the antioxidant system balance in the body. Beyond being a vitamin, 1α,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (vitamin D3) is a molecule that positively or negatively affects many enzymes which are in protein structures. Thioredoxin (TRX), which has an important role in the antioxidant system, is one of these proteins. By conducting this study, we wanted to emphasize the role of vitamin D3 in reducing the oxidative stress load on patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis (PD) via serum TRX level measurement. Methods In this study, we evaluated the medical treatments of 69 PD patients who were followed up routinely. The patients were divided into 2 groups according to whether they used vitamin D3 or not. 49 of our patients were using vitamin D3. While requesting routine laboratory tests, we reserved a separate serum sample to measure serum TRX levels by double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for all patients. Results Only one parameter has a significant statistical relationship with serum TRX level and the treatment protocol. The serum TRX level was significantly higher (211,62 U/l ± 314,46) in the group receiving vitamin D3 compared to the group which is not using Vitamin D3 (101,63 U/l ± 215,03) (p < 0,006). Conclusion This study highlights the importance of appropriate dose of vitamin D3 replacement especially in PD patients who are under intense oxidative stress compared to healthy individuals.

Vitamin D3 Metabolic Enzymes in the Porcine Uterus: Expression, Localization and Autoregulation by 1,25(OH)2D3 In Vitro.

The role of vitamin D3 has been confirmed in female reproductive organs. This study aimed to examine vitamin D3 metabolic enzymes, i.e., CYP27B1 and CYP24A1, mRNA transcript and protein abundance, and protein localization in the uterus of pigs on days 2–5, 10–12, 15–16 and 18–20 of the estrous cycle. Additionally, we determined 1,25(OH)2D3 concentration in uterine flushings and the effect of 1,25(OH)2D3 (10, 50 and 100 ng/mL) in vitro on CYP27B1 and CYP24A1 mRNA transcript abundance in endometrial and myometrial slices. In the endometrium, a greater CYP27B1 mRNA transcript abundance was noted on days 10–12 and 18–20 than on days 15–16, whereas encoded protein abundance was greater on days 18–20 when compared to days 15–16. Endometrial CYP24A1 mRNA transcript abundance was greater on days 18–20 than on days 10–12 and 15–16. In the myometrium, CYP27B1 mRNA transcript abundance was greater on days 18–20 than on days 2–5 and 15–16, while protein abundance was larger in slices collected on days 18–20 than on days 15–16. Neither CYP24A1 mRNA transcript nor encoded protein abundance were detected in the myometrium. The highest 1,25(OH)2D3 concentration in uterine flushings was observed on days 18–20. Furthermore, the 1,25(OH)2D3 increased the abundance of the CYP24A1 mRNA transcript in endometrial slices. Overall, our results suggest that porcine uterus is an extra-renal site of vitamin D3 metabolism. Both the endometrium and the myometrium possess the ability to synthesize vitamin D3, while only the endometrium contributes to its catabolism.

Vitamin D Attenuates Airway Inflammation in Asthmatic Guinea Pigs Using Mammalian Target of Rapamycin-Mediated Autophagy

The purpose of this experiment is to find out the function of Vitamin D (VD) in airway inflammation in asthmatic guinea pigs by regulating mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-mediated autophagy. A total of 40 male guinea pigs were randomly assigned into the Con group, the ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized group, the VD group, the VD + dimethyl sulfoxide group, and the VD + rapamycin (mTOR inhibitor) group. Then, serum from all groups was harvested for the measurement of immunoglobulin E (IgE), interleukin (IL)-4, and IL-5 levels. Next, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was collected for cell counting. Moreover, lung tissues were extracted to assess levels of p-mTOR and autophagy factors (LC3B, Beclin1, Atg5, and P62). Compared with the Con group, the OVA group showed elevated levels of IgE, IL-4, and IL-5, increased contents of eosinophils, neutrophil, and lymphocytes, and declined monocytes. And the VD group improved inflammatory reactions in the guinea pigs. Besides, the OVA group showed lower levels of p-mTOR and P62 and higher autophagy levels than the Con group, while the VD group had opposite results. Rapamycin annulled the suppressive role of VD to airway inflammation in asthmatic guinea pigs. VD might inhibit OVA-induced airway inflammation by inducing mTOR activation and downregulating autophagy in asthmatic guinea pigs.

Vitamin D Status in Patients of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Comparison to That of Normal Pregnancy

Background &amp; objective: Although the role of vitamin-D in calcium metabolism and bone health is undisputed, other long-term health consequences of low vitamin-D are still debated. Observational studies have recently indicated that vitamin-D deficiency may be a modifiable risk factor for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), although several experimental studies have failed to establish such an association. The present study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that vitamin-D insufficiency or deficiency is associated with GDM.&#x0D; Methods: The present case-control study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Rajshahi Medical College (RMC), Rajshahi, Bangladesh, over a period of 1 year between July 2019 to June 2020. Patients with confirmed GDM (case) and normal pregnant women (control) attending in the above-mentioned place during the study period were the study population. A total of 18 cases and 54 controls were consecutively included in the study based on predefined eligibility criteria. The exposure and outcome variables were serum vitamin-D insufficiency/deficiency and GDM respectively. Vitamin D insufficiency was considered when serum level 25(OH)D ranges from ≥ 15 to &lt; 30 ng/ml and deficiency was termed if 25(OH)D level lies below 15 ng/ml. Crosstab analysis with Odds Ratio (OR) was done to find the association between vitamin-D and GDM and the risk of developing the outcome (GDM) due to vitamin-D insufficiency or deficiency.&#x0D; Result: In the present study age, residence, socioeconomic status and season at data collection were almost identically distributed between case and control groups. However, the study demonstrated occupation, pre-pregnancy obesity, family history of type-II diabetes, polyhydramnios, level of hemoglobin and serum vitamin-D insufficiency/deficiency to be associated with GDM. Majority (83.3%) of the GDM patients had insufficient or deficient serum vitamin D level (&lt; 30 ng/mL) as compared to 57.4% of the control group. The risk of having GDM in pregnant women with insufficient or deficient serum vitamin-D was estimated to be almost 4-fold (95% CI = 1.1 – 14.3) higher (p = 0.047) than that in the pregnant women with normal serum vitamin-D level.&#x0D; Conclusion: The study concluded that pregnant women with GDM are associated with insufficient or deficient serum vitamin-D with risk of having GDM in pregnant women with insufficient or deficient serum vitamin-D is much greater than the pregnant women with normal serum vitamin-D level.&#x0D; Ibrahim Card Med J 2021; 11 (1): 41-47

Abstract 20: Bidirectional link between diabetes mellitus and coronavirus disease 2019 leading to cardiovascular disease: A narrative review. World journal of diabetes

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global pandemic where several comorbidities have been shown to have a significant effect on mortality. Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) have a higher mortality rate than non-DM patients if they get COVID-19. Recent studies have indicated that patients with a history of diabetes can increase the risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. Additionally, patients without any history of diabetes can acquire new-onset DM when infected with COVID-19. Thus, there is a need to explore the bidirectional link between these two conditions, confirming the vicious loop between “DM/COVID-19”. This narrative review presents (1) the bidirectional association between the DM and COVID-19, (2) the manifestations of the DM/COVID-19 loop leading to cardiovascular disease, (3) an understanding of primary and secondary factors that influence mortality due to the DM/COVID-19 loop, (4) the role of vitamin-D in DM patients during COVID-19, and finally, (5) the monitoring tools for tracking atherosclerosis burden in DM patients during COVID-19 and “COVID-triggered DM” patients. We conclude that the bidirectional nature of DM/COVID-19 causes acceleration towards cardiovascular events. Due to this alarming condition, early monitoring of atherosclerotic burden is required in “Diabetes patients during COVID-19” or “new-onset Diabetes triggered by COVID-19 in non-Diabetes patients”.

Effects of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 and 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 on PBMCs From Dairy Cattle Naturally Infected With Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.

The role of vitamin D3 in modulating immune responses has been well-established for over two decades; however, its specific functions have not been extensively detailed in cattle, particularly cattle in different stages of infection with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). Consistent with previous work in our lab, the present study showed that infected cattle in the clinical stage of disease have reduced serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3]. Additionally, effects of vitamin D3 on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from naturally infected dairy cattle in subclinical (n = 8) or clinical (n = 8) stages of infection were compared to non-infected control cows (n = 8). Briefly, PBMCs were isolated and cultured in vitro with 4 ng/ml 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] or 100 ng/ml 25(OH)D3. Treatment with 1,25(OH)2D3 resulted in decreased secretion for some pro-inflammatory cytokines in clinical animals, including IL-1β, IL-6, and IFN-γ. Similar responses for IL-1β and IL-6 were noted with the addition of 25(OH)D3. Additionally, pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression tended to be upregulated in PBMCs from clinical animals after treatment with 1,25(OH)2D3. In contrast, PBMCs from clinical animals treated with 25(OH)D3 showed downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression, although only significant for IL1B. Following 25(OH)D3 treatment, clinical animals showed significant reduction in CD4+CD25+ T cells. CYP27B1 gene expression was notably decreased in clinical and control animals following 25(OH)D3 treatment but increased in subclinical cows. 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment reduced CYP24A1 gene expression in all groups, while 25(OH)D3 treatment only significantly reduced expression for control cows. Lastly, serum 25(OH)D3 levels were significantly lower in clinical animals. Taken together, these data show vitamin D3 modulates cytokine signaling in cattle at different stages of MAP infection and, therefore, may have implications on disease progression.

Possible Role of Vitamin D3 in the Prevention of COVID-19 Infection and Mortality

Despite many efforts around the world to control the outbreak of COVID- 19 virus, this issue has become a pandemic. According to the latest research on the global spread of COVID- 19, researchers have found that adequate vitamin D3 increases resistance to viral infections, reduces the severity of symptoms of the disease, and ultimately mortality rate. However, the results are still contradictory. There are receptors in the human body called ACE2. The COVID- 19 virus can enter the body by binding to these receptors, and the symptoms of the disease develop gradually. Meanwhile, vitamin D3 can attach to these receptors and prevent the corona virus from attaching to the body’s organs. Thus, people who have lower levels of vitamin D3 absorbed during this epidemic should take vitamin D supplements to maintain an optimal level of 25 (OH) D in the blood. Randomized controlled trials and large population studies should be conducted to evaluate these recommendations. There is insufficient evidence between level of vitamin D3 intake and mortality rate of COVID-19 in patients. This review summarizes some of the latest findings about the role of vitamin D3 in COVID-19 infections, severity, and mortality.

Vitamin D Deficiency in Patients With Vitiligo: A Cross-Sectional Study From Basrah, Iraq.

Background and objectiveCholecalciferol (vitamin D3) plays a physiological role in melanogenesis in human skin. Vitamin D3 deficiency has become a common complication encountered in daily clinical practice. Recently, there has been growing interest in the role of vitamin D3 in the pathogenesis of vitiligo and its relevance in the treatment of the same. We have also noticed an increase in the rate of vitiligo with an associated aggressive extension of the lesions. In light of this, we conducted this study to analyze the incidence of vitamin D deficiency in patients with vitiligo and explore the effect of this deficiency on disease extension and severity.Materials and methodsThis was a cross-sectional study involving 46 patients with vitiligo. The affected body surface area of the patients was assessed using the Vitiligo Extent Tensity Index (VETI) score.ResultsMost of the vitiligo patients had very low levels of vitamin D (p<0.05), and a majority of the vitiligo patients with low vitamin D levels were females; however, this difference between females and males was not statistically significant (p=0.642). There was no significant effect of vitamin D levels on VETI scores (p=0.184).ConclusionBased on our findings, patients with vitiligo have a high incidence of vitamin D deficiency, and this deficiency is more common among females than males.

An evaluation of serum Otolin-1 & Vitamin-D in benign paroxysmal positional vertigo.

Serum otolin-1 is an inner ear protein exclusively expressed in otoconia and cells of vestibule and cochlea. Serum otolin-1 is found to be quantifiable in patients with BPPV. Low Vitamin-D is associated with pathogenesis of BPPV. Since otoconia degeneration contributes to BPPV, lack of Vitamin-D may impact otoconia structure and integrity. We aimed at studying the s.otolin-1 as biomarker and significance of vit-D in BPPV. 23 patients in test and control groups respectively were chosen within the age of 20 to 65 years. All the patients were diagnosed using Dix Hallpike menouver and head roll test, patients were treated with appropriate Canal Reposition Menouver (CRM). Serum Otolin-1 levels among the test ranged from 366 to 882 pg/mL with mean of 585.17 pg/mL whereas in control group ranged from 223 to 462 pg/mL with mean of 335.26 pg/mL. Mean Vitamin-D levels among the test group was 22.67 ng/mL (Range = 6.3-68.4) and that of control 15.43 pg/mL (Range = 5.4-27.7) respectively. The relationship between the serum Otolin-1 and Vitamin-D was not statistically significant. Otolin-1 levels is increased in BPPV patients and is sensitive in BPPV, specificity needs to be validated. Role of vitamin-D with respect to inner ear proteins needs further investigation.

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Влияние обеспечения витамином D на аутоиммунное состояние щитовидной железы

Актуальность. Несмотря на большой объем данных, связывающих витамин D с сердечно-сосудистой заболеваемостью, аутоиммунитетом, раком и практически каждой системой органов, взаимосвязь между витамином D и щитовидной железой остается менее известным аспектом в клинической практике. Причиной активного влияния витамина D является тот факт, что рецепторы витамина D (VDR) размещены практически в каждой ткани и системе органов организма. Цель: осветить данные современной литературы о влиянии витамина D и его обеспечения на аутоиммунитет щитовидной железы. Материалы и методы. Источники этого обзора были определены с помощью поиска в PubMed по статьям, опубликованным с 2015 года по сентябрь 2020 года, с использованием терминов «щитовидная железа» и «витамин D». Результаты. Зарегистрирована достоверная обратная корреляция между антителами к тиреоидной пероксидазе (АТ-ТПО) и содержанием 25-гидроксивитамина D (25(OH)D) в сыворотке крови. Наличие положительных титров АТ-ТПО более распространено у лиц с дефицитом витамина D. В большом объеме медицинской литературы приводятся результаты наблюдательных исследований, связывающих витамин D с аутоиммунитетом щитовидной железы. Также приводятся данные интервенционных исследований, подтверждающих положительное влияние витамина D на аутоиммунитет щитовидной железы. Краткосрочный прием высоких доз пероральных добавок витамина D содействует уменьшению титров АТ-ТПО. Некоторые полиморфизмы гена VDR связаны с увеличением случаев аутоиммунных расстройств щитовидной железы. Данные о том, приводит ли коррекция дефицита витамина D при аутоиммунных расстройствах щитовидной железы к снижению потребности в левотироксине или карбимазоле соответственно при гипотиреозе или болезни Грейвса, отсутствуют. Выводы. Несмотря на большой объем медицинской литературы по обсервационным исследованиям, в которых связывают витамин D с аутоиммунитетом щитовидной железы, отсутствуют важные конкретные клинические данные о влиянии дополнительного назначения витамина D на основные клинические конечные точки при этих расстройствах. Это должно быть основной сферой исследований в следующем десятилетии.

Role of Vitamin D3 in fracture union in adults

Fractures play an important role in morbidity and often premature mobility among the elderly population. Because inactivity as a result of a fracture is harmful both to bone healing and health, it appears early or rapid fracture healing would be highly recommendable for returning fracture patients to come back to normal as soon as possible with minimal side effects. The literature remains unclear regarding supplementation required for promoting bone healing in fracture cases. Hereby we evaluated the advantages and disadvantages of vitamin D3 supplementation in fracture cases along with the quantitative analysis of vitamin D3 at the time of fracture and after fracture union.: A total of 200 patients were assessed clinically, biochemically (serum alkaline phosphatase, serum vitamin D3, and serum parathormone), and radiologically. All patients who satisfy inclusion criteria are followed up and vitamin D3 levels were measured up within 1 day of fracture and at the interval of 6 months after the orthopaedic intervention. The outcomes were monitored by the 5 points radiographic scoring system by Warden et al. With the majority of patients falling under the vitamin insufficiency group i.e. 53% of all patients were found to be vitamin insufficient at the time of fracture. 33% of patients found to be vitamin D deficient while 14% found to be insufficient stage. No patient was found to be in a toxicity state. According to Warden’s scoring., 50% of patients were in grade 3, 15% in grade 4, 33% in grade 2, and only 2% in grade 1. Regarding the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency in the general population, this study shows an alarming rate of vitamin D insufficient patients in a group of 200 patients, which indicates the need for attention towards vitamin D status not only for bone-related issues but for other issues related to vitamin D deficiency.

Increased integrity of cell-cell junctions accompanied by increased expression of claudin 4 in keratinocytes stimulated with vitamin D3.

The stratified squamous epithelium has a multilayer structure formed by the differentiation of the keratinized epithelium, which covers the skin and oral mucosa. The epithelium plays a central role in regulating the interactions between the immune system and pathogens. The tight junction (TJ) barrier, which is composed of adhesion molecules called claudins (CLDN), is critical for the homeostasis of the skin and oral mucosa. Furthermore, the crucial roles of vitamin D3 (VD3) in the pathogeneses of skin and oral mucosal disease have been suggested. The aim of this in vitro study was to observe the correlations between the integrity of the keratinocyte population and the expression levels of CLDN1 and CLDN4 in gingival epithelial cells, stimulated with VD3. CLDN 1 and 4 expression levels were down and upregulated, respectively, in the cells stimulated with VD3. Additionally, transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) levels were increased in the stimulated cells when compared to the controls. These findings indicate that CLDN 4 may play a more important role in the TJ barrier than CLDN 1. Hence, the therapeutic effect of VD3 in skin and oral diseases may be regulated by the increase in the expression of CLDN 4.