Regional TFP disparities in Turkish agriculture and the role of trade openness

Food production remains an elusive aspiration for Somalia, persistently undermined by entrenched poverty and fragile governance systems. Limited integration into global trade networks further exacerbates the nation’s struggle to secure stable and nutritious food supplies. Therefore, this study investigates the links between these variables and their influence on food production using sophisticated econometric approaches such as the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL), dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS), and Granger causality tests over the period 1991–2020. The findings indicate that trade openness significantly enhances food production by 0.019%, whereas poverty significantly constrains farmers’ productive capacity—through limited access to inputs, credit, and technology—by 0.42%. Although institutional quality holds conceptual significance, its direct effect on food production seems minimal, indicating that meaningful enhancements in governance may necessitate an extended period. Considering the results, Somalia’s pathway to sustainable food production hinges on transformative approaches that actively dismantle poverty barriers, strategically open trade channels, and patiently nurture institutional maturity to foster long-term resilience in the food system.

This paper dealt with the role of trade openness in the changes occurring in the Tunisian labor market over the period from 1983 to 2012. Tunisia's foreign trade orientations opted for a gradual opening up, causing a redistribution of resources within the industry and a reallocation of employment and real wages. Empirically, an error correction model (time series) was adopted in order to estimate the long- and short-run effects of international trade on labor demand and real wage levels in each manufacturing industry. The obtained results differentiated between the short and long-runs and the studied industries due to the divergence of the companies’ reaction. This difference of the Tunisian manufacturing industries might be the result of a dissimilarity of their nature (exportable or importable), size, degree of integration into the international economy, productivity level of their skilled and unskilled workers, and so on. Such differences reflect the complexity of the problems that the Tunisian authorities may face in the implementation of sectoral policies aimed at creating jobs and/or raising the workers’ wages.

A high agricultural productivity is usually seen as a precondition for the development of industry and services, but this idea relies crucially on the assumption of an economy closed to international trade. In a globalized world, can a country industrialize or tertiarize without prior agricultural development? There is still little practical knowledge of this possibility. In this paper, I assess the relevance of closed- versus open-economy models of structural transformation using data on the sectoral productivity levels of developed and developing countries over the 1950–2018 period. The empirical findings suggest that most countries behave approximately as closed economies. Therefore, except for small city-state countries, the emphasis on agricultural development to achieve industrialization and tertiarization is justified. Nonetheless, the results reveal that in Latin America and Africa, a high agricultural productivity causes tertiarization with little development of the industrial sector. This “premature deindustrialization” hints at the influence of specific barriers to the creation of industrial jobs: an adverse business environment for large manufacturing firms and a downward trend in the world prices of manufacturing goods. • I investigate the relevance of closed vs open economy models of structural transformation. • Most countries behave approximately as closed economies. • This justifies the importance of agricultural productivity for industrialization. • However Latin America and Africa face tertiarization without industrialization. • Reasons: an unattractive business environment/a drop in manufacturing prices.

Purpose This study aims to explore how trade openness moderates the effects of fixed and mobile broadband penetration on technological catch-up of emerging market economies. Design/methodology/approach The study used data from three sources: Penn World Table, World Bank World Development Indicators and International Telecommunication Union databases for the period between 2000 and 2019. The empirical evidence is based on feasible generalized least squares, panel-corrected standard errors and bias-corrected dynamic regression. Findings The main findings are as follows. First, both fixed and mobile broadband penetrations play significant roles in enhancing the process of technological catch-up among the countries. They speed up the process of technological transfer and improve the absorption capacity of the countries to transfer, decode and appropriately apply foreign technology in their countries. Second, trade openness is found to significantly moderate the effect of fixed broadband penetration, but it does not moderate the effect of the mobile one. Research limitations/implications The major research limitation is that findings are based on 15 emerging economies, which can limit generalizability. Total factor productivity growth measures efficiency improvements but no other aspects of technological progress, such as innovation in products or processes. Data discrepancy between fixed and mobile broadband limits results’ comparability between the broadband types. Practical implications The implications of the findings relate to the fact that governments should invest in broadband infrastructure to ensure fast, affordable and competitive internet access across all sectors and regions. Trade liberalization should be prioritized to enhance the benefits of globalization and support technological catch-up. Originality/value This study adds to the literature by providing fresh insight into the role of openness in moderating the effect of broadband penetration on technological catch-up, using panel data for emerging countries drawn from Asia, Europe, Latin America and Africa.

Food insecurity poses a serious and ongoing threat to many developing countries, where rapid population growth has reshaped the landscape of food production and distribution. This study examines the non-linear analysis of urban and rural populations on food security. Besides these effects, it also explores the key determinants of food security, with a special focus on the role of trade openness, foreign direct investment, education, and institutional quality dynamics. The empirical results are estimated using the Panel Quantile Regression approach of 47 developing countries from 2002 to 2023. This approach reveals an inverted U-shaped relationship between both urban and rural populations on food security. The linearized marginal effect shows that the urban population is more vulnerable to food security compared to the rural population in developing countries. Moreover, education enhances food security, while foreign direct investment and trade openness cause food insecurity in developing countries. This study recommends that developing countries should promote sustainable urban development and strengthen rural agriculture systems.

Purpose - This study explores the linkages between trade and investment flows in the Vietnamese economy, analyzing how these dynamics influence economic growth and stability. By examining the impact of trade and investment, the study aims to identify ways to optimize Vietnam’s economic policies to promote sustainable development. Design/ Methodology/ Approach - Using a Vector Autoregressive (VAR) model, this study explores the causal relationship between trade, foreign direct investment (FDI) and macroeconomic indicators. Secondary data on trade openness, FDI inflows, GDP and other macroeconomic indicators from official sources are used to estimate the short-run and long-run effects on Vietnam’s economic linkages. Findings - The study analyzed the impact of trade openness on foreign direct investment (FDI) flows during the period 1997-2022 using a VAR model, showing that trade openness has a negative impact on FDI in the short term but a positive impact in the long term. In addition, the study also provides important policy implications, supporting the government in planning and adjusting more effective economic management strategies. Originality/Value - This study contributes to the limited literature on Vietnam’s economic linkages, especially in the context of VAR model application. It provides an in-depth understanding of the relationship between trade and investment and offers valuable recommendations for policy makers in enhancing Vietnam’s economic resilience and growth through adjusting trade and investment strategies.

This manuscript investigates the interplay between energy dynamics, economic growth, and environmental sustainability, offering a comprehensive analysis of Türkiye's long-term ecological and economic trends. In this sense, the research elaborates the long-run linkage among natural gas import, energy usage, economic growth, trade openness, urbanization and ecological footprint (EF) by implementing the Johansen cointegration test, fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) analysis, nonlinear distributed lag autoregressive model (NARDL) model, and wavelet analyses from 1980 to 2022 for Türkiye. Furthermore, when the contributions and novelties of this paper to the existing academic literature are considered, time series models comprehending the Johansen cointegration test, FMOLS analysis, and NARDL model point out the long-run relationship between natural gas import, economic growth, and EF, which is confirming the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis for Türkiye in short term. Considering the coefficients of the FMOLS model, 1% increases in gross domestic product increases EF by 0.1972% and a 1% increase in natural gas import increases EF by 0.0369% as negatively. In addition, according to FMOLS test, it should be stated that a 1% increase in energy use increases EF by 0.7600%. When all remaining independent variables are examined deeply and thoroughly, there is a long-term positive effect between them. Empirical findings reveal that natural gas imports ( p = .0428) and energy consumption ( p < .0001) are major contributors to ecological degradation. Conversely, urbanization ( p = .3999) demonstrates potential for mitigating environmental pressure in the long term. The study highlights the need for transitioning to renewable energy, enhancing energy efficiency, and adopting sustainable urban development practices. These findings emphasize the importance of aligning economic growth with ecological sustainability through targeted policy interventions. Unlike previous studies that predominantly concentrate on renewable energy with CO 2 emissions, this paper dissimilarly highlights the overlooked environmental effects of natural gas imports. These insights not only expand the understanding of Türkiye's energy and environmental dynamics but also challenge the common perception of natural gas as an eco-friendly energy source. To sum up, the research includes empirical results which patronizes the necessity for a transition to renewable resources and cleaner technologies to mitigate environmental costs.

Green finance and money laundering: The role of trade openness in Asia

BackgroundEnvironmental pollution seriously endangers people’s physical and mental health, especially the health of middle-aged and elderly people. Environmental pollution, trade openness, and population health are interconnected. Environmental pollution may have a nonlinear impact on health, and the impact of trade openness on the health effects of environmental pollution may not be a simple strengthening or weakening effect. However, few studies have used threshold effects model to explore the nonlinear mechanisms of environmental pollution’s impact on health in China. As a result, this study incorporates trade openness into the research framework on the health effects of environmental pollution, aiming to study the mechanism of environmental pollution on health.MethodsUsing the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) data from 2013 to 2020 and the data of 111 prefecture-level cities in China, we combine two-way fixed-effects models and threshold models to explore the effects of environmental pollution on the health of middle-aged and elderly people and the role of trade openness in the path of environmental pollution affecting health.ResultsEnvironmental pollution impairs the health of middle-aged and elderly people, and there is a single threshold effect and regional heterogeneity in this negative impact. Trade openness has the effect of first weakening and then strengthening in the inhibitory effect of environmental pollution on health.ConclusionThe negative impact of environmental pollution on health has regional heterogeneity, and there is a nonlinear relationship between environmental pollution and the health of middle-aged and elderly people. The health effect of environmental pollution is mainly long-term effect, and trade openness has a threshold effect on the impact of environmental pollution on health. Therefore, instead of adopting a one-size-fits-all policy, environmental and economic policies should be customized according to the degree of environmental pollution, trade openness, and regional variations, so as to safeguard the health of middle-aged and elderly individuals through effective environmental governance.

The present study attempts to examine the link between trade openness and sustainable human development (SHD) in 19 emerging economies. The study used the data for the period from 1996 to 2019. The study employed fixed-effect regression with Driscoll-Kraay standard error techniques robust to cross-section dependence. The study found the favorable impact of trade openness on sustainable development through sustainable human development. Trade openness affects sustainable human growth in many ways. It is a critical component that should not be ignored in sustainable development policies. Moreover, foreign direct investment, economic growth, and renewable energy consumption positively impact the sustainable human development. In contrast, innovations and institutional quality have an adverse impact on SHD. The study also provides policy suggestions for the emerging economies that will promote all the dimensions of sustainable development: economic, social, and environmental.

ABSTRACT This study examined the sustainability of East Asian countries’ extended reliance on mineral resource exports and foreign investment inflows for economic growth. By analysing panel data from 11 East Asian nations from 2000 to 2020, the research examined the impacts of trade openness and labour productivity on mineral resource rents. The findings showed that increasing trade liberalization and improving labour productivity negatively impact mineral rents. The research suggests that optimizing trade, productivity, industrial upgrading, and regional partnerships can help East Asian nations diversify their economies, move up global value chains, and achieve high-quality, long-term growth.

Does artificial intelligence promote energy transition and curb carbon emissions? The role of trade openness

Fintech and sustainable resources management: Role of trade openness and globalization in BRICS countries

PurposeThis paper empirically investigates whether trade openness (TO) in Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS) countries affects how banks might employ loan loss provisions (LLPs) to smooth out their earnings and how adopting the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) can mitigate it.Design/methodology/approachThe analysis includes 78 commercial banks from five BRICS nations and spans 2014 through 2020. To test these hypotheses, the authors utilized a fixed-effect and two-step system panel generalized methods of moments (GMM) estimator.FindingsTO positively affects income smoothing (earnings management) across BRICS commercial banks. The effect is clearer in banks that make financial reports under the IFRS. Path analysis reveals that the effect of TO is driven by nonperforming loans (NPLs). Additionally, the IFRS restricts earnings management in the BRICS banking sector when a better institutional environment is present. The authors found that accounting rules (IFRS) and enforcement (better institutional settings) interact to enhance earnings’ quality.Practical implicationsThe relationship between TO and bank earnings management practices is important for understanding the complex interplay between trade and finance and ensuring financial stability, investor confidence and regulatory compliance. This study recommends better regulations and governance mechanisms for financial reports in emerging nations like BRICS. Additionally, macro-prudential regulators and banking supervisors should work closely to ensure transparent TO decisions with improved discipline, institutional quality and regulatory support to enhance bank stability.Originality/valueThe study finds evidence of bank income smoothing in the BRICS and introduces TO as a determinant. It also identifies the evolving role of IFRS in the presence of higher institutional quality and TO, thereby expanding the financial reporting literature.

Could information and communication technology (ICT) reduce carbon emissions? The role of trade openness and financial development

This study examines the relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI) inflow, trade openness, and the influence of FDI on economic growth. The threshold methodology and GMM estimation are employed to analyze panel data from 60 developing countries in the period between 1995 and 2019. This study demonstrates the positive impact of FDI on economic growth in developing countries. However, the study also finds a significant threshold of FDI inflow relative to GDP that changes the impact of inward FDI on GDP growth. Regarding the role of trade openness, a significant threshold is found, which also indicates the absorptive capacity of the host countries. Moving from below to above this threshold, an increase in FDI inflow leads to a lower increase in economic growth. An increase in FDI relative to GDP stimulates growth only when the host country has sufficient absorptive capacity with regard to trade openness above the threshold. We suggest developing countries tighten the coherence of trade liberalization and FDI attraction policies to obtain the benefits of FDI and make changes to attract new investors when they succeed in attracting massive FDI inflows.

Could trade protectionism reshape the nexus of energy-economy-environment? Insight from different income groups

This study investigates the impact of tax revenue on economic growth in the context of increasing trade openness in developing countries by using the data of 29 developing countries with accelerating economic growth during the period 2000-2020. This study further applies the Fixed Effect Model (FEM) and the Generalized Least Squares (GLS) estimation methods for panel data to test the proposed hypotheses. The research results show that tax revenue positively affects economic growth in general. Furthermore, we find that trade openness increases the positive relationship between tax revenue and economic growth but excessive trade openness reduces such a relationship. Our findings provide important implications for developing countries in the context of increasing tax revenue and trade openness.

Amidst on the debate of the trade openness (TO) importance in influencing an economic growth (EG) and the central bank policy rate (CBPR), it is necessary to analyze the long-term relationship by using ARDL. This paper aims to analyze the CBPR and TO influence on EG in ASEAN -3. This study examines the EG model which focuses on the effect of CBPR and the ratio of exports in which plus imports divided by GDP as a measure of TO in ASEAN-3. The Data was collected from IFS for Indonesia, Philippines and Thailand for the period 2007q1-2022q2. The ARDL test method is used to determine the long-term relationship among the EG, TO and CBPR variables with different degrees of the integration. The FMOLS, DOLS, and CCR testing is for check robustness. The study show that CBPR has a positive effect on the EG in ASEAN-3, although it is only in Indonesia, and in Philippines which is statistically significant. The TO positive effect on the EG in Indonesia and in Thailand, but it is not significant and it has a TO statistically significant negative effect on EG in Philippines. The importance of this research given the recent interest in globalization activities, so the role of TO has become very important. A better TO understanding whether import dominance or vice versa helps in understanding the impact of globalization on the country economy. This finding emphasizes on the export importance over the imports in the economy. However, there is not an academic research looks at the long-term relationship between monetary policy and trade openness on the economic growth with the various econometric models.