Role Of Taxes Research Articles

The Role of Taxation in Addressing Inequality A Literature Analysis.docx

The Role of Taxation in Addressing Inequality A Literature Analysis.docx

The Gulf Cooperation Council Legal Order, Institutions and Taxation

Tax scholars worldwide are understandably unfamiliar with the GCC legal framework and the GCC’s role in taxation. This is because the GCC’s main agreements and the organization itself do not classify legal acts into primary and secondary acts, define the scope of supremacy of GCC legal acts over GCC domestic laws, or illuminate the direct application or direct effects of GCC acts. Consequently, the classification and nature of the GCC’s tax laws and sources are unclear. This work is the first scholarly attempt to fill this gap. It also describes the main institutions of the GCC and the role played by each institution when enacting a tax act. This work briefly refers to the European Union and the United States when analysing the GCC legal framework in order to complement the European and American readers’ understanding.

The Role of Taxation in Kosovo's Economic Development

In pursuit of economic stability and political harmony, national governments employ diverse strategies to promote prosperity. Kosovo, facing sluggish economic growth and fiscal constraints, grapples with the formidable task of fostering economic development amidst persistently high unemployment rates. Addressing this challenge requires comprehensive reforms across various sectors of the economy to facilitate the creation of stable employment opportunities. This paper investigates the efficacy of fiscal policy in mitigating unemployment, spurring investment, and stimulating consumption to bolster sustainable economic expansion. Through an analysis of fiscal measures and their impact on key economic indicators, this study seeks to offer insights into strategies for achieving robust and inclusive growth in Kosovo.

The impact of electronic levy on mobile money transactions: lessons from Ghana

ABSTRACT The rapid advancement of technology has transformed the way financial transactions are conducted and made assessing their impact a pressing international research problem. This article evaluates and quantifies the potential short-run impact of electronic transaction levy (e-levy) on mobile money transactions in Ghana based on forecasting the counterfactual mobile money market response. It uses monthly time series data from January 2019 to February 2023 in the analysis. The results show that the e-levy has a statistically significant reducing effect on mobile money transactions. In particular, the value of mobile money transactions, number of mobile money transactions, and value of mobile money transactions from mobile money interoperability decreased by about 47%, 24%, and 49% respectively. The results, however, show that overtime, the adverse effect of the e-levy on mobile money transactions diminishes. The findings from the study provide a comprehensive analysis of the effect of the e-levy on mobile money market in Ghana, and thus, contribute to the growing body of research on the role of taxation in the digital economy and financial inclusion.

The Role of Taxation in an Integrated Economic-environmental Model: A Dynamical Analysis

The Role of Taxation in an Integrated Economic-environmental Model: A Dynamical Analysis

CONCEPTUAL PRICIPLES OF IMPROVING THE UKRAINIAN TAX SYSTEM IN THE CONTEXT OF BUSINESS SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY

In the conducting military actions on its territory, the main students need is to ensure a harmonious and balanced development in all parts of society. The tax system is of great importance in this regard. The main problem in reforming the tax system lies in the fact that its reforming takes place over a long period of time, and more precisely, from the moment of the declaration of independence of Ukraine. With the beginning of the Great War, Ukraine found itself in a difficult situstion: tax revenues collapsed, and overnight there was a need to receive money. Summarizing the perspectives of the functioning of the new taxation system, it should be emphasized that the public receives an additional share of profits, but the business, most of its representatives it is in a destabilized position, it is not possible to make any additional expenses, because they will significantly reduce the profitability of the activity and the financiall stability of the economic entities. The concept of the tax reform, whits is discussed in the Office of Prezident, received the name “10-10-10”. It foresees a reduction of key tax rates to 10 %: corporate income tax (currently 18 %), personal income tax (18 %) and VAT (20 %). In the phase of implementation of the “10-10-10” program, budget revenues may not fall, but for this it is necessary that all enterprises come out of the shadows. In our opinion, it is appropriate for Ukraine to always have VAT, because Ukraine is integrating into the European Union, and VAT is the basic tax there. A simplified taxation systems is necessary, and it has already proven its usefulness in our conditions. It is necessary to bring labor taxation to rational form, and the EUV should reflect its economic essence, and not be just a tax on the maintenance of modern pensioners. The system of taxation in Ukraine has a significant impact on the formation of the effective part of the budgets of all countries. The tax system must comply with the principles of transparency and accountability. Tax administration should be convenient for all taxpayers and maximally understandable. In our opinion, the leading role in taxation should be played by taxes on land and other natural resources and property. And these taxes are guaranteed to supplement the Consolidated Budget of Ukraine.

Human Development Index from the Islamic Perspective: Roles of Taxation, Zakah, and Health and Education Expenditures

Human Development Index from the Islamic Perspective: Roles of Taxation, Zakah, and Health and Education Expenditures

PREFERENCES IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF AGRICULTURAL TAX IN THE URALS IN THE EARLY 1930S

The research is devoted to an important topic for historical, economic, and legal science, the implementation of the agrarian policy of the Soviet state in the countryside with the help of an agricultural tax in the initial period of mass collectivization. In scientific works on this problem, it can be noted that there is insufficient study of certain aspects of taxation, especially at the regional level. Therefore, the study of the main provisions of the legislation on agricultural tax and its application in the largest Ural region at that time will make it possible to fill in the existing gaps in science, to determine the place and role of taxation in collectivization. The purpose of the article is to reveal the peculiarities of agricultural taxation in the Urals in the early 1930s, to identify benefits for individual agricultural producers. The object of the study was individual peasant farms, personal subsidiary farms of collective farmers and collective farms, and the subject was the actual application of agricultural tax. The article uses both general scientific methods and historical-genetic, comparative and other methods of historical research. Taxation indicators in the Urals were compared with data for the country in order to identify the peculiarities of the region. The analysis of documentary materials showed how the authorities prioritized the taxation of the village, what a negative impact this tax had on the situation of individual farms, primarily the well-to-do. Dispossession, the decline in the production of agricultural products, the ruin of peasant farmsteads, the forced entry of peasants into collective farms that had preferences in taxation, were the result of socialist transformations in agriculture.

Addressing the rise of inequalities: How relevant is Rawls's critique of welfare state capitalism?

Addressing the rise of inequalities: How relevant is Rawls's critique of welfare state capitalism?

Significant Developments in the Field of Environmental and Energy Economics

Through a systematic literature review (SLR) of 36 peer-reviewed journal papers in the field of environmental and energy economics and policy, this paper explains the welfare significance and equality issues connected to addressing climate change, the role of taxation and cap-and-trade, the formulation of discount rates, the analysis of existing policy effects, the role of government, the impact of technological innovation, the analysis and potential impact of human behavior, as well as the non-market valuation. This systematic literature review combs existing research on the scope of climate change, and reflects the impact of society, government, enterprises, and the public on climate change. In addition, I will conduct an in-depth discussion and analysis of some findings, and present ideas for further and more comprehensive future research that could guide policy solutions to climate change.

IMPLICATIONS OF GOVERNMENTS WORLDWIDE EXCLUSIVELY RELYING ON THE CENTRAL BANK FOR THEIR EXPENDITURE, AS OPPOSED TO GENERATING REVENUE THROUGH TAXATION ON CITIZENS

This research paper aims at analysing theways in which the central bank regulates the amount of money that is in circulation and the role of taxation in an economy.The paper also highlights the implications that would arise if Governments across the globe relied solely on newly created money by the central bank instead of taxing its citizens. Through past examples, the paper draws the advantages and disadvantages of this system.

Assisted Reproductive Technologies, Other New Frontiers in Medicine, and the Income Tax's Role as a Backup Health Insurance System

Assisted Reproductive Technologies, Other New Frontiers in Medicine, and the Income Tax's Role as a Backup Health Insurance System

Building the EU Tax Sovereignty: Lessons from Federalism

The role of taxation within the European Union has risen (and is rising) over the years due to the establishment of the Economic and Monetary Union and the economic/financial and COVID crises. It is well established that taxation is characterized as an obstacle for the functioning of the internal market and the interpretation of the fundamental freedoms has a direct impact on the design of the domestic tax systems. The first part of this article addresses the clash between the supranational economic freedoms and the domestic tax systems in the light of the federal experience of “two levels of government”. The second part, differently, sheds light on the role of taxation within the Economic and Monetary Union. After having enucleated a principle of solidarity according to article 122(2) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, the article inquires the foundations and the limits of the European Union’s authority to tax. In particular, it aims at demonstrating that the financial assistance to the Member States in exceptional circumstances should be funded through the EU budget and EU taxes.

Inclusive Growth in the Era of Automation and AI: How Can Taxation Help?

In the last decades, the world economy is facing a massive rise in automation, robotics and Artificial Intelligence (AI) which, according to some analysts, could lead to significant job losses or job polarization and hence widen income and wealth disparities. This scenario may impede the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goal 8 (SDG 8). In this context, the role of government and regulation becomes crucial in order to prevent an undesirable scenario, where technological change, namely automation and AI, comes at the cost of mass unemployment and growing inequality. This paper focuses on the role of taxation as a possible tool for sharing the gains from automation and AI. Nowadays, advances in technology may have a direct impact on tax systems, which should be re-adapted to take into account new forms of jobs and new business models. The paper discusses pros and cons of several possible solutions and then compares progresses achieved in different countries. Concerning robot tax and digital taxes there are already some concrete steps undertaken both at national and international level, while other proposals remain still nebulous. Of course, taxation per se, and any single policy in general, is not sufficient to achieve a more inclusive and equal growth. It is instead crucial to create synergies across policies and a strong link between employment creation strategies, redistributive policies, skill development and social protection systems.

Effect of Tax Revenue Generation on Economic Growth in Nigeria

The contribution of taxation to all economies around the world cannot be exaggerated. Apart from the revenue function it performs for the government, it is also used to help the country achieve its macroeconomic goals in the areas of fiscal and monetary policy. While a significant portion of Nigeria's income comes from taxes, it has long been observed that the role of taxation in stimulating economic activity and growth remains unrecognized especially in the area of infrastructure and basic equipment. Earlier documents have shown that tax revenues in developed countries have a significant impact on economic growth, which is clearly reflected in the services provided by these countries. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between Nigerian tax revenues and economic growth in Nigeria. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to analyze the data using the Microsoft Excel package. As a result, petroleum profit tax, company income tax and value added tax have a positive impact on Nigeria's economic growth, while custom excise and duties have a negative impact, but overall, between tax revenue and Nigeria's economic growth, there is a significant correlation. The use of generated tax revenue is a serious concern, requires special attention of policy makers, taxpayer violations of tax law are obstacles, and inefficient tax administration is a sufficient loophole for tax evasion. As a result, income is reduced. In particular, the Tax Administration is only responsible for qualified professionals and trusted persons, and it is advisable to thoroughly educate the importance of taxes for the entire population.

ПРОБЛЕМЫ РАСЧЕТА НАЛОГОВОЙ БАЗЫ ПО НАЛОГУ НА ПРИБЫЛЬ В РОССИЙСКИХ КОММЕРЧЕСКИХ БАНКАХ НА ПРИМЕРЕ ПАО «ВТБ БАНК»

The paper shows the fiscal role of taxation of credit institutions, which currently has substantial significance for the Russian budget as commercial banks perform the significant taxes-and-dues payments to the Russian budget. The authors analyzed the structure of taxes from commercial banks to the federal budget and determined the role of income tax in the structure of taxes paid. The paper contains the analysis of the dynamics of VTB Bank (PJSC) expenses on the income tax payments, specifies the deviation of the estimated income tax rate from the effective one. The authors characterized the income and expenditure structure of VTB Bank to calculate income tax based on financial statements and specified the most important items of income and expenditure affecting the income tax payment. The reasons for reducing the income tax amounts of VTB Bank (PJSC) are determined. The authors conclude that income tax is the main tax expenditure item. This conclusion is confirmed based on the analysis of VTB Bank’s financial statements. The study identified the decrease in the level of profit and, accordingly, the income tax paid by the bank starting since 2017. The analysis of VTB Bank income and expenditure items found that the income items related to the calculation of loss provisions, as well as the items related to the accounting of the financial result from transactions with financial instruments had a significant impact on the amounts of the taxable income tax base. The study identified that the introduced IFRS 9 standard, which began to be used by commercial banks in Russia in 2019, influenced these items.

Extensification to Increase the Number of Personal Tax Payer in Tax Office Pratama Cirebon

A source of income tax in Indonesia, therefore, the role of taxation is very important. It gives great role of taxes in development of country, demanding the government to maximize tax income. In order to increase the amount of income from the tax sector, The Directorate General of Taxes has agreed to the rules regarding the implementation of extensification and intensification taxes. Extensification section should be able to establish good cooperation with government and private agencies. This research was conducted at Tax Office Primary Cirebon, West Java, Indonesia. This study aims to provide an overview of extensification activities which is a proactive effort of Kantor Pelayanan Pajak (KPP) Pratama Cirebon in capturing taxpayers. As a result, extensification has a significant role in recruiting a personal taxpayer. The target in 2014 as many as 5 candidate taxpayers, 12 new taxpayers, and 47 registered taxpayers. The realization always exceeded the set target. As well as an improvement in the number of registered taxpayers. Significant improvement occurred in 2014. In earlier 2013, the number of registered taxpayers reached 198.916, an improvement in 2014 reached 226.947. Incoming 2015, the president instructed to push the income from the taxation sector and until June (second quarter) in 2015 reached 240.480. This paper describes how the role of extensification increase the number of personal taxpayer through proactive efforts in increasing state revenues from taxes coordinated by the Extensification section in Tax Office.

CSR in Transition: from Voluntary to Mandatory – the Indian Case

The research presented here summarizes the first stage of a large bilateral (Israeli and Indian) academic effort. This scholarly endeavor involves an attempt to explore the impact of the Indian Mandatory CSR (MCSR) law from both practical and theoretical perspectives. We look at this unique legislation as a “pilot” scheme that challenges traditional terminologies such as Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), with its basic precondition of voluntarism (“beyond compliance”), Corporate Philanthropy, and the role of taxation between the two. Our focus in this study is on the concept of CSR and on a thematic discussion of the literature review’s findings. The two other themes are left for future investigation. The systematic review includes quantitative and qualitative analysis of 47 academic papers regarding MCSR in India. The results provide significant background information for intended further research on the subject matter. For example, 72% of the studies were conducted by Indian scholars, suggesting that the MCSR is not an attractive research topic, possibly because Western researchers do not view it as relevant. Another finding is that most of the studies reviewed (63%) were qualitative, perhaps indicating that they are focused more on managerial interviews, other reviews, and legal articles, and less on financial performance or other statistical measures. Qualitatively, the leading themes were that MCSR is debated as a form of taxation, the 2% spending cap that became a ceiling, the limits of the “comply or explain” approach, corporate fraud, MCSR’s relevance to SMEs, the director’s duties to the stakeholders and last, geographical inequality.

The Role of Taxation in the European Union Sovereign Debt Crisis

This study analyzes the current tax systems in the European Union (EU) mainly by focusing on the diversities of taxes levied on labour, consumption and capital. It is shown that the tax structures of the Member States are considerably different from each other. Further the role of tax policy in the European sovereign debt crisis is evaluated. It is considered that although taxation can not be deemed as one of the causes of the crisis, some tax policies pursued during the pre-crisis period may have contributed to the causes of the crisis. Additionally, the measures taken to cope with the crisis at the EU level and at the national level are discussed in detail.

Pareto Efficient Central Redistribution with Decentralized Redistribution

In an economy with both inter- and intra-region inequality and inconsistency between the objectives of local and central governments, this paper studies optimal non-linear federal (central) income tax under non-linear regional income taxes. Starting with a benchmark model without labor mobility, it uses the variation approach to derive a statistic-based optimal federal income tax formula, which turns out to be a function of social welfare weights, regional income distributions and labor income elasticities. Unlike the traditional Mirrleesian tax, the optimal federal income tax depends on the inter-government gap of preference instead of the central government's own preference. In particular, the optimal tax rate is non-negative (non-positive) when the central government has a relatively higher (lower) preference for equality. While in an economy without labor mobility the federal income tax is limited to remedy the inconsistency of objectives, introducing labor mobility activates federal income tax's role as a Pigovian tax which internalizes the horizontal revenue externality. The numerical analysis suggests that even if the decentralized redistribution is undesirable compared to the fully centralized redistribution, it is generally desirable when combined with the central redistribution.