Role Of Police Officers Research Articles

경찰공무원의 직무몰입이 재난대응역량에 미치는 영향에서 회복탄력성의 매개효과

Modern society faces many forms of disasters, not just emerging viral infectious diseases like COVID-19. These disasters not only cause huge losses in human and material resources, but also cause social disruption. Effective disaster response is an essential part of protecting society and its people, and the role of police officers is pivotal in this process. Police officers are directly involved in maintaining order, saving lives, and recovering from disasters during the initial response phase, so their response capabilities have a direct impact on the effectiveness of disaster management. In this context, it can be argued that police officer engagement plays a key role in enhancing disaster response capacity. To further understand the relationship between job commitment and disaster response capacity, it is also necessary to consider the internal factors of individuals. In this study, we propose resilience as such an internal factor and explore its mediating effect to enhance the effectiveness of the police role in disaster situations. The results of the analysis showed that job commitment (=.66, p<.001) was positively significant as a result of the significance test of the effect of the independent variable on the mediating variable. On the other hand, the results of the significance test of the effects of independent variables and parameters on the dependent variable showed that job commitment (=.29, p<.001) had a significant effect on disaster response capability, and the parameter resilience also had a significant effect on disaster response capability (=.33, p<.001). The results suggest that police officers' job engagement directly enhances their disaster response capabilities and that resilience partially influences this relationship. This suggests that police officers with higher job commitment have the ability to respond more effectively in disaster situations. These findings suggest that programs that promote resilience in police organizations can enhance job commitment, which in turn can improve the disaster response capabilities of police officers. Therefore, police organizations should consider implementing a variety of training and support programs to enhance resilience in addition to strategies to increase job engagement.

Evaluation of a Brief Training of Police Constables in Recognizing Suicidal Behaviour in Lagos, Nigeria

Background: Given the high frequency with which police officers encounter people challenged by mental health issues, including those at risk for suicide, a well-trained police force has the potential to play an important role in community-based suicide awareness and mental health prevention. Objectives: This paper addresses the need to understand the effects of brief suicide intervention training for police constables on the participant’s knowledge about suicide, self-rated confidence in enquiring about suicidal behaviours, and their attitudes towards suicidal behaviours. Methods: A quasi-experimental design was employed to examine the changes from pretest to post-tests with participants acting as their controls. Participants included 289 police constables who attended a 90-minute training and completed self-report surveys. The training included both didactic and experiential components. Paired t-test was used to compare means on variables across the pre-training and post-training. The significance level was set at ≤ 0.05. Results: Although the training program was brief, significant improvement in perceived knowledge, t (288) = 3.45, p < .001; self-confidence to prevent suicide, t (288) = 3.5, p < .001, and attitudes toward suicidal patients were observed immediately after training t (288) = 4.6, p < .001. Conclusion: The role of police officers as gatekeepers in suicide prevention is essential and often underestimated. A competent appearance and knowledge of suicidality can promote adequate interaction with those affected.

Pozornička delatnost u modernoj srpskoj državi kroz istoriju

This paper is aimed at researching the place and role of police officers in community as one of the oldest modalities of police activity since its inception. In addition to establishing its continuous existence and adaptation to social circumstances and security problems, the paper also addresses the needs and possibilities for the application of community poilicing activities under modern conditions. The paper indicates that activities of police officers in a community should be much more in the focus of both scientific research and police management. The need for greater participation of community policing and sector work in the contents and forms of education of professional members of the police in the light of our experiences and the community policing concept is especially emphasized. The paper examines activities of police officers in community starting from the period of the Serbian uprising, then the period of dual rule, as well as the period of Principality and the Kingdom of Serbia, then the Kingdom of SCS / Yugoslavia, the Second World War, and finally, the period from the Second World War until today, within which we distinguish time of socialism and social self-protection, 1990s, and changes after 2000.

The attrition problem: The role of police officer's decision making in rape cases

AbstractRape offences in England and Wales garner incredibly low levels of convictions. The policing stage of a complaint experiences high levels of case discontinuances. The aim of this research is to explore police officer's decision making in rape cases and how that shapes the attrition of cases. The method employed in this study is qualitative interviews, with retired or serving police officers, with the use of vignettes. This study found that police officers prioritise and continue with cases that they predict to be most likely to reach a conviction. Such predictions are guided by assessments over the strength of the evidence in cases, informed by a range of legal and extra‐legal factors. An overarching prediction employed is how likely a jury would be to convict a case. However, the participants reported that they find it incredibly difficult to accurately predict jury verdicts, making such decisions premised on a flawed logic.

Total systems failure: police officers’ perspectives on the impacts of the justice, health, and social service systems on people who use drugs

BackgroundPolice in Canada have become main responders to behavioural health concerns in the community—a role that disproportionately harms people who use drugs (PWUD). Recent calls to defund the police emphasize the need to shift responsibility for non-criminal health issues from police to health and social services. This study explores the role of police interactions in responding to PWUD within the broader institutional and structural contexts in which they operate.MethodsWe conducted a qualitative thematic analysis of interviews with sixteen police officers across nine jurisdictions in British Columbia, Canada. We examined police officers’ everyday policing experiences interacting with PWUD, enforcing drug laws, and working alongside other service sectors.ResultsOfficers explained that the criminal justice system is one component of a wider network of systems that collectively fail to meet the needs of PWUD. They recognized that PWUD who interact with police often experienced intersecting structural vulnerabilities such as poverty, homelessness, and intergenerational trauma. Harmful drug laws in conjunction with inadequate treatment and housing resources contributed to a funnelling of PWUD into interactions with police. They provided several recommendations for reform including specialized health and justice roles, formalized intersectoral collaboration, and poverty reduction.ConclusionsOverall, this study provides unique insights into the positioning and role of police officers within a “total systems failure” that negatively impact PWUD. Police have become responders-by-default for issues that are fundamentally related to people’s health conditions and socioeconomic circumstances. Addressing failures across the health, social, and justice systems to meet the needs of PWUD will require an examination of the shortcomings across these systems, as well as substantial funding and system reforms.

Police officers’ perceptions of their role at overdose events: a qualitative study

Introduction The Good Samaritan Drug Overdose Act, a federal law enacted in Canada in 2017, aims to increase bystander response to overdoses by offering legal protection for arrests related to simple possession at the scene of an overdose. As this legislation suggests, a shift has occurred to view overdose events as a medical issue, constituting a shift in the role of police officers. Our study aimed to uncover the role police perceive for themselves at overdose events. Methods Twenty-two qualitative interviews were conducted with police officers across British Columbia (BC). A thematic analysis was completed to identify patterns in the data. Findings Police officers perceived their primary role was to ensure the safety of first responders and bystanders at overdose events. Some officers favored enforcing mandatory treatment and used coercive practices to ensure overdose victims received further medical care. Discussion Policies which reframe overdose events in terms of a health rather than criminal response put into question whether police officers have a role at overdose events and, if so, what it is. Conclusions Education and awareness are needed to reduce stigma towards people who use drugs, misunderstandings around naloxone and harmful practices such as coercion, at overdose events.

Promoting Mental Health and Criminal Justice Collaboration Through System-Level Partnerships.

Recent high-profile deaths of unarmed individuals in police custody have raised concerns about the role of police officers in responding to people who are experiencing mental health crises. Of further concern, people with serious mental illness are highly over-represented throughout the entire criminal justice system including within jail, prison and community corrections populations. It is widely accepted that promoting mental health and criminal justice collaboration is a key to addressing these concerns. Promoting effective collaboration is challenging, however, due to fundamental differences in cultures and methods that exist between mental health and criminal justice service providers. To promote effective collaboration between service providers, a conceptual framework was recently published that divides the collaborative process into separate steps and outlines respective responsibilities at each step. Yet optimal collaboration between mental health and criminal justice service providers requires the support of their respective supervisors and agency heads. This paper extends previous work at the service provider level by applying the conceptual framework to promote effective collaboration at the systems level (i.e., between agencies). Barriers to inter-agency collaboration are discussed, and strategies for facilitating collaboration at each step of the collaborative process are presented.

Too Many Hats? The Role of Police Officers in Drug Enforcement and the Community

Abstract Research on police attitudes and opinions about drugs and drug enforcement is particularly relevant amidst current critiques of policing that put their role into question. The aim of this qualitative study is to examine the role of police officers in providing public health and social support to the community and people who use drugs. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 16 police officers working across British Columbia, Canada. Interviews were analysed thematically. We discuss two main themes: (1) the roles of police officers and (2) role strain among officers. The findings show that officers have multiple roles or wear multiple ‘hats’, including the crime fighter, the helper, the health responder, and the administrator. Collectively, wearing ‘too many hats’ caused role strain as well as tense relations with the community. Findings highlight the importance of establishing clear role definitions and expectations for police, as well as providing resources to address public health and social service needs for the community.

Policing in a Pandemic: a Commentary on Officer Well-being During COVID-19.

The role of police officers during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic is challenging, faced with the difficult task of keeping communities safe and preventing the spread of COVID-19 while putting their physical and mental health at risk. Emerging evidence points to the stress experiences of officers during the COVID-19 pandemic. With cases now surpassing 174 million and close to four million deaths worldwide, as well as stringent lockdown measures, police officers are faced with unprecedented challenges resulting from the pandemic. This commentary suggests police departments strengthen resources by putting in place appropriate emergency planning for future public health incidents, in addition to preparing for temporary or permanent loss of human resources. It is important to implement robust training plans post-pandemic to allow officers to offer better care for communities when faced with future public health emergencies. Finally, police officers should be provided with the resources and support to cope with the stresses associated with COVID-19.

Out from the Curtains of Secrecy: Private University Police and State Open Records Laws

The role of police officers on college campuses has grown in the past 40 years from that of “glorified custodians” to full-fledged police officers, often with powers to search, detain, arrest, and even to use deadly force. Yet most state open records laws have not kept up, failing to require disclosure of records about crimes reported to or arrests made by sworn police officers at private universities. This article provides a full national picture by identifying the statutes and analyzing the cases to address whether state open records laws apply to private university police. It then suggests that the “functional equivalency test” provides courts a method to require transparency at these police departments.

A Lei Maria da Penha e os desafios do trabalho policial

Este artigo propõe discutir a atuação de policiais na construção da queixa de violência doméstica de mulheres no cotidiano de uma delegacia de polícia. A partir de observação participante e imersão em uma delegacia, busca-se analisar as novas demandas para a atuação policial. A resposta coercitiva, que sempre marcou o lugar social da polícia brasileira, se vê confrontada, a partir de mecanismos políticos institucionais como a Lei Maria da Penha, a construir uma atuação educativa que flexibilize a lógica masculina própria da instituição. Marcadores de gênero e diferentes performances atravessam o trabalho de um (a) profissional que se vê desafiado (a) a compor novos arranjos subjetivos e saberes da prática que questionem o já consolidado aprendizado advindo da Academia de polícia.

‘It’s not getting them the support they need’: Exploratory research of police officers’ experiences of community mental health

Police officers are first responders in a role which not only encompasses crime, but also increasing welfare issues. Issues have been highlighted with officers ‘detaining’ those with mental health difficulties and the impact that this process can have upon all involved. However, there appears to be a shift towards a police-health nexus. An exploratory study interviewed ten UK police officers with a view to understanding officers’ experiences of working with people with mental health difficulties and the availability of training for this role. With increasing demands to support people with mental health concerns, alongside a reduction in officer numbers, thematic analysis highlighted three themes: Support, Impact on the Officer and Understanding Mental Health. Increasing demands, a lack of training and limited multi-agency working were experienced by officers. However, officer-to-officer support was strong. Recommendations are made to increase collaborative multi-agency working and review the role of police officers as first responders in mental health crises.

PERANAN APARAT KEPOLISIAN DALAM MENANGGULANGI PENYALAHGUNAAN NAPZA (NARKOTIKA, PSIKOTROPIKA DAN ZAT ADIKTIF) DI KALANGAN REMAJA


 Adolescence is a national bud that plays a role in the success of development because they are the successor of the older generation who inherited the ideals of the struggle and development of the country, though because of mental and adolescent behavior should not be damaged and involved in drug abuse. So that with such conditions can make everyone uneasy. The purpose of this research is to know the actions of Police Officers in providing mental guidance to Banjaran teenagers in order not to get involved in drugs. This research was conducted by using descriptive method, to obtain the data used in conducting observation, interview, questionnaire and literature study. The population studied were teenagers in the Village Margahurip is 685 people, who made the sample of 137 people. Based on the results of data obtained using Chi-quadrat formula shows that the role of police officers in overcoming drug abuse (Narcotics, Psychotropic and Addictive Substance) among adolescents in the Village Margahurip Banjaran, Bandung regency has been successfully implemented with a change in adolescent self and the existence good response from the Police Officers in the handling of the case of drugs as well as from the teenagers themselves. While the suggestion is to other authors should do researches that can change one's stance on the desire for success so it becomes a necessity. Because if someone considers desire to be a necessity then someone always wants to change.

The Role of Police Officer Race/Ethnicity on Crime Rates in Immigrant Communities

Few studies have examined the role of city police officer racial/ethnic representation on violent crime in immigrant neighborhoods. Yet police officer race/ethnicity might play a significant role in bolstering or weakening the relationship between immigration and violent crime rates. Researchers have posited that increasing the representation of minority officer would be an important avenue for making police departments more accountable to the communities they serve. The current study contributes to existing research by using national (i.e., 89 cities and 8,980 neighborhoods) data on violent crime from large U.S. cities. We examine the relationship between immigration, violent crime rates, and minority police officer representation using multilevel modeling techniques. Results indicate that neighborhood immigrant concentration is associated with lower robbery and homicide rates. Moreover, the negative relationship between immigrant concentration and violent crime rates is strengthened by city African American and Hispanic officer representation. Policy implications for law enforcement are discussed.

Identification of Nonfatal Strangulation by 911 Dispatchers: Suggestions for Advances Toward Evidence-Based Prosecution.

Research highlights the need for systematic law enforcement training on nonfatal strangulation in domestic violence situations to improve evidence-based prosecution of these violent felonies. However, most of this research focuses on the role of police officers in the safety response. Although often overlooked, this research examines the role of 911 dispatchers, who are many times the first person the victim calls for assistance. This study examines official domestic violence records, gathered through a partnership with a County Sheriff's agency, to determine whether domestic violence strangulation is being adequately identified and documented by first responders. This research highlights the need for considering 911 dispatchers as having a potentially critical role in a comprehensive response to domestic violence strangulation from initial screening to eventual prosecution.

Assumed race moderates spontaneous racial bias in a computer‐based police simulation

We demonstrated that playing the roles of different outgroup races can elicit extrapersonal racial bias associated with respective racial groups. In a modified version of a computer‐based police simulation, the police officer's race was visually manipulated to be either Black or White. Korean participants made quick decisions whether to shoot targets (Black or White, armed or unarmed) on screen. Comparison of behavioral bias in the task revealed that, as expected, playing the role of a White police officer was associated with a stronger bias against Black targets compared to playing a Black police officer's role. The result suggests that when a social category is activated, one's race‐related behavior can reflect one's beliefs about the biases that members of that category hold.

Teaching the College of Policing pre-employment “Certificate in Knowledge of Policing” to undergraduate students

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to assist in identifying the value to the student of the College of Policing approved Certificate in Knowledge of Policing (CKP), whilst identifying some of the challenges encountered by both students and staff. Design/methodology/approach – The research involved students completing self-administered questionnaires both on commencing their study of the CKP and completing the programme. Written student feedback was also collected and a focus group was facilitated with the academic teaching staff. The research approach adopted was aimed at influencing the development of the programme, whilst establishing the value of the CKP to students. Findings – The research suggests that completing the CKP did not significantly influence the students’ career choice, however, it did have a positive impact on the development of their confidence in terms of applying for the role of a police officer. Both staff and students identified the quantity of the knowledge to be taught and learnt, with staff also reporting the additional benefit to them of refreshing their subject knowledge. Research limitations/implications – The external validity of this research beyond the sample group is limited, due to, for example, different programmes of study at different institutions, etc., however, the findings are informative. The reliability of the research is good, however, it must also be considered the behaviour of respondents may have been influenced by taking part in the research. Further longitudinal research should be conducted following cohorts of students completing the CKP through initial application to employment. Practical implications – The CKP is currently viewed by many as an educational package to be completed prior to an application for employment as a police officer, whereas consideration should be given to using the CKP as a way to inform and build an individual’s confidence that the police officer role is the career for them, or otherwise. Originality/value – This research has identified how, amongst this group of students, completing the new concept of a pre-employment CKP, approved by the College of Policing, has increased their confidence in applying to become a police officer. As such, this is of value to those teaching the CKP and the College of Policing.

Empirical Evaluation of Aptitude Testing and Transcript Review for Police Cadet Applicants

The selection of police cadets is complex and critically important given the role of police officers in the maintenance of public safety. As a result, there has been ongoing research on the relationship between common selection criteria, such as previous educational attainment and aptitude test scores and police academy outcomes. This study explores this relationship using attained marks in core high-school courses and scores from two aptitude tests as predictor variables and final grade in select academy courses as outcome variables. Results support the use of the predictor variables in cadet selection.

Phenomena of Childhood Trauma and Expanding Approaches to Early Intervention

Throughout my career, psychoanalytic training has always served three invaluable roles or functions. It has been central to conducting all of my clinical work with patients – whether in consultations, psychoanalysis or psychotherapy; informs all of the teaching and supervision I do as a professor of child and adult psychiatry at the Yale School of Medicine; and it has been the basis for developing new treatment approaches that might benefit a substantial number of children and families who are deeply impacted by trauma that results from their exposure to violence and other catastrophic events. The fact that these children and families were both rarely recognized and rarely seen in our consulting rooms or clinics led to the development the Child Development-Community Policing program (CDCP), a psychoanalytically informed collaboration between law enforcement and mental health professionals (Marans, 1996, Marans et al., 1995). The CDCP program involves the cross-training of both professional groups – clinicians learn about the work and role of police officers as sources of order and safety, while police officers learn about the principles of development as a context for considering the impact of the events that require their presence on the lives of children and families. Over the years, the CDCP program has led to new methods of responding collaboratively to potentially traumatic events that occur in homes and neighborhoods (Marans, Smolover, & Hahn, 2012) and has been replicated or served as model for similar law enforcement–mental health partnerships in numerous communities around the United States and abroad. The notion that psychoanalytic principles could be applied to settings beyond the consulting room was not new. My training at the Hampstead Clinic and earlier exposure to psychoanalysis and its applications while growing up made me especially aware of the enormous contributions made by psychoanalysts – Anna Freud, Dorothy Burlingham, August Aichorn, Sally Provence, Sam Ritvo, Edith Jackson, James and Joyce Robertson, Al Solnit, Dale Meers, Mel Lewis, Selma Fraiberg to name but a few – who increased both the recognition and breadth of response to the needs of children whose optimal development was at greatest risk. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Training to Enhance Effective Handling of Emotionally Disturbed Person Calls

The major purpose of the research project was to establish that training programs enhance the ability to address emotionally disturbed persons (EDP) calls for road patrol officers (RPO) from the Onondaga County Sheriff’s Office. The null hypothesis consisted of the theory that the current system, which is a combination of academy training and infrequent use of field training, is adequate to properly prepare RPO for dispatch to EDP situations. Therefore, the project was designed to assess current training provided officers in order to perform their duties concerning EDP calls. This information is utilized for recommendations designed for the Onondaga County Sheriff’s Office to implement training conducive to the highest learning capacity and cost effectiveness. The findings revealed several key points with regard to the data collected from the surveys conducted at the Onondaga County Sheriff’s Office. Although there are many crisis intervention teams active throughout the country, survey results revealed Onondaga County Sheriff’s deputies are not familiar with the model. Answers from the survey reflect that laws pertaining to liability are not familiar to the test subjects. The deputies responding to the survey do agree that there is an increasing problem stemming from lack of treatment options for people with mental illness. Survey respondents also agree they are first responders to people with emotional disturbances on a regular basis. Several conclusions were drawn from the culmination of the research as follows. “As the role of police officers continues to expand from exclusively crime fighting to encompass other serviceoriented functions, they must be able to recognize the characteristics of individuals in crisis in order to provide an effective and helpful resolution to the situation while preventing liability and risk of injury” (Olivia, Morgan & Compton, 2010, p. 16). The Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) model has been successfully implemented in several states across the country. There have also been successful CIT programs implemented in other countries. The research concludes that officers trained in crisis intervention regarding vulnerable populations are more effective in handling situations that involve EDPs. Research with respect to legal liability supports training as key to mitigating liability for law enforcement agencies as well as for officers’ personal liability. The survey responses revealed a lack of understanding with regard to special populations and legal liability that potentially can be remedied by implementing a CIT program. The recommendations that the research supported are more research and education on effective ways to enhance officer response to EDP calls, most cost effective delivery of training, and partnerships that can be formed to facilitate implementation of a successful CIT program. With training, the skill base and knowledge can be conveyed to de-escalate crisis situations resulting in better outcomes regarding officer safety, liability to the department and service to the community.