ABSTRACT Bureaucratic encounters are often beset with administrative burdens that hinder access to government services, particularly for vulnerable groups. Consequently, efforts have been made to reduce them as part of a broader thrust recognized as administrative burden reduction (ABR). Research indicates that ‘people’ (e.g. bureaucrats, politicians, and even clients themselves) are viable sources of ABR. The current study builds on this research agenda and probes whether non-state actors, such as Non-Profit Organization workers, qualify as viable sources of ABR. A welfare-based experiment is conducted with 663 U.S. residents, manipulating burden intensity and fraud-reducing functions, to assess intentions toward ABR. Findings indicate that Non-Profit workers are among the ‘people’ who contribute to ABR as they are more likely to assist vulnerable clients in unburdening themselves. Non-Profit workers’ inclination to assist is contingent on the burden intensity and the motivation behind the burdens, though the role of efficacy as a factor is less pronounced.

ABSTRACT The Amhara Fano (in Amharic language, የዐማራ ፋኖ), a paramilitary group in Ethiopia, has become a significant player in the nation’s security and peacekeeping efforts, serving as guardians of sovereignty. This article investigates the role of the Amhara Fano, emphasizing their contributions to preserving Ethiopia’s territorial integrity and fostering social cohesion. The analysis is based on extensive fieldwork and interviews with Fano leaders, members, and local communities. The article explores the Fano’s historical roots, their relationship with the Ethiopian state and security forces, and their evolving role in addressing various security challenges, such as ethnic conflicts, inter-communal violence, and extremist threats. The research reveals that Amhara Fano’s actions are driven by a strong sense of patriotism, national identity, and a desire to protect their Country and communities from harm. The article also highlights the potential risks and challenges associated with the Fano’s involvement in security matters, including the possibility of politicization and the erosion of state authority. Overall, this article sheds light on the complex dynamics of security provision in Ethiopia, offering valuable insights into the role of non-state actors in promoting peace and stability in a rapidly changing political landscape.

Rohingya refugees are an ethnic minority group from Myanmar seeking protection from persecution and violence. Their presence in the border region of Riau Province, Indonesia, poses humanitarian, security, and diplomatic challenges that require humane and internationally standard responses. This study aims to analyze the role of the Indonesian government, particularly the Riau Provincial Government, in handling Rohingya refugees from 2022 to 2024. The methodology used is a qualitative approach with a phenomenological method. Primary data collection was conducted through interviews and observations, while secondary data came from official documents and journals related to the Rohingya refugee issue. Data analysis uses condensation, presentation, and conclusion-drawing techniques. This study finds that the role of the Indonesian government includes multilateral coordination, the implementation of humanitarian policies, human rights protection, health services, and refugee security, in accordance with international instruments and principles. In addition to multilateral cooperation, the role of non-state actors is also important in maintaining human security and meeting the needs of Rohingya refugees. This study contributes to understanding the roles of the government and related actors, while also serving as an important reference for finding humane and constructive solutions to the Rohingya refugee issue on the Riau border.

Since anthropogenic causes accelerate rapid climate change with intensifying the adverse impacts of climate induce hazards, Non-State Actors (NSAs) have emerged as pivotal actors in climate governance. The aim of this research is to explore the diverse roles and contributions of NSAs in climate governance and analyze the challenges and institutional barriers they encounter with proposing some recommendations to strengthen their impact. It employs a qualitative approach where data were collected through KII method. Thematic analysis reveals some meaningful role of NSAs in climate governance including advocating for climate justice, raising awareness, promoting sustainable technologies, enhancing community adaptation and resilience, and collaborating across sectors. Digital awareness campaign of Greenpeace during the Copenhagen and Paris Conference and BRAC's climate-resilient housing and rainwater harvesting initiatives in Bangladesh can be placed as notable examples of NSAs’ roles. Despite their significant contributions, several persistent challenges such as poor coordination among NSAs and with state actors, legitimacy deficits, governance gaps, lack of institutional support and insufficient financing impedes them to realize their full potential. To overcome these challenges, this study recommends the need for legal inclusion of NSAs’ roles, inclusive participation, incorporating intersectionality, stronger accountability mechanisms and sustainable financial frameworks. Furthermore, this study offers actionable recommendations for policymakers and practitioners seeking to enhance the effectiveness of non-state engagement in climate action.

Climate hazard adaptation in Uganda’s tropical highlands: an actor-network theory perspective on gendered smallholder strategies and the role of non-state actors

The aim of the article is to present the role of non-governmental organizations conducting search and rescue operations in the Mediterranean Sea in the hybrid model of migration management and to demonstrate that the functioning of this model is associated with fundamental difficulties. This hypothesis is tested by analyzing the activities of associations conducting operations at sea, with particular emphasis on two organizations (Sea Watch and Jugend Rettet) and the activities of the Italian government, which is attempting to play a superior role over private associations. The article indicates difficulties in harmonious cooperation between the state and private organizations. The conclusions indicate that these difficulties result from the politicization of migration by some organizations and the reluctance to attempt to include a private search and rescue system in a system operating under state control. The article contributes to research on the cooperation of the state and non-state actors in migration management and points to the difficulties associated with regulating and standardizing the activities performed by private organizations.

This study explores how civil wars serve as catalysts for the transformation of military strategy and the shaping of national identity, particularly in the transition from second-generation warfare (2GW) to third-generation warfare (3GW). Using a descriptive qualitative approach and literature analysis from reputable international sources, this research examines the dynamics of combat tactics, the role of non-state actors, and the socio-political impacts of internal armed conflicts. Findings reveal that civil wars promote the adoption of more flexible, adaptive, and decentralized military strategies, such as infiltration, urban warfare, and the use of low-cost yet effective technologies like drones. Moreover, these conflicts generate social pressure, refugee flows, and intergenerational trauma that reconstruct collective identity and national narratives. Civil wars not only trigger tactical innovation within the military domain but also drive significant changes in power structures and the global social landscape. Thus, civil wars function as both strategic arenas and historical laboratories for the evolution of contemporary warfare paradigms.

Digital sovereignty is significant in the 21st century because of increased threats to cyber security and increased level of connectivity. This research investigates the dilemma of the states and their quest for mastering information technologies, and creating and maintaining their sovereign digital space while being a part of the digital global network. These aspects of the interactions between international law and cyberspace are explored through doctrinal assessment of legal instruments and case-study approaches to issues touching on data localization laws, cybersecurity threats and the roles of non-state actors – such as multinational corporations and international organizations. It analyses and assesses the legal measures that states use in exercising digital control, regulate cross border data flows for security reasons, and in the international agreements and national laws’ application. The research reveals the conflict between state-centered and global collaborations approaches and provides ideas for the coordination of the cybersecurity regulations around the world, to enhance communication between states and the non-state players, and to maintain the stability of good governance. Specifically, this work advances important knowledge regarding the state of digital governance and presents approaches to safeguard digital sovereignty together with envisioning a new age of innovation and collaboration in cyberspace.

Resumen: Este artículo examina cómo los procesos consultivos se han convertido en un mecanismo de participación y acceso a la justicia climática para los defensores de intereses de las generaciones futuras. En la primera parte, se analizan los fundamentos normativos de la protección intergeneracional desde el marco de la sostenibilidad y los derechos humanos. En la segunda parte, se estudia la cuestión desde la perspectiva práctica, el rol de los actores no estatales en los procesos consultivos sobre cambio climático ante la Corte Internacional de Justicia (CIJ) y la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos (CtIDH). Esta sección analiza el caso del movimiento World Youth for Climate en el marco de la CIJ y el uso del mecanismo de Amicus Curiae ante la CtIDH. Finalmente, se plantean reflexiones sobre el grado de participación y el impacto potencial de estas iniciativas para ampliar el espectro de protección de intereses de las generaciones futuras desde los derechos humanos frente a la crisis del cambio climático. Abstract: This article examines how advisory proceedings have become a mechanism for participation and access to climate justice for advocates of the interests of future generations. The first part analyzes the foundations of intergenerational protection in response to the human rights crisis caused by climate change. In the second part, the issue is studied from a practical perspective: the role of non-state actors in advisory proceedings on climate change before the International Court of Justice (ICJ) and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACtHR). This section examines the case of the World Youth for Climate movement within the ICJ framework and the use of the Amicus Curiae mechanism before the IACtHR. Finally, reflections are offered on the degree of participation and the potential impact of these initiatives to broaden the spectrum of human rights protection of future generations in the face of the climate change crisis. Palabras clave: Derechos Humanos. Cambio Climático. Futuras Generaciones. Actores no Estatales. Keywords: Human Rights. Climate Change. Future Generations. Non-State Actors. Índice: 1. Introducción 2. Fundamentos de la protección intergeneracional ante la crisis climática 2.1. El cambio climático: una crisis de derechos humanos 2.2. El desarrollo sostenible y su conexión con los derechos humanos desde una perspectiva intergeneracional 3. Oportunidades de acceso a la justicia climática de las futuras generaciones en procesos consultivos sobre derechos humanos: una mirada hacia el movimiento climático juvenil y los amicus curiae 3.1. World Youth for Climate Justice: el movimiento transnacional que intenta redefinir el acceso de actores no estatales ante la Corte Internacional de Justicia 3.2. El amicus curiae ante la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos: su contribución a la transformación del acceso a la justicia para las futuras generaciones 4. Conclusiones 5. Bibliografía Index: 1. Introduction 2. Foundations of intergenerational protection in the face of the climate crisis 2.1. Climate change: a human rights crisis 2.2. Sustainable development and its connection to human rights from an intergenerational perspective 3. Opportunities for access to climate justice for future generations in advisory proceedings on human rights: an approach to the youth climate movement and amicus curiae 3.1. World Youth for Climate Justice: the transnational movement that seeks to redefine the access of non-state actors before the International Court of Justice 3.2. The amicus curiae before the Inter-American Court of Human Rights: its contribution to transforming access to justice for future generations 4. Conclusions 5. Bibliography

The role of non-state actors in shaping UN climate change side event discussions

This study conducts a bibliometric analysis of research on social welfare in multicultural societies, examining publication trends, key themes, and collaborative networks. Using data from Scopus and analyzed through VOSviewer, the study identifies major research clusters centered on migration, cultural diversity, government policies, and socioeconomic factors. Findings indicate a shift in scholarly focus from economic disparities and human rights to emerging concerns around digital transformation, social integration, and inclusive welfare policies. The study also highlights regional disparities in research contributions, with Western scholars dominating the discourse while emerging research networks develop in Asia and other regions. Additionally, gaps in comparative welfare studies, the role of non-state actors, and the impact of digital technologies on welfare provision are identified as future research priorities. These findings offer valuable insights for policymakers, researchers, and practitioners seeking to enhance welfare policies in diverse and evolving social contexts.

Abstract: This article examined the effectiveness of constructive strategies for engaging the public in county governance in Nandi County, Kenya, 2024. It highlighted that the legal and institutional framework has not ensured public participation as intended by the Kenya 2010 constitution. The study’s objectives included examining the effectiveness of constructive strategies for engaging the public in county governance in Nandi County. It utilised Adam Smith’s Rational Choice Model and employed a concurrent mixed research design, incorporating purposive sampling. Data was collected through questionnaires and interviews, with secondary data from document analysis. Analysis was done using a statistical package for the social sciences for descriptive statistics, and qualitative data was processed through thematic analysis. Devolution in Kenya, implemented in 2013, shifted responsibilities to county governments to enhance transparency and public participation. It allowed citizens to elect local leaders and engage in decision-making, promoting responsive governance. The County Government Act (2012) emphasises timely access to information and the role of non-state actors in fostering citizen involvement. The findings revealed that the most common mode of collaboration was electing project leaders. However, many individuals were unaware of the importance of participation, leading to low engagement, especially in project identification and implementation. The primary source of information on development projects was barazas (public meetings). The study concluded that public participation in development projects is below desired levels as per the County Government Act and recommended that Nandi County should improve public engagement across all sectors for a more significant impact on constructive strategies.

Cyberwarfare has become one of the most prominent aspects of global geopolitical competition, introducing a new dimension of conflict involving states and non-state actors. Although research on the role of states in cyber warfare has been amplacious, research on the role of non-state actors is still limited. This study aims to analyze the role and impact of non-state actors in global cyber warfare. In cyber warfare, non-state actors can exploit the vulnerabilities of security systems to achieve their political or ideological goals, changing geopolitical dynamics in unexpected ways. Case studies raised in this study include cyber attacks by Anonymous groups against governments and companies, cyber acts of terrorism by ISIS, manipulation of information by extremist groups to achieve their political goals, and the use of digital propaganda in regional conflicts. By paying attention to the concept of force and security in the perspective of realism, this research is expected to provide a better understanding of how non-state actors influence global geopolitical dynamics through cyber warfare. The implication of this research is the importance of strengthening national cyber defense and international cooperation in the face of threats presented by non-state actors in the cyber domain.

Catching On The Roles Of Non-State Actors In Africa’s Development: Non-Governmental Organizations In Ghana As A Focal Point Of Study

Abstract The Saami Council, founded in 1956, is one of the oldest Indigenous-led international organisations in the world. Despite this, its role and place on the world stage have been seldom examined, as has the place of internationally facing Indigenous Peoples’ Organisations more broadly. Using the organisation’s historical documents, among other sources, this article constructs a historic case study of the Saami Council from its founding in 1956 until the year 2000 to examine how it has evolved during this period and to better understand its standing within the greater international community. As the study discusses, since its inception, the organisation has evolved into an example of an Indigenous-led diplomatic organisation – one that came about through the changing political climate of the 1970s and solidified in the late 1990s. This evolution has implications for how we understand Indigenous-led advocacy and the role of non-state actors in international relations.

The role of non-state actors in modern warfare: case studies from Middle East

The article proposes a methodological approach to forecasting the sources of military threats to ensure the military security of Ukraine. The methodological approach is based on forecasting the state of the international situation, the military-political situation and their interrelationships. Taking into account the trends in the development of modern civilization until 2035, it is proposed to take into account a number of key factors, namely: the influence of government structures as subjects of IDPs; the role of non-state actors; global trends in political, economic, information, communication and scientific and technological development. Two important megatrends are considered: demographic problems and the growing demand for food and resources. To solve the problem of forecasting the sources of military conflicts, a number of directions are proposed, namely: the creation of effective infrastructure; integration of modern technologies; development of a flexible management system; creation of a network of international cooperation.

The border conflict between India and Pakistan in the Kashmir region has persisted for over seven decades, making it one of the most complex territorial disputes in the world. This conflict is rooted not only in religious differences and national identity but also in strategic interests tied to the region's abundant water resources and its geostrategic position. The tensions in this area have significantly impacted regional security in South Asia an d h av e f ar -r eac h in g im plic at ion s f or global stability, particularly given the involvement of two nuclear-armed states. This study examines the geopolitical dynamics of the Kashmir border conflict, focusing on factors influencing the dispute, including national interests, the role of non-state actors, and the influence of major powers in the region. Furthermore, it evaluates efforts made by international organizations and other states to mediate the conflict, as well as the challenges encountered in achieving a sustainable and peaceful resolution. Utilizing a multidisciplinary approach, this research aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of how the Kashmir conflict affects global security and proposes multilateral diplomatic strategies as a pathway toward long-term stability. Keywords: Geopolitics, Kashmir, South Asia, Global Security

The Roles of Non-State Actors in Africa’s Development: A Case Study of Non-Governmental Organisations in Ghana

This study explores the formation of Lebanese national identity through anti-occupation resistance from 1978 to 2000, employing historical methodology with a multidisciplinary approach. It examines how resistance shaped Lebanon's collective consciousness, challenged sectarian divisions, and redefined its role regionally and globally. Using a combination of collective memory (Halbwachs), nationalism (Anderson), critical geopolitics (Toal), cultural trauma (Alexander), postcolonial theory (Said and Bhabha), and social movement theory (Tarrow and McAdam), the research analyzes the transformation of fear into resilience and the impact of the 2000 Israeli withdrawal on identity formation. The study highlights the dual nature of resistance culture, both unifying and challenging, and critically examines how shared trauma influences national identity. It addresses generational shifts in perceptions of resistance and focuses on long-term identity implications, offering a forward-looking perspective on Lebanon’s ongoing development. By integrating historical methods with insights from nationalism, social movements, and cultural studies, the research situates Lebanon’s resistance within broader regional and global dynamics, providing insights into asymmetric warfare and the role of non-state actors in international relations.