Role Of Mexico Research Articles

Evolution and Resistance to Sexuality Education in Mexico.

Since the 1930s, Mexico has made substantial progress in providing adolescents with sexuality education through an evolving national school-based program. As part of a broader effort to document strategies to build support for and deal with resistance to sexuality education, this analysis uses a historical lens to answer 2 key questions: (1) How has the nature of sexuality education in Mexico evolved from the 1930s to the 2010s? (2) How have the drivers, responses, support, and resistance to sexuality education impacted Mexico's experience implementing and sustaining school-based sexuality education? The analysis was informed by a review of peer-reviewed and gray literature as well as the personal experience and documents of one of the authors, who has played a central role in Mexico's sexuality education effort for 50 years. The findings were organized according to 4 time periods-the 1930s, the 1970s, the 1990s, and the first 2 decades of the 21st century-that emerged during the analysis as distinct periods with regard to the social and political context of school-based sexuality education. Within each of these time periods, the following 4 thematic aspects were assessed: drivers, responses, support, and resistance, with a particular focus on the rationales and strategies of resistance over time.Findings: This analysis identified determined support for school-based sexuality education in the 4 historical time periods from a range of governmental and nongovernmental stakeholders. However, opposition to sexuality education also steadily rose in the time period considered, with a growing range of more organized and well-financed actors. The Mexican government's commitment to delivering school-based sexuality education has driven its inclusion in public schools, along with expansion of its curricula from primarily biological content to a more comprehensive approach. Mexico's experience with sexuality education can inform other countries' efforts to consider the drivers, responses, support, and resistance that may be present in their own contexts. This type of analysis can contribute to strategic, well-informed, and well-conceived programmatic design and implementation to build support for sexuality education and deal with resistance.

Extending Rights to Marginalized Minorities: Same-Sex Relationship Recognition in Mexico and the United States

AbstractWhat explains the extension of greater rights to traditionally marginalized minorities? This article compares the extension of legal equality to lebian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people in Mexico and the United States with a focus on the legal recognition of same-sex relationships. A national-level comparison of gay rights in Mexico and the United States presents a theoretical puzzle: most theories predict that the United States would have more egalitarian policies than Mexico, but in fact, Mexico has provided greater legal equality for LGBT people for a longer time than the United States. A subnational analysis of equal relationship rights in the United States and Mexico provides evidence to support social movement and partisan theories of minority rights. We find that religion plays a different role in Mexico than in the United States. The different findings at the national and subnational levels suggest the importance of subnational comparative analysis in heterogeneous federal systems.

Review: Voices of Counterculture in the Southwest, edited by Jack Loeffler and Meredith Davidson, Irwin Klein and the New Settlers: Photographs of Counterculture in New Mexico, edited by Benjamin Klein

Jack Loeffler and Meredith Davidson, eds. Voices of Counterculture in the Southwest Santa Fe: Museum of New Mexico Press, 2017, 208 pp., 44 color and 44 b/w illus. $34.95 (cloth), ISBN 9780890136232 Benjamin Klein, ed. Irwin Klein and the New Settlers: Photographs of Counterculture in New Mexico Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2016, 192 pp., 92 b/w illus. $29.95, ISBN 9780803285101 The fiftieth anniversary of the 1967 Summer of Love launched a wave of retrospection in former epicenters of counterculture activity. Dozens of exhibitions and public events reexamined hippie cultural history in the San Francisco Bay Area, including On the Road to the Summer of Love at the California Historical Society, Lavender-Tinted Glasses at the LGBT History Museum, the Psychedelic Soul encounter series at the Museum of the African Diaspora, and Flower Power at the Asian Art Museum, just to mention a few. Scholars mined the Day-Glo past at “Revisiting the Summer of Love,” a conference sponsored by Northwestern University's San Francisco–based Center for Civic Engagement. These enterprises reassessed critiques of the counterculture from left, right, and center—whether portrayed, respectively, as a craven trailblazer of niche consumption; the defiler of red-white-and-blue values; or a dopey purveyor of tie-dyed buffoonery. Recent scholarship and public memory increasingly regard the Summer of Love as a pivot linking rebellious Beat-era cultural innovation with contemporary Bay Area ventures in social, technological, and economic disruption. Easily overlooked in the celebration of California hippiedom is New Mexico's role as a proving ground for counterculture ideologies and practices. The “Great Hippie Invasion” crested between 1967 and 1971, bringing novel philosophies and habitats to the Taos altiplano. Census figures put New Mexico's hippie population at 3,314 in 1970; a third of those identified as hippies lived in communes such as Hog Farm, Lama Foundation, Morningstar East, Manera Nueva, and Reality Construction Company. While the number of newcomers may have been small, their presence challenged a taut social equilibrium established among Anglo, Hispano, and Native American residents. From afar, Taos may have seemed “a leading candidate for [the] hippie capital of America,” as declared by Parade magazine, but in reality it was riven by resentment and violence.1 With most communards …

Desarrollismo subnacional para el nuevo siglo

<p>La apertura económica y la ausencia de políticas industriales sectoriales, por parte de la Federación, representaron un nuevo reto para los gobiernos subnacionales al iniciar el nuevo siglo. El presente artículo argumentará que en lugar de que se tuviera un completo abandono del Estado mexicano en cuanto a política industrial se refiere, lo que hubo fue un traslado o apropiación de funciones desarrollistas a nivel subnacional. Para ello, se examinaron dos estados de la República mexicana cuyas políticas industriales sectoriales representaron un claro contraste con el retraimiento federal. La literatura del “nuevo desarrollismo” servirá como trasfondo a dichas atribuciones subnacionales generadas en México, marcando una divergencia con el paradigma neoliberal a nivel federal.</p>

La revolución social en Costa Rica. Reforma Social, Iglesia Católica, Partido Comunista y Guerra Civil de 1948

The civil war in Costa Rica was the scene of the most violent confrontation of classes given Costa Rican society. Scenario of violence physical, political, financial and ideological. The vanquished were victims of persecution, exile and social and political exclusion for decades. Espionage and regional partnerships were key to the triumph of the victorious forces. Presents a reflection on the main actors of the clash of classes, political, ideological and military. The growing season of social, trade union organizations of major triumphs of social legislation and progressive social programs, which were confronted by opposition groups allied to Central American pacts. The vanquished militarily surrender under a Pact being ignored. And it reflects on the need to return to primary sources to better understand these events. Clarify the conspiracies and political and international pressure, the role of Mexico in espionage, is still pending to investigate other issues, refugees, prison, the dead and the missing from this period.

U.S. Support for Migration Enforcement in Mexico: A Humanitarian Perspective

The Mexican government, due to pressure from the Obama administration and Congress, has continued to increase the number of Central American migrants, including unaccompanied children, which it deports back to their violent home countries. The new role of Mexico as immigration enforcer has reduced pressure on Washington to deal with the sources of the crisis: violence, weak institutions, and lack of opportunity in Honduras, Guatemala, and El Salvador.

Itinerarios de artistas cubanos en México: Pensar la ciudadanía desde otro lugar.

La reconfiguración del concepto de ciudadanía en el Caribe hispano, tomando en cuenta los procesos migratorios, son abordados a través de las experiencias de un grupo de artistas cubanos. La presencia de México como paradigma y lugar de vivencias personales y profesionales para los creadores cubanos, se incluye en este análisis de los itinerarios artísticos de la ciudadanía. El tema de la revisitación de la cultura latinoamericana, a partir del contacto del artista cubano con el universo mítico de la cosmogonía mesoamericana, ofrece alternativas para el análisis de los procesos creativos y de las interacciones con sus respectivos contextos de formación y realización y exhibición de sus propuestas. La postura ética del artista cubano ante el tema migratorio y su exploración en nuevas acepciones de ciudadanía, son abordadas en el texto a través de la obra de artistas como Juan Francisco Elso, Leandro Soto, José Bedia y Sandra Ramos. Los repertorios sígnicos que se generan a partir de la migración, operan como dispositivos de significado y se integran a un discurso visual profundamente reflexivo acerca de la ciudadanía, entre la política y la estética.

Public policies on the use of drugs in Mexico and Latin America

Recently, there has been a more profound political debate in Latin American countries around the possibilities of legal regulation and decriminalization of currently controlled drugs, particularly cannabis. This debate is a complex one that deals with a growing drug trade towards North America and Europe, as well as oversaturated judicial and health systems across Latin America. Mexico's role in the production and/or distribution of controlled drugs has been recognized for many years, but only recently has Mexico’s own problematic use of drugs, especially in the cities of the northern and southern borders, been raised as an issue. Drug policy in Mexico has a long history, which can only be understood in its political and economic contexts and its relations with the United States. Mexican drug policy is stipulated in several legal documents such as the Constitution, the General Health Law and specific Official Mexican Standards, amongst others. In these documents possession, use and sale of drugs are considered illegal, but in case of some drugs like cannabis, cocaine, opium, heroin, MDA, MDMA, Meth (crystal), and LSD, the maximum amount that an individual may possess for personal use is stipulated. Currently, there are controversies in Mexico regarding exempting the use of certain drugs (especially cannabis) for medical indications as well as increasing the maximum amounts under which possession is deemed for personal use whilst reducing the penalty in case of personal use in small doses.

Juan de Palafox y China

This paper examines the book History of the Conquest of China by the Tartars written by the bishop of Puebla Juan de Palafox (1600-1659). This essay seeks to demonstrate that this is an important testimony of the fall of the Ming Dynasty in 1644, in the context of other Western accounts of that event.It also shows the worldwide effect of the Manchu invasion over China and the perception of historical crisis, as he observedin his textwritten in New Spain during the Dynasty's transition. Lastly, the essay tries to analyze the participation of Archbishop Palafox on the controversy regarding Jesuit methods in the evangelization of China. The involvement of Palafox in the Rites Controversy was due to his pastoral role in Mexico and his duties in connection with Asia, accordingly with the Patronato Real. The work of Palafox shows also the viewpoint of a statesman's observer of the global trends occurring during this problematic time.

Contexto histórico y forma de vida obrera en México: el caso de la papelera San Rafael (1894-1940)

This article aims to describe the main features of the constructions made by the factories, mainly in the center and around the city of Mexico, since the late nineteenth century to the twentieth. The factories of Mexico in the nineteenth century were characterized by various constructive and technological elements that were giving them a unique profile within the productive landscape of the country. To observe the process of construction, mainly of spaces for the workers, the case of one of the most important factories attached role in Mexico, paper and addressed San Rafael. The San Rafael Company, established in the state of Mexico in the late nineteenth century, pursued since its founding supply the paper market. To achieve this goal, he implemented an ambitious production system, I need to build large apartments for the production of paper, and at the same time to concentrate spaces and ensure their workforce. So, in a few years he managed to develop an advanced, for the time, labor and industrial complex, giving their workers from living rooms to recreation and leisure spaces.

The long run industrial growth of Veracruz state, 1955-2008

Purpose – Has the Mexican inter-regional growth and convergence experience also occurred within single regions? Using the important southern region of Veracruz, the purpose of this paper is to examine this question over a 48-year period within a single Mexican state. Design/methodology/approach – Growth is examined using a standard two input stochastic production function (SPF) that creates a measure of technical efficiency. Convergence is measured using a convergence equation from the literature but which also included the results from the SPF analysis to incorporate not only initial levels of inputs but also the ability of a municipio to utilize these inputs. Data collection in Mexico and online included a long run database of 149 municipios in Veracruz from 1960 thru 2008. Findings – A stochastic Cobb-Douglas technology is found to fit the long run growth of Veracruz province well. In the 1960s, 2000s and the long run (1960-2008), weak evidence for the municipios in Veracruz appear to be converging with a relatively higher level of technical efficiency resulting in slower growth of industrial labor productivity is found. Some very recent improvement in technical efficiency may be the result of institutional as well as economic reforms finally allowing an exiting of inefficient firms that has kept the levels of municipio industrial technical efficiency stagnant for decades at about 70 percent. Research limitations/implications – Data were limited to 149 municipios because of the need to track long run trends. Data were also limited by the need to use what was available in 1960 in a direct comparison with 2008. The design of the study was to use the technical efficiency index as a proxy for much of the missing data on institutions in the historic period. Panel data were used because the economic census is not done every year plus the turmoil in the Mexican economy in the 1980s thru the end of the 1990s make imputation of missing years at the local level quite difficult. Practical implications – The paper provides a baseline to analyze the long run intra-regional economic growth of other Mexican states which have a large number of municipios. It begins the exciting possibility of looking at Mexican long run growth from the municipio level which has historically played an important role in Mexico. Originality/value – This is the first study to examine long run growth within a Mexican state at the municipio level using both the production function and convergence literature. Results suggest several avenues for further research inside Veracruz and across Mexico.

Evolution of Machinery Production Networks: Linkage of North America with East Asia

This paper investigates new developments in the pattern of machinery trade, with a focus on the extent and depth of production networks in North America. We pay particular attention to North America's trade links with East Asia, which have intensified in the last two decades. Investigation of changes in total trade value and the growth of trade on the extensive margin both demonstrates the expanding fragmentation of production in North America as well as the strengthening of connections with Mexico. Our quantitative analysis, which is based on gravity estimation of trade volume and extensive margin trade responses, also provides evidence that U.S. imports of machinery from East Asia are especially strong, and further, that Mexico's role has changed, as it now provides a bridge for trade between East Asia and the United States. These new developments in the pattern of machinery trade reflect reductions in services link costs, the further evolution of production sharing in the U.S.–Mexico nexus, and the strengthening competitiveness of production networks based in East Asia.

Mexico: A Reluctant Regional Security Provider

This paper analyses the role of Mexico as security provider or source of insecurity through the analysis of regional security governance. It argues that in contrast with other countries in the region such as Brazil, which has displayed policies aimed at building a node of regional security, Mexico has become a reluctant regional security provider as a result of its traditional historical inward looking roots and the inherent state weaknesses augmented by the current instability in the area of security. This paper looks into four categories of security governance (assurance, prevention, protection and compellence) in order to evaluate the role of Mexico in the context of regional security. Part of the task of this paper will be to explore the extent in which Mexico carries out one or more of these dimensions and the extent in which it contributes to regional (collective) security governance.

Estructura y recomposición de la industria automotriz mundial. Oportunidades y perspectivas para México

This paper frames the relevance of the hierarchies in the transnational production networks of the automotive industry; the role of Mexico in the economic space of the nafta in the recomposition stage of the spatial localization of the great automotive firms from the United States, and their perspectives when confronting a horizon of dominance by corporations and production spaces from the Asia pacific region.

Managing Mexico's Cold War: Vicente Lombardo Toledano and the Uses of Political Intelligence

This article examines prospects and problems with using Mexican secret police documents to assess Mexico's role in the Cold War. I approach the topic through the life of Vicente Lombardo Toledano, a Mexican labour leader who was once formally recruited as a Soviet intelligence asset. I analyse two documents in depth—an indictment of Lombardo that was likely based on faulty information, and a detailed record of Soviet subsidies to Lombardo's union activities. I argue that while secret police reports are disappointing substitutes for the nonexistent operational files of the Secretaría de Gobernación (Ministry of the Interior), they can—when supplemented with other sources, such as U.S. intelligence—paint a meaningful picture showing Mexican tolerance for foreign intelligence operations. This tolerance was a factor that led Cold War antagonists to wish for regime stability in Mexico, helping Mexico, unusually among Latin American countries, make foreign covert action into a stabilising force.

Felguérez: los bordes de una trayectoria

Utilizando como eje temporal la famosa exposición de 1973, hecha en el Museo de Arte Moderno y titulada “El espacio múltiple”, Teresa del Conde hace un breve recuento de la obra plástica de Manuel Felguérez. En este recuento se analizan de manera sucinta pero intensa las etapas que ha recorrido el pintor y escultor zacatecano en su trayectoria por el arte mexicano de los últimos cincuenta años. Con pinceladas verbales muy precisas y gracias a una enorme memoria, Teresa del Conde da cuenta de las exposiciones más importantes y de las obras más notables. El artículo tiene el mérito de resumir, con gran conocimiento, las opiniones de los principales críticos y resaltar con ello las virtudes que han caracterizado la obra de un creador tan importante en el panorama cultural de nuestro país.

THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL REGIMES IN THE CONSTITUTION OF STATE BEHAVIOR AND IDENTITY: THE CASE OF CONTEMPORARY MEXICO

This article explores the role played by international human rights regimes in the transnational and domestic politics of human rights of Mexico. Following international relations constructivists and liberal republican approaches, this article argues that international human rights regimes have played a key role in Mexico in the following ways: a) they have provided the normative standards, information about behavior, and necessary forums for processes of shaming and argumentation; b) regimes’ organs, bodies and mechanisms have been important actors in their own right in the aforementioned processes; c) regimes have been instrumental in the strategies of government elites seeking to secure their preferences in domestic politics. This article ends by offering a framework that might prove useful for understanding the role of international human rights regimes in other country-specific situations and by reflecting on the theoretical implications of its main argument.

The Role of Mexico's Plural in Latin American Literature and Political Culture: From Tlatelolco to the ‘Philantropic Ogre’ - by King, J.

The Role of Mexico's Plural in Latin American Literature and Political Culture: From Tlatelolco to the ‘Philantropic Ogre’ - by King, J.

The Role of Mexico in the First Oil Shortage: 1918-1922, an International Perspective

In 1921 Mexico produced a quarter of world's petroleum, making the country the second largest producer in the world, but by 1930 it only accounted for 3 per cent of world's production. To date the discussion has mostly relied on events taking place in Mexico for explaining the decline of the industry. Very little attention has been placed to developments in petroleum industry elsewhere, except Venezuela. Practically no attention has been paid to the reasons for the rise of oil output in Mexico. This neglects the massive changes taking place in the petroleum industry worldwide during the Great War years and its aftermath, and overall ignores the shortage of oil that occurred in the world's markets between 1918-1921. These are crucial events in order to understand the early rise of the Mexican oil industry and set the basis for a better understanding of the subsequent sudden decline.

Geo-Mexico: The Geography and Dynamics of Modern Mexico (review)

Reviewed by: Geo-Mexico: The Geography and Dynamics of Modern Mexico James J. Biles Geo-Mexico: The Geography and Dynamics of Modern Mexico. Richard Rhoda and Tony Burton. Ladysmith, British Columbia, Canada: Sombrero Books, 2009. xiv and 274 pp., maps, diagrams, notes, appendices and index. $39.95 cloth (ISBN: 0-9735-1913-4). This year, Mexico celebrates both the bicentennial of the Grito de Dolores, marking the inception of its struggle for independence, and the 100th anniversary of the overthrow of dictator Porfirio Diaz and the start of the Mexican Revolution. In recent decades, the country has been the locus of numerous events of profound (social and scholarly) significance, including: its role as ground zero for imposition of structural adjustment policies in Latin America; contestation of neoliberalism, as exemplified by the Zapatistas' demands for indigenous autonomy; the discontents of NAFTA, such as controversies over the social and ecological implications of genetically modified organisms and the displacement and migration of millions of rural Mexicans; and, currently, the militarization of security and use of terror(ism) as a means of defending entrenched political and economic interests on both sides of the US-Mexico border. Given the confluence of these momentous historical circumstances, and the unfortunate dearth of introductory geography textbooks focusing on Mexico, the publication of Geo-Mexico: The Geography and Dynamics of Modern Mexico, is both remarkably propitious and timely. In Geo-Mexico, authors Richard Rhoda and Tony Burton attempt to highlight Mexico's relevance, both geopolitically and as a focus of scholarly inquiry. The book, consisting of 31 brief chapters (averaging about eight pages), offers an ambitious and sweeping survey of Mexico's physical, cultural, economic, and political geography. Following an introductory discussion of key geographic themes, the first section of the book (Chapters 2 to 7) focuses on the country's physical features, including topography, climate, physiographic/ecological regions, water resources and natural hazards. Chapters 8 through 10 examine demographic issues, including population processes and Mexico's indigenous peoples. The next three chapters highlight patterns of social and cultural change in Mexico, including religion, language, music, food and politics. Subsequently, seven chapters (14-20) provide a detailed description of the country's economic geography, including a discussion of Mexico's role in the global economy. Urbanization, from the emergence of pre-Columbian cities and colonial settlement to the morphology and problems of the 21st century city, is the focus of the following section of the book, followed by three chapters which deal with domestic and international migration and transnationalism (25-27). The next three chapters of Geo-Mexico highlight themes related to development, including quality of life and sustainability, and the book concludes with a brief discussion of environmental change and social and economic trends. An authoritative and expansive survey of Mexico's physical and human geography is a daunting task and Rhoda and Burton deserve credit for the sheer volume of information that they have managed to compile. The book is replete with figures (112), tables (31), and text boxes (54), most well-designed and quite effective, and much of the information comes from Mexican government sources frequently overlooked in traditional regional geography textbooks. In addition, the authors draw upon the day-to-day understanding gleaned from living and working in Mexico for many years, as well as [End Page 171] mainstream scholarly literature, and use a direct, non-technical writing style that will likely appeal to the casual reader. As a consequence, given its breadth and the wealth of information it contains, Geo-Mexico could serve as a useful supplemental resource, perhaps in an undergraduate survey class. Notwithstanding these strong points, Geo-Mexico suffers from several fatal flaws, particularly if the reader is seeking a regional geography textbook. Lacking a preface, the introductory chapter fails to identify the book's target audience or primary objectives (beyond the desire to enhance understanding of Mexico's complex geography). The four traditions of geography, introduced briefly in the first chapter, largely disappear in the avalanche of information found in the rest of the book. Inevitably, any regional geography textbook must strike a careful balance between the breadth and depth of material it covers. To its credit, the scope of Geo...