Role Of Gelatin Research Articles

Role of gelatin and chitosan cross-linked aqueous template in controlling the size of lithium titanium oxide

Significant safety advantages of lithium titanium oxide (LTO) over currently used graphite for lithium-ion batteries have been attracting scientists to develop novel synthetic methods of this anode material in order to combine with another cathode. This study utilizes self-sacrificing cross-linked aqueous templates of gelatin and chitosan polymer to control lithium titanium oxide (LTO) morphology and microstructure. Gelatin and chitosan self-assembled aqueous template containing LTO precursors has been evaporated at 110 °C and then calcined at 750 °C in a muffle furnace to synthesize white color LTO powder. Various techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Raman spectroscopy and UV–visible spectroscopy were used to characterize the synthesized LTO powders. Both XRD and EDS spectrum confirm the coating of gelatin and chitosan derived carbon species on the surface of LTO materials. The detailed characterization reveals that increasing the amount of gelatin to the mass ratio of gelatin and chitosan reduced LTO particle sizes. Thus, a size controlled carbon coating LTO preparation strategy have been established via gelatin and chitosan cross-linked aqueous template in controlling the morphology and microstructure of LTO material.

From nano aggregates to nano plates: The roles of gelatin in the crystallization of titanium silicate-1

A simple strategy for tuning the morphology of titanium silicalite-1 (TS-1) from nano aggregates to b-axis-oriented plate was provided. The b-axis length of TS-1 can be adjusted from ~40 nm to ~300 nm by varying the amount of a sustainable and cheap commercial regulator gelatin. The functional mechanism of gelatin was studied systematically. It not only plays a significant role in the formation of plate-like morphology, but also affects the coordination states of Ti cations. Octahedrally coordinated Ti and anatase TiO2 was eliminated at proper gelatin adding amounts. The synergetic effect of amino and carboxyl groups is the primary aspect for influencing morphology. The TS-1 catalysts were evaluated in the epoxidation of cyclohexene. Both the nano aggregates and plates show better catalytic performances than the bulk TS-1, due to the reduced extraframework Ti and improved diffusion property.

Green and Facile Synthesis of Dendritic and Branched Gold Nanoparticles by Gelatin and Investigation of Their Biocompatibility on Fibroblast Cells

In this work, gold nanostar (AuNPs) and gold nanodendrites were synthesized by one-pot and environmentally friendly approach in the presence of gelatin. Influence of gelatin concentrations and reaction conditions on the growth of branched (AuNPs) were investigated further. Interestingly, the conversion of morphology between dendritic and branched nanostructure can be attained by changing the pH value of gelatin solution. The role of gelatin as a protecting agent through the electrostatic and steric interaction was also revealed. Branched nanoparticles were characterized by surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy (SPR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), XRD, dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta-potential. The chemical interaction of gelatin with branched gold nanoparticles was analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IT) technique. Ultraviolet visible spectroscopy results indicated the formation of branched gold nanoparticles with the maximum surface plasmon resonance peak at 575–702 nm. The structure of both nanodendrites and nanostars were determined by TEM. The crystal sizes of nano-star ranged from 42 to 55 nm and the nanodendrites sizes were about 75–112 nm. Based on the characterizations, a growth mechanism could be proposed to explain morphology evolutions of branched AuNPs. Moreover, the branched AuNPs is high viability at 100 μg/mL concentration when performed by the SRB assay with human foreskin fibroblast cells.

Hot Acid Extraction, Characterisation and Scavenging Activity of Pectin from Hylocereus polyrhizus

Gelatin is extensively added to the food products for quality improvements of food entities. The role of gelatin as food thickener, texturizer, stabilizer, ingredient and as an animal based source has restricted its liberal use. However, the usage of this animal-based food quality improver has become less popular due to religious constraints and health restrictions. In fact, it is now direly needed to replace animal-based gelatin by plant-based. Pectin, the basic building material of cell walls in the terrestrial plant has great potential to be gelatin replacer as it can work as a gelling agent, thickener and also a stabilizer. Dragon fruit contains pectin which has high-value functional food as well as healthenhancing properties to substitute gelatin’s function in foods production. The current study aims to extract pectin from dragon fruit peels by using hot acid extraction. The optimum conditions for extraction were found to be at 75ºC and pH 3.5 based on the highest percentage of pectin yield (33%). The FTIR result proved that dragon fruit peel contained pectin, which can be used as gelatin replacer are free from any religious and health-wise prohibitions. Pectin extracted was characterized in terms of moisture (14.03 ± 1.925) and ash content (8.73 ± 1.218). The extracted pectin of dragon fruit peel acts as the best gelatin replacer compared to commercial pectin and gelatins from the market. The prepared fruit peels also exhibit high DPPH scavenging activity (57.94%) with methanol extract (2mg/ml).

Multilayer Zn-Ni-Al<SUB align="right">2O<SUB align="right">3 coatings for corrosion protection

The paper reports the development of composite coatings of Zn-Ni-Al2O3 by composition modulated multilayer (CMM) technique using m-aminophenol and gelatin as additives. The bath constituents and deposition parameters were optimised by conventional method. The role of gelatin and m-aminophenol in the bath was analysed by cyclic voltammetry (CV) study. Corrosion performance of the monolayer coatings was enhanced further by multilayer technique. The modulation in composition was effected by pulsing the DC in square-wave patterns. The coatings configurations were optimised for peak performance of the coatings against corrosion. It was found that corrosion resistance of CMM coatings increased with number of layers up to certain optimal numbers, and then decreased. Incorporation of Al2O3 particles into metal matrix was confirmed by EDAX. Formation of layered coating and their phase structures were analysed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) study. Reasons responsible for better corrosion resistance of CMM composite coatings are analysed and results are discussed.

SEM Observation of Composite Ceramic Scaffolds’ Surface during Incubation in Culture Medium with or without Human PDL Fibroblasts

Chitin is a polysaccharide abundant in nature. Its’ deacetylation product-chitosan- in combination with gelatin (collagen product) is commonly used asbiopolymer scaffold for tissue engineering. The aim of this study was to investigate diffrerences in surface characteristics of chitin (CHN CCS) and chitosan –gelatin (CHS-G CCS) composite ceramic scaffolds (CCS), during their incubation in culture medium (DMEM) with or without human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (HPDLF). CHN CCS and CHS- G CCS, with pore size 70-200μm, were fabricated on the surface of ceramic disks, being coated with a mixture of bioactive glass – ceramic (1:1 wt). Three CCSs of each type were constructed. Each CCS was incubated at 37 °C up to 10 days, either only in DMEM supplemented with 10% FCS or in DMEM with the presence of 105HPDLF. SEM microphotographs and EDS analysis, before and after incubation, were used to investigate CCSs’ surface alterations. Before incubation, all type of CCSs appeared to be macro porous with high interconnectivity. Exposed to incubation, CHN CCSs’ surface porosity seemed to be rapidly reduced and a rough surface without pores was observed with or without HPDLF. Attached HPDLF were rarely detected. CHS-G CCSs appeared to retain surface porosity in DMEM without cells. In HPDLF culture an almost uniform surface with organic aggregates and attached cells was observed. Until day 10, HPDLF could only be detected at CHS-G CCS’s surface. Conclusion: SEM microphotographs observations indicate that CHN CCSs’ incubation in DMEM led in early and rapid coalescence of surface pores, thus inhibiting HPDLF attachment. HPDLF attachment on CHS-G CCSs confirm the beneficial role of gelatin, while differences in CHS-G CCSs’ surface with and without HPDLF culture indicate that not only sedimentation of medium's ingredients, but cell attachment and function could decrease surface’s porosity, affecting consequently HPDLF proliferation.

Studies on the role of gelatin as a cryo- and lyo-protectant in the stability of capsicum oleoresin nanocapsules in gelatin matrix

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of freezing process in the absence or presence of excipients on the stability of capsicum loaded nanocapsules (NC) during freeze-thawing and freeze-drying procedures. Capsicum loaded nanocapsules were prepared by the modified-emulsion–diffusion method combined with the microfluidization method. The prepared samples were frozen at freezing temperatures of −40, −20, and −15 °C to study the effects of cooling temperature on the properties of the capsicum oleoresin loaded nanoparticles. From results, a relatively high freezing temperature had an effect on the maintenance of nanocapsule size after freeze-thawing and freeze-drying. Regarding the addition of excipients, gelatin and κ-carrageenan played roles as cryoprotectants and lyoprotectants, and represented R values of 1.01 and 1.13 in size comparisons before and after treatment, respectively. Furthermore, the morphologies of NC made with gelatin or κ-carrageenan were conserved after freeze-drying showing spherical forms according to electron microscope observations.

Gold flails by electrochemical deposition: The role of gelatin

In this paper, we report on novel flail-like gold architectures obtained by a simple and template-free electrochemical method. The addition of gelatin plays a major role in the fabrication of this original structure and might open new possibilities for electrochemical deposition of other metals. The size of the flail-like gold structures can be varied very precisely from 250 nm to 8.5 μm by controlling the electrodeposition time. Importantly, as a preliminary application, such flail-like gold structures show a strong SERS effect associated with their geometry and size.

A study on the role of gelatin in methacrylic-acid-based gel dosimeters

In radiotherapy treatment, polymer gel dosimetry can be used for verifying three-dimensional (3D) dose distributions. Gelatin is generally used as a gelling agent in the dosimeters. In this paper, another role of gelatin in a methacrylic-acid-based gel dosimeter (MAGAT) is investigated. Temperature increases due to exothermic polymerization in the irradiated gel are measured directly. Dose– R 2 responses are also obtained using MRI. It is shown that no appreciable increases in either temperature or R 2 are observed in MAGAT dosimeters made without gelatin, and that significant temperature and R 2 increases are observed when very low gelatin concentrations are used. These results indicate that gelatin is an important enabler for radiation-induced free-radical polymerization in methacrylic-acid-based gels. When gelatin is replaced by amino acids, changes in temperature are observed, along with small changes in R 2. The resulting dosimeter solutions remain transparent because the polymer does not precipitate as it does in regular MAGAT dosimeters containing gelatin. When the amino acids are replaced by acids without amino groups, no temperature or R 2 changes are observed, indicating that no polymer forms. These results show that amino groups (and possibly other functional groups) on the gelatin catalyze the radiation-induced free-radical polymerization that occurs in MAGAT dosimeters.

Synthesis and characterizations of hollow spheres and nanospheres of Au

Hollow spheres and nanospheres of Au have been prepared by a simple reaction of HAuCl4·4H2O, NaOH and (NH2OH)2·H2SO4 in the presence of gelatin. The role of gelatin and the effect of the temperature of the reaction in producing the spherical particles of Au are discussed. The products were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy and UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy. The sizes of the nanospheres of Au were estimated by the Debye–Scherrer formula according to the XRD spectrum.

Synthesis and Characterizations of Nanocubes, Monodispersed Nanocrystals and Nanospheres of Au

Nanocubes, monodispersed nanocrystals and nanospheres of Au have been prepared by a simple reaction between HAuCl4·4H2O, NaOH and NH2OH·HCl in the presence of gelatin. The role of gelatin and the affection of pH in producing the nanoparticles of Au were discussed. The products were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and UV-visible absorption spectroscopy. The sizes of the monodispersed nanocrystals of Au were estimated by Debye-Scherrer formula according to XRD spectrum.

Morphological, thermal and annealed microhardness characterization of gelatin based interpenetrating networks of polyacrylonitrile: A hard biopolymer

The present paper reports the preparation of full IPNs of gelatin and polyacrylonitrile. Various compositions of gluteraldehyde crosslinked gelatin and N,N′-methylene-bis-acrylamide crosslinked PAN were characterized by SEM and DSC techniques. The IPNs were also thermally pretreated by the annealing process. The effects of annealing temperature on the microhardness of IPNs were studied using the Vickers method. SEM indicates the homogeneous morphological features for IPN. The role of gelatin, AN and crosslinker on the developed hard biopolymer has been described with the help of DSC thermograms and microhardness measurements of annealed specimens and good correlation is observed.

Positron annihilation lifetime spectrum as a probe for analysing the role of gelatin in governing growth of nano-sized silver halide particles

In the present study, two types of gelatin, fish gelatin extracted from deep sea fish skin and bovine gelatin derived from animal bone, were used as a suspension colloid to prepare nano-sized AgBr/I particles. The thermostability and monodispersity of nano-sized AgBr/I particles formed in the fish gelatin colloid medium were significantly higher than that in the bovine one, implying stronger colloid protective power of the fish gelatin for the particles. The positron annihilation lifetime (PAL) spectra of the two gelatin samples indicated that the lifetime of the long-lived component of the positron for the fish gelatin sample was shorter than that for the bovine gelatin, and its intensity for the fish gelatin sample was lower than that for the bovine one. In comparison with the bovine gelatin, free volume holes in the fish gelatin macromolecules are smaller and of lower concentration. The microstructure of the fish gelatin characterized by free volume holes is favourable for protecting AgBr/I nanoparticles against growth and aggregation.

On the Role of Gelatin in the Formation Process of Silver Halide Emulsion Grains

On the Role of Gelatin in the Formation Process of Silver Halide Emulsion Grains

The Role of Gelatin in Paper Permanence

The Role of Gelatin in Paper Permanence

The Role of Gelatin in Paper Permanence

AbstractIn William Barrow's classic study (1974) of historical paper specimens, he examined a number of factors that affect the stability of naturally aged papers, including cellulose fiber purity, alum content, amount of alkaline carbonate reserve, and pH. Barrow did not, however, investigate the effect of gelatin levels in his papers, and others have undertaken only limited research on the topic. In the study reported here, 40 historical paper specimens were analyzed to determine their gelatin content. Data from measurements of L* light-to-dark values, surface pH, and calcium content were compared with gelatin content. The data provided by these analyses show that both the appearance and the permanence of the papers may be affected by their gelatin content; avenues of further investigation in this area are outlined.

The Application of Calculations of Complex Solubility to the Interpretation of Crystal Growth Phenomena in Silver Halide Emulsions

The method of calculating the complex solubility of a silver halide from a summation of the activities of the diffe,rent complex species in solution has been re-examined and a co~puter program for the calculation of solubility has been wntten. The program allows calculatIOns of solublhty and proportions of each complex in the presence of a complexing ligand and of gelatin in either a silver or halide excess to be made.Various applications of calculated complex solubility in the interpretation of crystal growth data have been examined and a better understanding of the growth rates of monodisperse emulsions, Ostwald ripening, nucleation, and the effect of pH and the role of gelatin have been achieved.Attempts have been made to apply this method to mixed halide emulsions, and solubilities based on both a mixture of solids and an equilibrium solid solution have been calculated. Neither model gives a totally satisfactory prediction of the variation of solubility with halide composition, although an examination of the available experimental evidence suggests that a silver halide emulsion crystal is not an ideal solid solution.Different ideas concerning the relation of crystal habit to solution conditions have been briefly reviewed and it was concluded that certain ripening time data could be better explained by the adsorption rather than the solvation/diffusion layer theory of crystal habit. However, no clear-cut correlations between the calculated amounts of different species or combinations of species in solution and known habit boundaries have been found.

The Role of Gelatin and So-Called Natural Impurities in the Ripening Processes in Photographic Emulsions

AbstractCertain hydrolysis products of gelatin, in contact with silver halide grains in a non-gelatin environment, induce an increase of sensitometric values (speed, gamma, fog) comparable with those values obtained by the normal ripening processes of emulsions. It is presumed that sensitization takes place as a result of the same reactions and by the same macromolecular components of gelatin as during chemical ripening. The so-called natural impurities in gelatin are not the specific sensitizers, but during chemical ripening they cause local reactions of hydrolysis of gelatin. In the case of hydrolysis of gelatin, performed by the other defined method, the above mentioned natural impurities are superfluous and even obstructive.

The Role of Gelatin in Photographic Silver Halide Emulsions (IV)

The Role of Gelatin in Photographic Silver Halide Emulsions (IV)

The Role of Gelatin In Photographic Emulsions

AbstractThe diverse properties of gelatin involved 1/1 the manufocture and use of photographic emulsIons are reviewed.