Role Of Extraversion Research Articles

The roles of extraversion and neuroticism in the relationship between childhood adversity and adolescent substance misuse.

Although the influences of extraversion and neuroticism on the relationship between childhood adversity and substance misuse have been considered in adults, they are not yet clear and have not been examined among adolescent samples. This study sought to investigate the relationship between childhood adversity and adolescent substance misuse, alongside the influences of extraversion and neuroticism, using data from a longitudinal birth cohort study. Statistical analyses were performed on a longitudinal dataset provided by the Christchurch Health and Development Study (CHDS). After controlling for confounds, childhood adversity was a significant predictor of substance use disorder symptoms in adolescence. Moderation analyses showed that experiences of childhood adversity were most strongly associated with adolescent substance use disorder symptoms at higher levels of extraversion and at higher levels of neuroticism. Among adolescents who have experienced childhood adversity, extraversion and neuroticism may be risk factors for substance use disorder. By encouraging professionals to target adolescent substance misuse intervention and prevention approaches towards those who have experienced childhood adversity and are high in extraversion and/or neuroticism, these findings may help to diminish the prevalence of adolescent substance misuse and improve the health of adolescents.

Adolescent Loneliness and Negative Affect during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Extraversion and Neuroticism

The COVID-19 pandemic had varied but significant effects on the lives of adolescents. This study aimed to examine the effects of extraversion and neuroticism on changes in loneliness and negative affect among adolescents during the pandemic. Longitudinal data were collected in three waves from 673 German adolescents and young adults (Mage = 16.8 years, SDage = 0.91; female = 59%), affected by local lockdowns. The data collection was one time before (T1) and two times during the pandemic (T2, T3). Change score models were used to assess the relationship between loneliness and negative affect with consideration of extraversion and neuroticism. Results showed that pre-pandemic loneliness was predictive of changes in negative affect during the pandemic, with higher loneliness predicting increases in negative affect. Negative affect did not predict later loneliness. Extraverts showed an increase in negative affect over time, particularly between pre-pandemic measurement and the first phase of the pandemic. Higher neuroticism appeared to have increased vulnerability for negative affect during the pandemic, as a rise in negative affect were found among these adolescents throughout the course of the pandemic. In conclusion, the study highlights the significant impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of adolescents and suggests that managing the pandemic during this specific developmental period is a challenge.

The role of extraversion in the Great Resignation: A burnout-quitting process during the pandemic

The Great Resignation is a global economic trend that began during the COVID-19 pandemic in which quitting rates increased to unusually high levels. Although this phenomenon has been attributed to burnout, scarce research exists to explain the role of individual differences in the increased quitting rate. To address this gap, we investigate the progression from burnout to voluntary turnover during the pandemic in US in two studies. Study 1 uses data from full-time employees (n = 360) in a multiphasic data collection spanning February 2021 to February 2022 (during the Great Resignation). The results demonstrate that people higher in extraversion report less burnout. This, in turn, leads to fewer voluntary turnover behaviors. Study 2 uses data from an additional sample (n = 137) of employees collected during the pandemic (June 2020). These results indicate that extraversion may buffer the effect of role overload encountered in the pandemic context. Because other pandemics and social withdrawal phenomenon (e.g., quiet quitting) are sure to emerge, it is necessary to continue studying employee characteristics and outcomes in these situations.

Behaviour-Driven Energy-Saving in Hotels: The Roles of Extraversion and Past Behaviours on Guests’ Energy-Conservation Intention

The growing environmental concerns and the significant energy consumption in hotel buildings make the ability to proactively manage energy and lower carbon intensity essential in the global hospitality industry. Activating guests’ energy-conservation behaviours is a potential strategy for sustainable hotel operation and maintenance. Yet, the psychological mechanism of hotel building energy-conservation intention and the roles of personality traits have not been sufficiently investigated. This study aims to examine the role of guests’ extraversion levels in their hotel building energy-conservation behavioural intention using a modified theory of planned behaviour (TPB) model. The study extends the TPB model with personal norms and past behaviour as two additional factors and employs past behaviour as a moderator to bridge extraversion and other psychological factors. A field experiment was conducted consisting of 530 hotel guests in Shanghai, China. The results demonstrate the relationships between attitude, behavioural control, personal norms, past behaviour and energy-conservation intention. Specifically, extraversion negatively influences perceived behavioural control (PBC) (β = −0.176, p < 0.001) and positively impacts on personal norms (β = 0.290, p < 0.001), both of which significantly contribute to guest energy-saving intention. In addition, past behaviours positively moderate the effects of extraversion on subjective norms and personal norms. This research enriches the hospitality and tourism management literature by shedding novel light on how guests’ personality characteristics influence their pro-environment intentions during their stays in hotel buildings. The findings would drive the hotel building energy management forward through actionable and effective energy-conservation interventions and enhanced guest satisfaction.

The role of extraversion and neuroticism for experiencing stress during the third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic

Although long postulated, it has been scarcely researched how personality traits play out differently in distinct situations. We examined if Neuroticism and Extraversion, personality traits known to moderate stress processes, function differently in highly stressful situations requiring reduced social contact, that is, the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on past findings, we expected neuroticism to be associated with exacerbated perceptions of stress. In contrast to past findings, we expected extraversion, which usually ameliorates stress, to be associated with intensified perceptions of stress, especially in regard to the sociability facet. During the third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany, one-hundred-thirty adults (age M = 21.7 years) reported on their personality traits including their facets with the BFI-2, COVID-19-related stressors, and their perceived stress during the last month (using the PSS). Findings indicated that neuroticism was associated with higher perceived stress regardless of the COVID-19-related stressors experienced. Facet level analysis revealed differences for anxiety, depression, and volatility. Importantly, trait extraversion was unassociated with stress experiences, whereas specifically the facet of sociability was associated with higher perceived stress. Also, the facets of assertiveness and energy both moderated the relationship between COVID-19-related stressors and perceived stress. In line with the transactional theory of stress, our findings indicate that perceptions of stress were best understood by looking at the interaction of environmental stressors and personality differences. Furthermore, the study substantiates that facets of personality traits offer unique information beyond broad traits in specific contexts.

Tired of email? Examining the role of extraversion in building energy resources after dealing with work-email

ABSTRACT Office-based work today involves dealing with email, despite being denigrated and lauded in almost equal measures. Using the Conservation of Resources theory we examine whether Extraversion (expressed through two facets) acts as a resource to explain the differential impact that work-email has on people’s energy resources (relating to fatigue and boredom). An experience-sampling study was undertaken, whereby 54 knowledge-workers completed records of their response (n = 589) to new work-email over the course of a typical working day. Results were analysed using hierarchical linear modelling (HLM). Participants who felt tired prior to dealing with email, reported that they felt more energized afterwards (but only if they were higher on Agentic extraversion). Work-email did not re-energize extraverts when they had been bored beforehand. By examining changes in energy resources, and by measuring different facets of Extraversion, we offer theoretical and methodological contributions to advancing understanding about the role of resources in dealing with work-email. Specifically, our results suggest that Extraversion may not constitutionally be a key resource within COR, because its value and contribution to resource building is contingent on context. Implications for practitioners concerned with how best to manage digital communications at work, are discussed.

Recalled Positive Influences within Life-Story Interviews and Self-Reported Generative Concern in German Older Adults: The Moderating Role of Extraversion

Previous research has shown that recalling positive influences in one’s life story correlates with generative concern. Given findings that not everyone benefits from generative efforts uniformly, however, the present study tested if extraversion moderates this relation. In total, 147 older German adults (59 through 83 years) recalled positive influences in their lives in an interview session and provided self-report questionnaire data on their generative concern (Loyola Generativity Scale), generative behavior (Generative Behavior Checklist), and extraversion (Mini-IPIP scales). Results from a moderated mediation model indicate that recalled positive influences related to generative concern but not generative behavior. Moreover, extraversion did indeed moderate between recalled positive influences and generative concern in that the relation was significantly positive for medium and high extraversion. The findings suggest that what people learn from generative role models is generative concern rather than generative behavior. They also suggest a twofold role of extraversion for generativity: It has been found to be a predictor of generativity but also affects what people gain from others’ generative efforts.

The Role of Extraversion and Openness on Host Country Nationals' Task Performance and Contextual Performance at Work.

PurposeThis study answer calls for research on host country nationals (HCNs) by examining factors that may influence HCN task performance and contextual performance during work with their self-initiated expatriate (SIE) colleagues.Participants and MethodsData on personality traits (extraversion, openness), socialization self-efficacy, and frequency of interaction, task, and contextual performance were collected by surveying 373 Chinese HCNs. The first author recruited the HCNs through SIEs working and living in China. SIEs who participated in this project provided the email addresses of HCNs with whom they worked.ResultsThe frequency of interactions fully mediated the relationship between (a) extraversion with task and contextual performance and (b) openness with task and contextual performance. Only socialization self-efficacy moderated the mediating effects of extraversion on task performance via the frequency of interaction; it also moderated the mediating effects of openness on contextual performance via the frequency of interactions, but not in the hypothesized direction.ConclusionThis study investigated the neglected stakeholder in the expatriation process, namely, HCNs, and what factors may impact HCNs’ performance during work and collaboration with their SIE colleagues.

Flow among introverts and extraverts in solitary and social activities

Flow is a state in which one fully and voluntarily concentrates on an activity at hand (Nakamura & Csikszentmihalyi, 2003). Recent research has compared solitary flow and social flow using various operationalizations, but the role of extraversion was neglected. Therefore, an Amazon MTurk survey (N = 165) was designed to investigate flow among introverts and extraverts in solitary and social activities. Results revealed no difference in flow frequency between solitary and social activities, but individuals have more intense flow when they are alone. Results also showed that extraversion moderates the relationship between activity type and flow frequency, as well as the relationship between activity type and flow intensity. Implications of the study are discussed.

Did Social Connection Decline During the First Wave of COVID-19?: The Role of Extraversion

In two pre-registered studies, we tracked changes in individuals’ feelings of social connection during the COVID-19 pandemic. Both studies capitalized on measures of social connection and well-being obtained prior to the COVID-19 pandemic by recruiting the same participants again in the midst of the pandemic’s upending effects. Study 1 included a sample of undergraduates from a Canadian university (N = 467), and Study 2 included community adults primarily from the United States and the United Kingdom (N = 336). Our results suggest that people experienced relatively little change in feelings of social connection in the face of the initial reshaping of their social lives caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Exploratory analyses suggested that relatively extraverted individuals exhibited larger declines in social connection. However, after controlling for levels of social connection prior to the pandemic (as pre-registered), the negative effect of extraversion reversed (Study 1) or disappeared (Study 2).

The Role of Extraversion, IQ and Contact in the Own-Ethnicity Face Recognition Bias

While IQ is weakly related to the overall face recognition (Shakeshaft & Plomin, 2015), it plays a larger role in the processing of misaligned faces in the composite face task (Zhu et al., 2010). This type of stimuli are relatively novel and may reflect the involvement of intelligence in the processing of infrequently encountered faces, such as those of other-ethnicities. Extraversion is associated with increased eye contact which signifies less viewing of diagnostic features for Black faces. Using an old/new recognition paradigm, we found that IQ negatively correlated with the magnitude of the own-ethnicity bias (OEB) and that this relationship was moderated by contact with people from another ethnicity. We interpret these results in terms of IQ enhancing the ability to process novel stimuli by utilising multiple forms of coding. Extraversion was positively correlated with the OEB in White participants and negatively correlated with the OEB in Black participants suggesting that extraverts have lower attention to diagnostic facial features of Black faces, leading to poorer recognition of Black faces in both White and Black participants, thereby contributing to the relative OEB in these participants. The OEB is dependent on participant variables such as intelligence and extraversion.

Neurostructural correlates of optimism: Gray matter density in the putamen predicts dispositional optimism in late adolescence.

Dispositional optimism reflects one's generalized positive expectancies for future outcomes and plays a crucial role in personal developmental outcomes and health (e.g., counteracting related mental disorders such as depression and anxiety). Increasing evidence has suggested that extraversion is an important personality factor contributing to dispositional optimism. However, less is known about the association between dispositional optimism and brain structure and the role of extraversion in this association. Here, we examined these issues in 231 healthy high school students aged 16 to 20 years (110 males, mean age = 18.48 years, SD = 0.54) by estimating regional gray matter density (rGMD) using a voxel‐based morphometry method via structural magnetic resonance imaging. Whole‐brain regression analyses revealed a significant positive correlation between dispositional optimism and the rGMD of the bilateral putamen after adjusting for age, sex, family socioeconomic status (SES), general intelligence, and total gray matter volume (TGMV). Moreover, prediction analyses using fourfold balanced cross‐validation combined with linear regression confirmed a significant connection between dispositional optimism and putamen density after adjusting for age, sex, and family SES. More importantly, subsequent mediation analysis showed that extraversion may account for the association between putamen density and dispositional optimism after adjusting for age, sex, family SES, general intelligence, TGMV, and the other four Big Five personality traits. Taken together, the current study provides new evidence regarding the neurostructural basis underlying dispositional optimism in adolescents and underscores the importance of extraversion as an essential personality factor for dispositional optimism acquisition.

Conditional effects of mindfulness on sleep quality among clinical nurses: the moderating roles of extraversion and neuroticism

ABSTRACTThe present study aimed to examine the potential moderating role of personality traits in the psychological mechanisms by which mindfulness can lead to better sleep quality. A total of 172 oncology nurses participated in this study, and completed self-reported measures, including the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and 44-item Big Five Inventory (BFI-44). Results showed that mindfulness was correlated with the global PSQI score (r = −0.281, p < 0.01).Trait extraversion and neuroticism moderated the mindfulness-sleep relationship. The simple slope analysis indicated that the negative relationship between mindfulness and the global PSQI score was only significant at higher levels of extraversion (β = −0.419, p < 0.001) and lower levels of neuroticism (β = −0.344, p = 0.001). Additionally, the Johnson-Neyman technique revealed that, within a specific region (extraversion values above 21.93 and/or neuroticism values below 23.78), mindfulness was significantly associated with the global PSQI score; beyond the value regions, the significant association was lost. It suggests that mindfulness might play a protective role against sleep disturbance only among certain oncology nurses. The findings are valuable for identifying those who are more vulnerable to sleep dysfunction and may aid in targeted intervention planning.

Who is most likely to seek and give support in the face of agentic and communal threat? The roles of extraversion and agreeableness

Agentic threat tends to elicit support seeking and hinder support provision. Communal threat tends to elicit support seeking and provision. We examined whether the associations between threats and support are moderated by Extraversion and Agreeableness. Three hundred fifty undergraduate students completed questionnaires twice daily across one week, reporting the worst stressor of the half-day, appraisals of agentic and communal threats, and efforts to seek and provide support. In response to agentic threat, those higher in Extraversion increased their support seeking and decreased their support provision to a greater extent than those lower in Extraversion. In response to communal threat, those higher in Agreeableness increased their support seeking and provision to a greater extent than those lower in Agreeableness.

Extraversion as a moderator for resilience factors among gay men

ABSTRACTThe present study examined the moderating role of extraversion on the relationship between depressive symptoms and the resilience factors of social support and emotional openness (the ability to accept and process one's emotion) among gay men. Extraversion, social support, and emotional openness were all associated with lower depressive symptoms. Extraversion did not moderate the relationship between social support and depressive symptoms among gay men. Extraversion moderated the relationship between emotional openness and depressive symptoms, such that emotional openness was associated with fewer depressive symptoms, particularly among gay men with a lower level of extraversion. Clinical implications are discussed.

Personality predictors of anger. The role of FFM traits, shyness, and self-esteem

Abstract The present study was designed to verify hypothesized predictor effects for five anger-related variables, i.e. trait anger, anger expression-out, anger expression-in, anger control-out, and anger-control-in. A sample of 138 students completed measures for FFM personality traits (NEO-FFI), self-esteem (SES), shyness (RCBS), and anger (STAXI-2). The study confirmed the effects of neuroticism and agreeableness as being the chief personality predictors of anger; however, for the domain of anger expression-in, an unexpected role of extraversion was revealed. Furthermore, introducing self-esteem and shyness changed some effects of FFM traits. Entering self-esteem as an additional predictor improved the predictability of anger control-in. Additionally, a mediation effect of shyness was revealed for the relation between extraversion and anger expression-in.

How Extraversion + Leads to Problem-Solving Ability

Previous research has established the association between Extraversion and pleasure orientation. This paper focuses on how Extraversion predicts problem-solving ability. The present study examined the role of Extraversion and pleasure-orientation values (i.e., Hedonism & Stimulation) and welfare-orientation values (i.e., Universalism & Benevolence) in the prediction of problem-solving ability. Specifically, it was hypothesized that measures of pleasure orientation would mediate extraversion in the prediction of problem solving. Participants were a sample of 195 university students, who completed several online measures of problem-solving ability, personal values and personality. Problem solving was measured using the Towers of Hanoi test, which is a three-disk configuration problem, and values and personality traits were measured using self-report scales. Consistent with the hypotheses, Extraversion predicted problem-solving ability through the mediating effects of pleasure-oriented values, Hedonism and Stimulation. The findings suggest that being high in extraversion or pleasure-orientation may not be sufficient for the individual to be good at solving problems. However, extraversion in association with pleasure orientation leads to greater problem-solving ability.

Does personality moderate the link between women’s testosterone and relationship status? The role of extraversion and sensation seeking

Research shows that testosterone (T) is lower among partnered women, but not for women with a more unrestricted sociosexuality. There are fundamental personality traits, which are indices of mating effort and might moderate the association between T and relationship status. Two such traits are extraversion (E) and sensation seeking (SS). The present study tests if E and SS moderate the association of women’s T with relationship status and parental care. Seventy-three Portuguese women completed a short form of the NEO-FFI and the Sensation Seeking Scale (SSS-V). Salivary T was assayed using luminescence immunoassays. Being involved in a committed relationship was related to lower T for the total sample, and for the subgroups low in E and SS, but not for the subgroups high in E and SS. Parental care was related to lower T in the subgroup low in E, and marginally in the subgroup low in SS. In multivariate analyses, only relationship status predicted T in the total sample and in the subgroups low in E and SS. The results were not confounded by age and oral contraception. These results provide support for lower T being important for monogamous pair bonding rather than for being partnered per se.

The influence of extraversion on brain activity at baseline and during the experience and expectation of visceral pain

Eysenck proposed a ‘trait theory’ of personality, the dimensions of which encompass numerous individual qualities. Whilst the influence of neuroticism on the brain processing of pain is well described, the role of extraversion, to date, has not been systematically investigated. Our aim was to address this knowledge gap using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).Extraversion was measured in 33 healthy volunteers (17 males, mean age 29years [range 20–53]) using the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. fMRI data were acquired using a 3T MRI scanner during rest, pain anticipation, and painful oesophageal balloon distention. The effect of extraversion on fMRI responses was determined.Extraversion scores varied (range 6–22) and did not influence pain threshold or rating. High extraversion was associated with significantly greater activity in the left cuneus during rest (p⩽0.001), and the right insula during both anticipation (p⩽0.0002) and pain (p⩽0.0008). Low extraversion was associated with significantly greater brain activity in the bilateral precuneus, bilateral lingual gyrus, right inferior temporal gyrus, left fusiform gyrus and left superior parietal lobule during pain anticipation (all p⩽0.0001).These results suggest that extraversion is associated with differences in the brain processing of visceral pain. Future studies of visceral pain, using fMRI, should control for extraversion.

OC-066 Influence Of Extraversion On Brain Activity At Baseline, Pain Anticipation And Visceral Pain Processing

IntroductionEysenck proposed ‘trait theory’ of personality, where the dimensions extraversion (degree of optimism and sociability) and neuroticism (degree of anxiety and fear) encompass numerous individual qualities. Whilst the influence of...