Role Of Endowments Research Articles

The Role of Endowments in Achieving the Goals of Security and Freedom

This research explores the expansive concept of freedom within Islamic endowments, or Waqf, emphasizing liberation from societal constraints like poverty and disability. It asserts that moral constraints restrict human freedom, necessitating a call to Allah for liberation. Historical examples, such as Al-Azhar University, highlight endowments' pivotal role in fostering independence from state pressures, particularly in the realms of thought and education. Endowments are depicted as vital in sustaining and liberating society, offering financial autonomy to scholars and educational institutions. The text also delves into the economic impacts of endowments, detailing their role in employment, income redistribution, and fostering various industries. Legal perspectives on lending within the Islamic context are explored, along with the role of endowments in liberating captives and supporting those engaged in jihad. The research concludes by advocating for directing endowments towards knowledge and scholars to combat ignorance and achieve societal liberation.

دور الأوقاف في زيادة الناتج المحلي الإجمالي في المملكة العربية السعودية

دور الأوقاف في زيادة الناتج المحلي الإجمالي في المملكة العربية السعودية

To endow or not to endow? A question of Shakespearean proportions facing higher education today

Just as Hamlet asked the existential question: ‘To be or not to be?’ community colleges are asking a similarly challenging question when it comes to securing long-term financial stability: To create significant endowments or not? Increasingly, this is the interrogative that colleges are engaging with donors as they strive to make their institutions financially sustainable. Because of the transformational roles that endowments can and do play in the complicated puzzles that are higher education budgets, these funding mechanisms have taken on nearly Shakespearean proportions — while at the same time generating Shakespearean-like drama — for a number of institutions trying to defend their endowments or hoping to acquire them in significant amounts. This paper focuses on the role of endowments in higher education institutions, with a particular emphasis on community colleges, which according to the American Association of Community Colleges (AACC), currently educate 41 per cent of all undergraduates in the USA. Undoubtedly, endowments have generated advantages for institutions fortunate enough to have secured them in significant amounts. For the relatively small number of institutions with significant endowed assets, the advantages have been staggeringly disproportional. According to the National Association of College and University Budget Officers (NACUBO), approximately 750 of the nation’s 4,000 degree-granting higher education institutions hold endowed assets totaling more than US$635bn. While these funds are generally viewed favorably because of the critical role they play in keeping universities and colleges operational, there is a growing chorus of criticism aimed at endowments. This is especially true for those so-called elite institutions that hold immense endowed wealth and structural power. As these questioning voices have broken through the din of higher education critique, many institutions hoping to generate significant endowments of their own believe it is becoming very difficult to fundraise for endowed support. They say the elite schools and colleges have essentially sucked the oxygen out of the room, and that has had a dramatic impact on institutions trying to fulfill their missions, especially serving marginalised, non-dominant communities. The criticisms over endowments, coupled with changing views about how endowments should be established and their income distributed, are requiring institutions to look at these long-established funding tools very differently. This paper will explore endowments and how institutions are wrestling with the best ways to create financial stability — especially for community colleges that are taking on more of a responsibility educating and training individuals who have traditionally been left behind.

Factors Causing the Development of the Endowment in Safavid Dynasty

The tradition of the endowment is one of the activities having existed in all human societies from past to now. In Iran, this tradition was seen as a belief from ancient civilization. It is developed and flourished in Safavid dynasty so that, in Isfahan (Iran), the endowed estate is found everywhere. The endowment is so important that public, rich people and imperial family participated in this tradition and endowed their properties. This study has aimed to answer this question: what reasons and factors developed the endowment and what is the role of endowment in Safavid time? To do so, library and descriptive-analytic methods were used in this study.

The Role of Endowments in Financial Markets: Key Trends in 1990-2020 in the USA (on the example of the US education sector)

This article describes the key trends in the development of endowments as institutional investors using the example of US educational endowments in 1990-2020. The paper also gives an overview of the world structure of endowments assets by regions and sectors. Although much research has been done on investment behaviour and return of endowments, there are not so many works analysing the long-term trends in the development of endowments. The study uses methods of systemic and comparative analysis and statistical methods. The article demonstrates an intensive growth of endowment assets during 1990-2000 and the following maturing market. Special attention is given to identifying and analysing changes in the structure and concentration levels of the endowment's market. The author suggests that the earlier model of many different-sized funds has changed to the model where significant funds dominate and concentrate most assets. The paper also explains the changes in the investment behaviour of endowments, including how the size of endowment influences the asset structure of funds' investment portfolios and return. The paper shows the growing role of state universities endowments, an increase in the regulatory burden. Also, it presents some forecast of key trends in the development of endowments in the long run.

The role of endowments in the realization of peace and human rights

The results of this article indicate that positive peace focuses on health, disease and the fight against disease, poverty, social and economic inequalities, and the realization of social justice and at the same time, the components of the third generation of human rights are trying to realize such things as the right to development, the right to education and the right to occupation that due to its functions, endowment plays an important role in providing the mentioned items. In conclusion, it can be said that endowment is effective in strengthening and promoting positive peace and the components of the third generation of human rights.

The Role of Endowments in U.S. Higher Education during the 2008 Financial Crisis

The Role of Endowments in U.S. Higher Education during the 2008 Financial Crisis

Relations between risk attitudes, culture and the endowment effect

Abstract The main purpose of this research was to examine whether systematic cross-national differences existed in risk preferences. As a part of the survey, it was also tested how the subjects decided on behalf of their friends. Considering the type of risk-taking and the role of endowment plus relevant cultural backgrounds, the answerers were grouped, and each segment could be identified. Finally, this segmentation could be correlated with behaviour in risk decisions. Here, the Allais situation was used testing respondent behaviour in risky decision-making on behalf of others. This paper used the validated DOSPERT Scale, measuring risk perceptions and risk preferences of international students (n=244). The used survey contained different risk attitudes depending on decision making and involved the following criteria: Ethical, Financial, Health or Safety, Recreational, and Social Risks. Applying the DOSPERT Scale, differences were also found between ‘Risk-Taking’, ‘Risk-Perceptions’, and ‘Expected Benefits’. This result can be explained by different risk attitudes particular to people making decisions involving measured risks. At the same time, thanks to the worldwide sample, this paper focused on cultural differences and observed the impact of different cultural backgrounds on risk-taking. Comparing personal traits with Hofstede’s cultural UAI (Uncertainty Avoidance Index) helped us understand deeper cultural influences. The sample was widely heterogeneous, which led to some changes in the original research question and provided a new method in the conceptual model. Based on the state of the art, a conceptual model was deduced, three hypotheses were tested, and three various segments were identified regarding the personal DOSPERT (Domain-Specific Risk-Taking Scale) Risk Preferences. In the second part of the paper, Personal Risk Preferences were connected and tested not only using the national culture background but also attitudes towards the endowment. Although there was no significant correlation between the distribution of risk perception, the styles of each role might show how the cultural heritage impacts various decisions and risk levels.

Panel: The Role of Endowments in Financing Higher Education

Panel: The Role of Endowments in Financing Higher Education

Panel: The Role of Endowments in Financing Higher Education

Panel: The Role of Endowments in Financing Higher Education

Panel: The Role of Endowments in Financing Higher Education - Handout: Universities are Becoming Billion Dollar Hedge Funds (A. Taylor)

Panel: The Role of Endowments in Financing Higher Education - Handout: Universities are Becoming Billion Dollar Hedge Funds (A. Taylor)

Panel: The Role of Endowments in Financing Higher Education

Panel: The Role of Endowments in Financing Higher Education

Panel: The Role of Endowments in Financing Higher Education - Handout: Students Target Their School's Underperforming Investments (J. Lorin)

Panel: The Role of Endowments in Financing Higher Education - Handout: Students Target Their School's Underperforming Investments (J. Lorin)

The Rise and Fall of Exceptional Australian Incomes Since 1800

We gauge how productivity and factor endowments shaped the rise and fall of Australia's exceptional incomes using new measures of total factor productivity (TFP), which include natural resource inputs, in an accounting of income growth. Further, we explore the drivers of TFP growth. Pastoralism and mining had negative TFP externalities, and we incorporate these findings into a unified accounting of incomes, which distinguishes the roles of endowments and productivity. Nevertheless, TFP growth played an important role in promoting exceptional incomes between 1842 and 1890. Our findings favour a more balanced interpretation of Australian growth that has roles for natural resources, labour participation, and productivity.

The role of endowments, technology and size in international trade: new evidence from product-level data

ABSTRACTUsing product-level trade data, we empirically investigate the export patterns of more than 150 countries in their exports to the USA, Brazil, India, and Japan. We document strong evidence that exporters specialize according to their relative factor endowments, technology, and economic size. More developed, capital abundant countries are found to export products of higher unit values and a wider range of products to developed, emerging and developing markets. More developed, economically larger, and technologically advanced countries are also the major exporters of new products, spanning a wide range of product categories with high unit values. Our findings provide important insights into the macro phenomenon that a large proportion of the global trade takes place among developed economies, and that the latter are also major exporters to developing markets.

Five Facts about Value-Added Exports and Implications for Macroeconomics and Trade Research

Due to the rise of global supply chains, gross exports do not accurately measure the amount of value added exchanged between countries. I highlight five facts about differences between gross and value-added exports. These differences are large and growing over time, currently around 25 percent, and manufacturing trade looks more important, relative to services, in gross than value-added terms. These differences are also heterogenous across countries and bilateral partners, and changing unevenly across countries and partners over time. Taking these differences into account enables researchers to obtain better quantitative answers to important macroeconomic and trade questions. I discuss how the facts inform analysis of the transmission of shocks across countries; the mechanics of trade balance adjustments; the impact of frictions on trade; the role of endowments and comparative advantage; and trade policy.

دور الأوقاف في تنمية البحث العلمي وتطويره في جامعات دول مجلس التعاون الخليجي

دور الأوقاف في تنمية البحث العلمي وتطويره في جامعات دول مجلس التعاون الخليجي

UNIVERSITY RESERVES MANAGEMENT: INTERNATIONAL PRACTICES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR LITHUANIA

The article considers the new opportunities for university reserves management arising in the process of transition to non-profit institution model in Lithuania. Authors review historical background of university funding and significance of endowments. The role of endowments in leading USA and UK universities is analyzed. Structural differences and common trends in the mix of public and private funding of higher education in different countries are showed. Authors analyse the transition from budgetary to nonprofit institution in higher education in Lithuania since 2009 and suggest practical approach to university reserve creation, funds management and financial endowment build-up in the new institutional framework of higher education in Lithuania.

Economic Interpretations of Intergenerational Correlations

Since accurate prediction ultimately determines the usefulness of theory, our paper gives the reader a taste of some predictions derived from economic theory and some empirical successes and failures. We provide only a taste, because there are a great many economic models relevant to intergenerational correlations— such as models of educational attainment, neighborhood effects in schooling, family formation and fertility choice, occupational choice and discrimination—and quite a variety of predictions that might be derived from these models. However, a simple model of investment and intergenerational decision making can be interpreted as a conceptual aggregation of many more detailed economic models. We present such a model and from it derive one class of predictions that has received substantial attention in the empirical literature—the role of endowments and credit markets in determining intergenerational correlations.