ABSTRACTFew studies have distinguished and compared the relationships and pathways between peer acceptance, peer rejection, friendship quality, self‐concept, and victimization, as well as their interactions with classroom characteristics. This study aimed to address this gap by examining these relationships over 1 year, focusing on the roles of collective efficacy and self‐concept at both the classroom and individual levels. A sample of 1053 elementary school students in grades 4–6 across 36 classes completed questionnaires, and a multilevel moderated mediation model was constructed. After controlling for gender and grade, the study found: (1) The association between friendship quality and victimization was the strongest, followed by peer acceptance and peer rejection, with no significant difference between the latter two. (2) Peer acceptance was related to victimization entirely through self‐concept, while peer rejection was directly related to victimization. Friendship quality was primarily related to victimization directly rather than through self‐concept. (3) Collective efficacy was negatively related to victimization and moderated the relationships between peer rejection, friendship quality, and victimization. Higher collective efficacy reduced the association between peer rejection and victimization but diminished the protective effect of friendship quality on victimization. This study not only clarified the specific roles and pathways of peer acceptance, peer rejection, and friendship quality in relation to victimization but also highlighted the protective role of peer interactions at the classroom level, enhancing our understanding of victimization dynamics.

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본 연구는 한국의 맥락에서 소득수준과 범죄두려움의 관계를 알아보고 주요결과를 통하여 서구중심적 범죄두려움 모델에 대한 비판적 고찰을 목적으로 한다. 국내 연구에서 주목 받지 못했던 소득 수준과 범죄두려움의 관계를 취약성 모델을 바탕으로 이론적 배경과 선행연구를 소개하고 둘의 관계가 서양과 다르게 나타나는 부분에 대하여 집합효율성과의 관계를 살펴봄으로써 설명하고자 하였다.이 연구를 위해 한국형사ㆍ법무정책연구원에서 실시한 “2020 전국범죄피해조사(KCVS: Korean Crime Victim Survey)” 2차 데이터를 활용하였으며, 일반적/구체적 범죄두려움과의 관계, 소득수준과 집합효율성과의 관계를 살펴보기 위하여 R 4.3.0 소프트웨어를 사용하여 의사결정나무(Decision Tree)분석을 실시하였다. 곡선추정분석 결과, 소득과 일반적 범죄두려움 사이의 관계가 비선형적일 때 F-값이 선형적일 때보다 증가한 것으로 나타났다. 또한 곡선추정분석에서 소득과 구체적 범죄두려움 사이의 관계는 선형적인 경우와 비선형적인 경우 모두 유의한 것으로 나타났다. 선형추정 결과도 유의했지만, 서구에서 관찰된 결과와는 달랐다. 의사결정나무 분석을 통한 추가 검증 결과, 소득 수준이 상대적으로 높고 집합효율성이 높을 때 범죄두려움이 가장 높은 경향이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 반대로 범죄두려움은 ‘소득 수준은 상대적으로 낮지만 집합효율성이 높을 때’가 가장 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 한국의 문화와 주거형태의 맥락에서 소득과 범죄두려움 사이의 비선형적 관계를 분석한 결과를 토대로 향후 연구에 대한 시사점을 논의하였다.

ABSTRACT Mass violence in the United States has been shown to cause trauma for survivors. These events may also create for survivors the experience of posttraumatic growth (PTG), the facets of which include personal strength, appreciation for life, new possibilities in life, spiritual change, and enhanced relationships with others. However, the role of collective efficacy and agency in the development of PTG following mass violence remains unknown. The purpose of this study is to assess the relationship between PTG and experiences of collective efficacy and agency among survivors of the Isla Vista, California tragedy of 2014. The mixed methods objective was to explore the interpretive context within which the agency and collective efficacy experiences occurred. Quantitative data collected in a questionnaire (n = 166) were used to inform the collection of qualitative interview data (n = 12). Participating in therapy, organizing community events, and making the decision to either leave or stay in Isla Vista positively correlated with PTG based on hierarchical regression analysis. Themes of personal agency, the importance of role, and participating in collective action emerged from interviews. This study offers unique methodological approaches to using mixed methods data to understand the experiences which contributed to PTG among survivors of a mass shooting.

When a person identifies with a particular religion, they identify not only with the ingroup’s religious values but also with the ingroup’s evaluations towards the relevant religious outgroup. Using a theoretical notion of ethnocentrism, this study offers religiocentrism to explain how one favourably perceives their religious affiliation and unfavourably evaluates the religious outgroup. Specifically, this study is focused on the recent interreligious conflicts between Muslims and Christians in Indonesia. In carrying out the study, we employ relevant constructs to test our hypothesis that religiocentrism is indirectly related to support for interreligious violence via perceived injustice and that this relation is stronger for individuals with high collective efficacy. We perform a confirmatory factor analysis to test all the measures’ validity. In testing the hypothesis, we conduct a moderated mediation analysis to test the indirect relations between religiocentrism and support for interreligious violence via perceived injustice and to test the conditional effect of collective efficacy on the relationship. The results show that collective efficacy significantly moderates the relation between religiocentrism and support for interreligious violence. The finding contributes to the discussion of the various roles of collective efficacy in interreligious conflicts, dependent on the nature of the conflicts.

This present work examines functional and dysfunctional behavioral responses to fear of crime through a novel conceptualization of behavior that aims to further elucidate the behavioral component of fear. Two key variables of interest, anxiety and collective efficacy, are operationalized in fresh ways to examine their impact on the functional-dysfunctional continuum. It was hypothesized that anxiety will promote dysfunctional responses while actualized collective efficacy (through an action orientation lens) will promote functional responses. The hierarchical multinomial logistic regression model revealed that anxiety increased the likelihood of behavioral responses along the entire continuum while actualized collective efficacy increased the likelihood of functional responses.

Abstract Recognizing that prior research has paid limited attention to the relevance of neighbourhood context to the procedural justice model of regulation, this study, based on data collected from a recent survey of 2,245 residents in a southeast city in China, examined the relationship between procedural fairness, collective efficacy and citizens’ willingness to cooperate with the police, with a special focus on the role of collective efficacy in the function of the procedural justice theoretical framework. The results of this study revealed that the association between perceived collective efficacy and willingness to cooperate with the police was stronger than that between procedural fairness and the outcome variable. Additionally, this study demonstrated a moderating role of perceived collective efficacy on the relationship between procedural fairness and cooperation (the link between procedural fairness and cooperation was stronger for those with a low level of perceived collective efficacy), further highlighting the relevance of citizens’ perceptions of neighbourhood context to their attitudinal behaviours towards the police. These findings have important implications for the direction of efforts to foster citizens’ support and cooperation.

The Role of Collective Efficacy in Predicting the Strength of National Identity: An Empirical Analysis in Contexts of the Republic of Korean Armed Forces

BackgroundBroken windows theory (BWT) proposes that visible signs of crime, disorder and anti-social behaviour – however minor – lead to further levels of crime, disorder and anti-social behaviour. While we acknowledge divisive and controversial policy developments that were based on BWT, theories of neighbourhood disorder have recently been proposed to have utility in healthcare, emphasising the potential negative effects of disorder on staff and patients, as well as the potential role of collective efficacy in mediating its effects. The aim of this study was to empirically examine the relationship between disorder, collective efficacy and outcome measures in hospital settings. We additionally sought to develop and validate a survey instrument for assessing BWT in hospital settings.MethodsCross-sectional survey of clinical and non-clinical staff from four major hospitals in Australia. The survey included the Disorder and Collective Efficacy Survey (DaCEs) (developed for the present study) and outcome measures: job satisfaction, burnout, and patient safety. Construct validity was evaluated by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and reliability was assessed by internal consistency. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was used to test a hypothesised model between disorder and patient safety and staff outcomes.ResultsThe present study found that both social and physical disorder were positively related to burnout, and negatively related to job satisfaction and patient safety. Further, we found support for the hypothesis that the relationship from social disorder to outcomes (burnout, job satisfaction, patient safety) was mediated by collective efficacy (social cohesion, willingness to intervene).ConclusionsAs one of the first studies to empirically test theories of neighbourhood disorder in healthcare, we found that a positive, orderly, productive culture is likely to lead to wellbeing for staff and the delivery of safer care for patients.

We examined the connection between the transformational and authentic leadership of head coaches and team performance, and the mediating role of collective efficacy in this relationship in the context of Korean men's K League. Participants were 106 K League players and we analyzed their data using structural equation modeling. The results show that transformational and authentic leadership of head coaches both had a positive effect on players' collective efficacy, which had a positive effect on team performance. Transformational leadership had a direct effect on team performance, but authentic leadership did not. Further, transformational and authentic leadership both had a positive effect on team performance. Collective efficacy partially mediated the former relationship and fully mediated the latter relationship. Our findings have practical implications for K League coaches seeking to develop their leadership through education and training programs, in that they should provide special care to underperforming players and pair players of different ages and educational backgrounds to increase team performance and collective efficacy.

This study examines the role of competitive aggressiveness in the relationship between top management team (TMT) collective efficacy and firm performance under the contextual influence of TMT trust. Based on a sample obtained from 376 top executives in 147 firms in Taiwan, we find that competitive aggressiveness is a key mediator in converting TMT collective efficacy into advantageous performance. Moderated-mediation analyses further show that the mediating effect of competitive aggressiveness is more prominent under lower level of TMT trust, a finding that is contrary with our prediction. Our research contributes to the upper echelons and competitive dynamics theories by identifying the interplay of TMT shared cognitions and socio-behavioral processes as critical drivers of firm initiatives and outcomes in the rivalrous contexts.

Since the term gentrification was first coined in the 1960s, scholars have had an interest in understanding how this process of change can impact neighborhoods. Empirical research focusing on the relationship between gentrification and crime has yielded varying results, with little examination of the contextual mechanisms that may influence the relationship. This research combines data from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods with several other sources, and employs multilevel modeling techniques to examine two such contextual mechanisms – collective efficacy and group threat, conceptualized as perceived neighborhood change. The results offer preliminary support for the moderating roles of collective efficacy and perceived neighborhood change mechanisms on the relationship between gentrification and crime. While there is an overall negative association between gentrification and crime, this effect is strengthened with collective efficacy, but reversed with rising levels of perceived neighborhood change.

Social networks have been found to have a valuable role in supporting the management of long‐term conditions. However, the focus on the quality and how well self‐management interventions work focus on individualised behavioural outcomes such as self‐efficacy and there is a need for understanding that focuses on the role of wider collective processes in self‐management support. Collective efficacy presents a potentially useful candidate concept in the development and understanding of self‐management support interventions. To date it has mainly been utilised in the context of organisations and neighbourhoods related to social phenomena such as community cohesion. Drawing on Bandura's original theorisation this meta‐synthesis explores how studies of collective efficacy might illuminate collective elements operating within the personal communities of people with long‐term conditions. A qualitative meta‐synthesis was undertaken. Studies published between 1998 and 2018 that examined collective efficacy in relation to health and well‐being using qualitative and mixed methods was eligible for inclusion. Timing of engagement with others, building trust in the group, and legitimising ongoing engagement with the group arised as central elements of collective efficacy. The two themes forming third order constructs were related to the presence of continuous interaction and ongoing relational work between members of the group. Collective efficacy can develop and be sustained over time in a range of situations where individuals may not have intense relationships with one another and have limited commitment and contact with one another. Extending this to the personal communities of people with long‐term conditions it may be the case that collective efficacy enables a number of engagement opportunities which can be oriented towards assisting with support from networks over a sustained length of time. This may include negotiating acceptable connections to resources and activities which in turn may help change existing practice in ways that improve long‐term condition management.

Drawing upon ideas stemming from social disorganisation theory, this study explores how structural and social aspects of the school context affect youth substance-use behaviours in terms of smoking, alcohol and/or drug use. A key focus is to investigate the joint effect of school collective efficacy and schools’ substance-use norms on students’ substance use. Analyses are based on combined information from two independent data collections conducted in 2014 among ninth grade students ( n = 5122) and teachers ( n = 1105) in 81 senior-level schools in Stockholm. Results from multilevel analyses confirm previous research by suggesting that the proneness to engage in substance use varies depending on the socioeconomic profile of the school. Youth in socioeconomically advantaged schools were more prone to engage in substance use than youth in disadvantaged school settings. Furthermore, collective incentives for exerting social control against substance use seem to be weaker in schools where conventional values towards substance use (anti-substance-use norms) are suppressed.

Many improvements in health equity are spearheaded by community collaborations working to change policy and social norms. But how can collective efficacy (CE), defined as the willingness and ability of a group to work toward a common good, be increased? Eight articles reporting on interventions aiming to reduce health disparities by improving CE were found for this systematic literature review. All studies showed improvements in CE and most found reduction in disparities, but operationalization of CE varied. Findings support a model of how CE can address health disparities, which can guide standardization of CE interventions and measures.

All grade-6 children of the largest school of a suburban city included in the second largest metropolitan area of Portugal (Porto) participated in the PHS-pro. Children were evaluated throughout the programme implementation in a repeated time-series design. Children's outcome evaluation was conducted through seven 3-day food records for eating behaviours recorded after each learning module, and participatory activities analysed their attitudes, preferences and expectations. Results Substantial changes were found in several eating behaviours over the programme, supported by children's motivation for change observed in their attitudes and expectations. Significant changes were observed on vegetable soup (p = 0.003), milk products (p = 0.024), and fruit to higher consumption (p = 0.008), while high-energy dense food (p = 0.048), and soft drink consumption (p = 0.042), significantly decreased. No positive effects on fried food, water, vegetables and bread were found.

ABSTRACTPrevious research demonstrates that collective efficacy positively predicts students' academic achievement (e.g., Bandura, 1993; Goddard et al., 2000). However, unaddressed by the current literature is whether collective efficacy also works to reduce inequity by closing achievement gaps. To learn about the operation of collective efficacy, we designed a mixed-methods study, situated in the elementary and middle schools of one large urban district in Texas. Hierarchal linear modeling was employed to model the degree to which collective efficacy explained differences among schools in student mathematics achievement and the Black-White achievement gap. We also drew upon focus group data collected at 6 schools. We found that collective efficacy was associated with an increase in mathematics achievement as well a 50% reduction in the academic disadvantage experienced by Black students. Focus groups revealed the importance of school principals in supporting teacher collaboration and peer observation as well as a sustained focus on instructional improvement.

Objectives:This research assesses the impacts of three distinctive crime control activities organized and directed by the neighborhood committees with the assistance of local police in contemporary urban China—Tiao-jie, Bang-jiao, and neighborhood watches. Tiao-jie deals with disputes and minor criminal cases. Bang-jiao provides guidance to residents who have committed minor offenses or have been released from correctional institutions to facilitate reintegration. Neighborhood watches engage local residents in crime prevention under the direction of neighborhood committees.Method:Using survey data recently collected in Tianjin, we examine the effects of indicators of the implementation of these neighborhood-based crime control strategies on residents’ reports of household property victimizations that occurred within the neighborhoods with multilevel logistic regressions.Results:Net of a range of individual-level and neighborhood-level control variables, the indicators of the level of activity of Tiao-jie, Bang-jiao, and neighborhood watches exhibit negative effects on reported household property victimization.Conclusions:Our findings provide suggestive evidence that the traditional strategies of neighborhood-level crime control continue to be relevant in the China of today and that the role of collective efficacy appears to differ from that observed in Western cities.

The research analyzed the impact of community’s collective efficacy on defendants’ likelihood of accepting plea bargaining in Bexar County, Texas. The study used housing density in the community as a proxy of collective efficacy. Logistic regression models were used to examine the correlation between housing density and the likelihood of accepting plea deals. Propensity matching analyses were used to draw further casual relationships for certain groups of defendants. The results show that high housing density is significantly associated with high likelihood of accepting plea deals. However, the relationship disappears when controlling for defendants’ demographic characteristics and their community characteristics respectively. Furthermore, Latino/Hispanic male defendants with misdemeanor charges are more likely to accept plea bargaining if they live in communities with high housing density, compared to those who live in communities with low housing density. The limitations and future research directions are also discussed.

Despite growing recognition of the importance of communities to children’s safety, efforts to translate this research into child maltreatment prevention initiatives has been lacking. In this article, we argue that one of the challenges to developing and evaluating community-based child maltreatment prevention efforts is identifying effective instruments for measuring community-level change. In particular, this article addresses the role of collective efficacy in promoting children’s safety, challenges with utilizing the existing measure of collective efficacy in the context of child protection, and the development of a new measure. After articulating a theoretical framework regarding the role of collective efficacy in child protection, existing strategies for measuring collective efficacy are reviewed and the strategy employed to devise a new measure is articulated. Ultimately, the new measure consisted of 15 items, and the scale had relatively high reliability (α = .848). Further, the scale fulfilled the criteria for construct and convergent validity. Because implementation science in the context of community-based child maltreatment prevention is relatively young, there is a need to better understand the mechanisms by which children’s safety is ensured. This study contributes to the literature on the relationship between collective efficacy and children’s safety.