Role Of Actors Research Articles

IMPROVING THE COMPETITIVE STRUCTURE OF THE DISTRICT HEATING MARKET THROUGH ENERGY STORAGE DEVICES

This research article explores the modernization of structural frameworks in district heating systems (DHSs) operating under competitive market conditions by integrating energy storage devices (ESD). Recognizing the necessity to enhance operational flexibility and reliability, particularly with the increasing share of intermittent renewable energy sources like wind and solar, the study investigates the role of ESD in optimizing DHS functionalities. The primary objectives include conducting a literature review to identify effective technologies for DHS integration and proposing an upgraded structural interaction scheme tailored to competitive environments. The literature review highlights the potential of various thermal energy storage (TES) solutions, each contributing to enhanced energy management despite inherent economic and technical challenges. The proposed modernization of structural schemes redefines the roles of multiple actors in the DHS, including energy producers, transportation networks, and consumers, alongside operations management. By facilitating demand response and adapting pricing structures, the competitive DHS environment aims to reduce reliance on fossil fuels and enhance the viability and resilience of energy networks. In conclusion, this research underscores the transformative impact of integrating ESD into DHSs, promoting sustainable urban energy infrastructures that align with global sustainability objectives. Continued innovation, coupled with strategic policy support, is essential to overcome existing barriers and fully exploit the potential of ESD in modernizing district heating frameworks for resilient and economically viable energy solutions.

Predictive reward-prediction errors of climbing fiber inputs integrate modular reinforcement learning with supervised learning.

Although the cerebellum is typically associated with supervised learning algorithms, it also exhibits extensive involvement in reward processing. In this study, we investigated the cerebellum's role in executing reinforcement learning algorithms, with a particular emphasis on essential reward-prediction errors. We employed the Q-learning model to accurately reproduce the licking responses of mice in a Go/No-go auditory-discrimination task. This method enabled the calculation of reinforcement learning variables, such as reward, predicted reward, and reward-prediction errors in each learning trial. Through tensor component analysis of two-photon Ca2+ imaging data from more than 6,000 Purkinje cells, we found that climbing fiber inputs of the two distinct components, which were specifically activated during Go and No-go cues in the learning process, showed an inverse relationship with predictive reward-prediction errors. Assuming bidirectional parallel-fiber Purkinje-cell synaptic plasticity, we constructed a cerebellar neural-network model with 5,000 spiking neurons of granule cells, Purkinje cells, cerebellar nuclei neurons, and inferior olive neurons. The network model qualitatively reproduced distinct changes in licking behaviors, climbing-fiber firing rates, and their synchronization during discrimination learning separately for Go/No-go conditions. We found that Purkinje cells in the two components could develop specific motor commands for their respective auditory cues, guided by the predictive reward-prediction errors from their climbing fiber inputs. These results indicate a possible role of context-specific actors in modular reinforcement learning, integrating with cerebellar supervised learning capabilities.

European Union’s Development Assistance and Nation Building: A Case of Mogadishu, Somalia

This study examines the European Union's (EU) contributions to nation-building in Mogadishu, Somalia, focusing on three key areas: institutional consolidation, state stabilization, and sustainable development. The purpose of the study is to analyze how the EU’s interventions have influenced the nation-building process in Somalia’s capital. A qualitative research methodology was employed, using case studies, document reviews, and in-depth interviews with policymakers, EU officials, and local stakeholders. The findings reveal that the EU’s sustainable development initiatives have significantly enhanced economic growth and social infrastructure, contributing to improved living standards in Mogadishu. The EU’s state stabilization efforts, particularly in security sector reforms, have played a pivotal role in reducing violence and strengthening local governance. Furthermore, the EU’s institutional consolidation initiatives have fostered more transparent and accountable governance structures, contributing to the overall stability and functionality of Somalia’s public institutions. In conclusion, the study finds that the EU’s multifaceted approach to nation-building in Mogadishu has yielded positive outcomes, though challenges remain in ensuring the long-term sustainability of these efforts. The study recommends continued support for capacity building and the enhancement of local governance mechanisms to ensure lasting peace and development. This research contributes to the knowledge of international development and governance by providing insights into the role of external actors like the EU in fragile states.

Representational and Interactional Meanings of UNHCR Reports on Displaced Iraqis

The use of appropriate and accurate language is of utmost importance when describing people on the move and their dilemma, particularly refugees and displaced persons who have unique legal protection, so there are a lot of scholars who have investigated the United Nation High Commissioner for Refugees' (UNHCR) reports, but no one has examined representational and interactional meanings of UNHCR reports on displaced Iraqis. Accordingly, this research aims to explore the role of UNHCR reports in enhancing the value of the humanitarian, which is attributed to the uniqueness of its use of language. This study investigates the manner in which the textual content interacts with photographic images that are associated with the category of of UNHCR reports. Four reports are analysed with regard to the representational and interactional structures of photos and transitivity analysis of texts. The present study adapts Multimodal Discourse Analysis by Kress and van Leeuwen (2006) and Transitivity System proposed by Halliday (2004). Based on the results, this paper concludes that these reports are effective and have positive impacts on the readers with persuasive consequences. It is found that the participants roles of Actors and Goals of both photos and texts are more frequent than the other roles of participants. These roles are connected with most dominant processes, the transactional actions processes of the images and the material processes of texts. Thus, there is a great focus on an folding actions or events more than on what the participants representing, thinking or possessing.

The Significance of the Berlin Process for Kosovo - Challenges and Opportunities for Sustainable Integration

Purpose: This scientific work aims to reveal the depth of the influence of the Berlin process on the integration process of the Western Balkans, i.e. Kosovo. Through the assessment of challenges and achievements, the impact of this process will be presented in the progress of the perspective of Kosovo's membership in the European Union and the construction of a stable and united region in the Western Balkans. Theoretical Reference: The Berlin Process is an initiative initiated and led by Germany, the purpose of which is to facilitate regional cooperation between the six countries of the Western Balkans (WB6) with a vision to help them meet the criteria for accession to the European Union (EU). After the decision of the European Union to suspend the enlargement process for a period of 5 years, in order to prevent the weakening of the continuation of reforms in the countries of the Western Balkans, the Berlin Process was introduced at the initiative of Chancellor Merkel and with the support of the EU member states, as an instrument for the continuation of the multilateral and reform dialogue for the countries of the Western Balkans. Balkans. This process, supported by EU financial aid for the countries of the Western Balkans, positively contributed to the acceleration of infrastructural, economic and energy market reforms, the promotion of cultural, academic and youth cooperation, as well as the intensification of dialogue. on unresolved bilateral issues such as Kosovo-Serbia, etc. Method: Data processing of 110 respondents and a structured interview of five domestic actors of this process will give us clear conclusions and recommendations that are worth including in the further continuation of negotiations and the implementation of the requirements arising from this initiative. Results and conclusion: The results emphasize the need for the commitment and support of the countries participating in the process, and especially the EU, in supporting Kosovo's commitment to reforms and integration into the international community. Also, through research, we managed to discuss the role of the Berlin process, in accelerating reforms and Kosovo's advantages on the way to integration into the European Union. Implications of the research: The work provides us with an opportunity to understand the challenges and importance of the Berlin Process for Kosovo and the role and influence of institutional and non-institutional actors, such as international actors and non-governmental organizations. Originality/value: The document contributes to the continuous promotion of the debate in Kosovo society, about the importance of such a process for regional cooperation and for governments in Kosovo to understand the role they play in the country's rapid progress towards the EU.

The role of non-state actors in shaping UN climate change side event discussions

The role of non-state actors in shaping UN climate change side event discussions

Rural Transformation, GVCs and the Rise of the Services Economy

ABSTRACTThe rise of global agricultural value chains presents both opportunities and challenges for rural transformation and economic development. In this regard, we propose that the expansion of the service sector in developing countries significantly influences the development of agricultural value chain, promoting wealth creation. We posit that when global value chains in agriculture are used to interpret rural transformation, the crucial function of services is often underemphasised. We construct an interaction term between the productivity dynamics in services and the evolution of global value chain (GVC) over time. The key finding suggests that the coevolution of service sector development and participation in GVC strongly correlates with increases in agricultural sector productivity. The analysis highlights the importance of considering the stage of development and the specific service subsectors when examining the relationship between services, GVC and rural transformation. We propose that enhancing the institutional environment, particularly with respect to contracts within such value chains, enables a larger role for domestic actors in capturing this value.

Talent development through intrapreneurship: a human-capital approach in French SMEs

Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate talent development (TD) through the lens of intrapreneurship within small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the French context. Grounded in the human capital theory, the authors aim to identify challenges, competencies and the role of actors involved in the process of TD. This approach would provide a clearer and more nuanced understanding of how SMEs implement and manage TD while identifying the key competencies associated with these practices. Design/methodology/approach This study adopts a qualitative methodology, drawing insights from 22 semi-structured interviews conducted with HR managers, talent managers and CEOs across 15 SMEs operating in diverse sectors in France. The data is rigorously analyzed using thematic analysis, enabling the identification of key themes and patterns that emerged organically from the participants’ perspectives. Findings The study results identify three critical approaches for successful TD in SMEs, consistent with the principles of human capital theory. First, SMEs embrace an inclusive approach to TD where all employees are considered for development opportunities, rather than focusing solely on high-potential individuals. Second, SMEs broaden the tripartite competency framework to equip talent with intrapreneurial competencies – cognitive, functional and behavioral – critical for innovation, from idea generation to implementation phases of the intrapreneurial project. Third, SMEs not only emphasize the critical role of line managers in driving TD, but also actively delegate key responsibilities traditionally managed by HR departments or CEOs, positioning line managers as pivotal agents in embedding TD practices into daily operations. This enables line managers to cultivate a culture of intrapreneurship while aligning talent management efforts with the strategic growth objectives of SMEs. Practical implications SMEs should adopt inclusive TD strategies, offering growth opportunities to all employees to foster innovation and adaptability. A structured competency framework, rooted in the French tripartite model – savoir, savoir-faire and savoir-être – equips employees with the cognitive, functional and behavioral skills essential for developing intrapreneurial capabilities. SMEs should implement balanced compensation systems that recognize both individual and team contributions, when line managers with HR responsibilities must ensure that talent needs are identified and aligned with organizational goals through empowerment. To support this, SMEs should provide targeted training and structured resources for managers, enhancing their effectiveness in promoting TD through intrapreneurship. Originality/value This study is among the few that specifically investigate TD through the lens of intrapreneurship in French SMEs, illustrating how organic structures and the delegation of TD responsibilities to line managers can enhance a tripartite competency model. By comparing this model to other international frameworks, the research brings nuanced insights into a more holistic, context-sensitive approach that fosters both collective intelligence and strategic alignment in talent management.

Modern armed conflicts: compliance with the standards of international humanitarian law

The article examines the current state of development of international humanitarian law (IHL) and identifies the main challenges facing its implementation in the context of modern armed conflicts. The authors outline the problems of adapting IHL to modern challenges, such as hybrid conflicts, the increasing role of non-state actors, the use of new technologies, and the politicisation of international justice. Special attention is paid to the role of states, international organisations, non-state armed groups and individuals in ensuring the effectiveness of IHL. Particular attention is paid to the role of non-state actors, in particular armed groups, separatist groups and terrorist organisations, which are increasingly involved in modern conflicts. It is noted that such actors often violate the fundamental principles of IHL. The authors analyse examples of gross violations of IHL, in particular, in Syria, Yemen, the Central African Republic, and the Sahel region. Asymmetric conflicts characterised by inequality between the parties pose additional challenges to IHL. The use of terrorist methods, guerrilla tactics and information operations makes it difficult to comply with the principles of humanity and distinction. In addition, the authors draw attention to the problem of identifying the subjects of cyber threats, which complicates the application of relevant IHL rules in the context of modern technologies. The article suggests ways to improve IHL in view of the new realities of war. The main measures include the development of specialised rules to regulate the behaviour of non-state actors, adaptation of humanitarian law provisions to the specifics of the latest technologies, including unmanned aerial vehicles and cyber weapons, and the creation of international and regional mechanisms for the prosecution of violators. Of particular importance is the expansion of the jurisdiction of international judicial bodies, such as the International Criminal Court, and the establishment of regional tribunals. It is concluded that ensuring the effectiveness of IHL in the current environment requires the adaptation of its norms to modern challenges and close cooperation of the international community. Only a comprehensive approach combining the improvement of legal mechanisms and strengthening of international cooperation can ensure the relevance and effectiveness of humanitarian law in the context of modern conflicts.

Tourism collaborative governance: The views of tourism small and medium-sized enterprises in rural areas

It is recognised that collaborative governance of­fers better solutions to problems than those fashioned exclu­sively by government agencies. Collaborative governance in­volves several relevant parties, particularly in the travel and tourism sector. The integrative processes of collaborative governance in the tourism industry provide a direct face-to-face alternative, leading to thorough and comprehensive stra­tegic planning. Recent tourism governance research has ex­plored the role of multiple actors in governing destinations but has not comprehensively investigated the role that tour­ism small and medium-sized enterprises play as important stakeholders at rural tourism destinations. Since tourism small and medium-sized enterprises are critical players in tourism collaborative governance, there is a need for an eval­uation of the role they play in this context. This study ex­plores the opinions of tourism small and medium-sized en­terprises regarding collaborative governance at rural tourism destinations. The study adopted a qualitative research ap­proach and employed a purposive sampling method, a non-probability sampling technique to select participants. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews. The results of the investigation indicate that tour­ism small and medium-sized enterprises recognise the need for their participation in tourism collabo­rative governance, the necessity of knowledgeable conveners, the importance of equal voices during stakeholder meetings, and mutual trust among stakeholders as essential components of effective col­laborative governance. The study recommends active and equitable community participation, build­ing mutual trust among stakeholders, and promoting effective collaboration between all parties in­volved in tourism collaborative governance.

Subjects of war crimes investigations and their capabilities within criminal proceedings

This study is dedicated to analyzing the subjects involved in the investigation of war crimes in the modern world. It examines key issues that arise in this process, as well as opportunities provided by national and international legal mechanisms. The aim of the work is to determine the role of various actors in ensuring justice and to develop recommendations for enhancing the efficiency of their activities. The research explores the challenges associated with using digital technologies and open-source intelligence (OSINT) in evidence collection. It analyzes the activities of key actors, including the International Criminal Court, national judicial bodies, and non-governmental organizations, highlighting the characteristics of international cooperation in the context of the Rome Statute’s ratification. The study’s subject is the activities of entities involved in investigating war crimes, while its object encompasses the legal, organizational, and practical aspects of their work in both international and national contexts. The research employs methods of analysis, synthesis, comparative legal analysis, and case studies to investigate specific examples of investigations. The interdisciplinary approach allows for considering the influence of technologies, international law, and societal contexts. This work synthesizes modern challenges faced by war crimes investigation actors and proposes solutions to overcome them. It emphasizes the potential of digital technologies and the role of non-governmental organizations in evidence collection and analysis for the first time. The practical significance of the research lies in the recommendations for improving international and national justice mechanisms. The study underscores the importance of ratifying the Rome Statute for OSINT, its role in Ukraine’s European integration process, and the effectiveness of international justice. It concludes that collaboration between national judicial bodies, the International Criminal Court, and non-governmental organizations is crucial to achieving justice in war crimes cases.

Gender-based inequalities, religious extremism, and the Shakahola pandemic: exploring the intersection of women, religion and sustainable development in Kenya

The research examined the impact of women’s experiences during the Shakahola Pandemic in Kenya, based on religious institutions and beliefs in mitigating gender-based biases and violence and one of the worst mass suicides in recent memory. It employed feminist theory, liberation theory, gender and development theory to give analysis of the intersection of the pandemic, religion, gender, and development in the earth centered framework. A qualitative method was used in the data collection i.e., focus groups, discussions and interviews, which focused on how women were affected during the Shakahola pandemic and the reaction of religious leaders in Kenya. The findings included insights in the ways in which the pandemic affected women’s rights despite the fact that they are the mothers giving birth to the children dying, thus, the life that is being destroyed, the roles of religious actors in responding to the crisis, and the potential for collaboration between the government and different stakeholders in addressing the challenges are discussed. This research is relevant and the knowledge is important to policy makers, practitioners, and additionally to the researchers working in the fields of sustainable development, gender equality, and religion. The study therefore examined the intersection of these different issues, aiming to give a comprehensive understanding of the complex relationship between women, religion, and pandemics in the context of religious extremism.

Sustainable supply chain modeling: a review based on the application of the system dynamics approach

Sustainable supply chains, evolving with supply chain 5.0 revolution, are crucial for achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs) by balancing economic growth, environmental protection, and social responsibility. They help reduce environmental impacts, promote ethical labor practices, and ensure financial viability. Sustainable supply chains involve complex interactions and external influences. The system dynamics approach effectively captures these intricate interactions through feedback loops and non-linear relationships. This review seeks to identify issues in modeling sustainable supply chains using system dynamics and offer insights for developing sustainable, flexible, responsive, and resilient models. This paper reviews literature from 2020 to 2023 using thematic analysis. It examines dynamics, behaviors, management, sustainability strategies, decision-making, and future directions for sustainable supply chain modeling. The findings suggest that a comprehensive framework can enhance management practices, support policymaking, and promote sustainability. Integrated risk management is essential for resilient, adaptable supply chains, while financial viability and scalability are essential for the widespread adoption of sustainability practices. Understanding the roles of various actors and integrating supply chain components can improve support systems, and exploring green energy, technology adoption, and consumer behavior can advance sustainability goals. Future research should also better integrate sustainability aspects and explore a broader range of literature for deeper insights.

Ready, Set, … Rollout? – The Role of Heterogeneous Actors and Proximities in the Delayed Smart Meter Rollout in Germany

Ready, Set, … Rollout? – The Role of Heterogeneous Actors and Proximities in the Delayed Smart Meter Rollout in Germany

Gender-based inequalities, religious extremism, and the Shakahola pandemic: exploring the intersection of women, religion and sustainable development in Kenya

The research examined the impact of women’s experiences during the Shakahola Pandemic in Kenya, based on religious institutions and beliefs in mitigating gender-based biases and violence and one of the worst mass suicides in recent memory. It employed feminist theory, liberation theory, gender and development theory to give analysis of the intersection of the pandemic, religion, gender, and development in the earth centered framework. A qualitative method was used in the data collection i.e., focus groups, discussions and interviews, which focused on how women were affected during the Shakahola pandemic and the reaction of religious leaders in Kenya. The findings included insights in the ways in which the pandemic affected women’s rights despite the fact that they are the mothers giving birth to the children dying, thus, the life that is being destroyed, the roles of religious actors in responding to the crisis, and the potential for collaboration between the government and different stakeholders in addressing the challenges are discussed. This research is relevant and the knowledge is important to policy makers, practitioners, and additionally to the researchers working in the fields of sustainable development, gender equality, and religion. The study therefore examined the intersection of these different issues, aiming to give a comprehensive understanding of the complex relationship between women, religion, and pandemics in the context of religious extremism.

Bibliometric Analysis of Studies on Social Welfare in Multicultural Societies

This study conducts a bibliometric analysis of research on social welfare in multicultural societies, examining publication trends, key themes, and collaborative networks. Using data from Scopus and analyzed through VOSviewer, the study identifies major research clusters centered on migration, cultural diversity, government policies, and socioeconomic factors. Findings indicate a shift in scholarly focus from economic disparities and human rights to emerging concerns around digital transformation, social integration, and inclusive welfare policies. The study also highlights regional disparities in research contributions, with Western scholars dominating the discourse while emerging research networks develop in Asia and other regions. Additionally, gaps in comparative welfare studies, the role of non-state actors, and the impact of digital technologies on welfare provision are identified as future research priorities. These findings offer valuable insights for policymakers, researchers, and practitioners seeking to enhance welfare policies in diverse and evolving social contexts.

Financialization beyond partnerships: Real estate investment trusts in elderly care

The financial services sector plays an increasing role in the public management of social services. Yet, in contrast to well-studied arrangements such as public–private partnerships and social impact bonds, the ways in which the public sector drives financialization beyond these partnerships remain underexplored. We study the involvement of the financial industry in providing real estate for public services. Our case involves real estate investment trust (REIT) engagement with elderly care in Flanders, Belgium. We analyzed 68 annual reports by REITs and conducted 43 semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders. We show that the participation of REITs in social services is increasing significantly. Public governance mechanisms are fueling this form of financialization rather than slowing it down. The result is a form of state-led financialization with little critical scrutiny. Points for practitioners As aging populations increase demand for elderly care services and government budgets remain tight, practitioners will face critical decisions about financing and service provision. Public sector managers should recognize the growing role of financial actors, such as REITs, in social services and the influence public sector (in)action can have in driving this shift.

Who grabs the land? Unveiling the role of domestic actors in the global land rush

ABSTRACT Large-scale land acquisitions produce complex effects on land and people. This paper, using a multi-scalar approach, investigates investor origin and its impact on LSLA processes. It sheds light on domestic actors’ role in the global land rush. It argues that multi-scalar and dynamic forms of domestic powers of exclusion shape land acquisition processes. Domestic and foreign forces are both involved in land grabbing in multiple and complex ways, emphasising the need for a greater focus on the impacts’ typology and scale rather than reducing the phenomenon to the foreign-domestic dichotomy.

‘Stop torpedoing women's rights!’: Feminist institutional responses to anti‐gender politics in Spain and Catalonia parliaments

AbstractDemocracy and gender equality are increasingly contested in European parliamentary contexts, with the rise of political parties and movements that oppose feminist politics and the rights of women, LGBTI* and racialised people. Existing literature exploring far‐right and anti‐gender actors in institutional settings has focused on their discourse and impact on parliamentary politics and governments. Yet, limited attention has been paid to the feminist responses articulated in parliamentary contexts that face active opposition to gender and LGBTI* equality. This article addresses this gap by analysing feminist parliamentary responses to such opposition, and the factors that enable and constrain these responses, by undertaking a multi‐level comparison between the Catalan Parliament (2021–2024) and the Spanish Parliament (2019–2023), based on content analysis of 21 parliamentary debates and 42 in‐depth interviews.We argue that the capacity of parliaments to respond to anti‐gender, far‐right opposition to gender, racial and LGBTI* equality is structured by macro‐, meso‐ and micro‐level enabling and constraining factors that include the state of democracy and its legacies, state structure, the constellation of anti‐gender and pro‐equality forces, the institutionalisation of equality, and the role of critical actors. By identifying a range of feminist strategies employed in the Spanish and Catalan parliamentary contexts – including ‘knowledge’, ‘coalition‐building’, ‘rule‐making’ and ‘everyday pragmatic engagement’ – this article contributes to developing the emerging scholarly field of feminist institutional responses to anti‐gender politics, thereby advancing the theory of feminist institutionalism, state feminism and anti‐gender politics in parliamentary contexts.

The role of academic and extra-academic actors in transdisciplinary challenge-based learning

ABSTRACT To solve societal, sustainability-related issues, higher education requires new and innovative didactical concepts in learning. We introduce the concept of transdisciplinary-CBL (T-CBL) to explicate the role of diverse disciplinary and extra-academic actors in learning processes where students work in teams to co-create innovative solutions to societal challenges. To increase our understanding of how students learn from different actors in T-CBL, we used a survey, semi-structured interviews and sociograms to elaborate the nature of interactions with and the value students ascribed to these actors. The results show that students learn from a wide variety of actors in T-CBL. Extra-academic actors help by contributing expertise and informing solution pathways, whereas friends and family provide emotional support. T-CBL results in specific learning gains including perspective-taking. The results offer a picture of T-CBL as social learning in which students interact with networks of actors from which they learn ‘on-demand’.