Role In Synthesis Research Articles

(Diacetoxyiodo)Benzene Mediated Fused 1,2,4-Triazole Derivatives: Synthetic and Medicinal Perspective

Hypervalent iodine(III) reagents are well known for the mild and highly selective oxidative chemical transformations, specifically in synthesis of a variety of heterocycles, in a facile and environmentally friendly manner. In past decades, triazole derivatives have gained much attention of the scientific community as some of the products containing triazole moiety contribute towards the development of effective chemotherapeutics. (Diacetoxyiodo)benzene, a hypervalent iodine(III) reagent has proven its significant role in synthesis of 1,2,4-triazoles, in particular, fused derivatives. This review highlights the (Diacetoxyiodo)benzene mediated developments made for the synthesis of fused 1,2,4-triazole derivatives till date. In addition, medicinal perspective of these heterocycles has also been summarized.

"On-Water" Synthesis of Quinazolinones and Dihydroquinazolinones Starting from o-Bromobenzonitrile.

A versatile and practical “on-water” protocol was newly developed to synthesize quinazolinones using o-bromobenzonitrile as a novel starting material. Studies have found that air as well as water plays an important role in synthesis of quinazolinones. Further investigation indicated that dihydroquinazolinones can be prepared with this protocol under the protection of N2. The protocol can be extended to other substrates and various quinazolinones and dihydroquinazolinones were obtained. o-Bromobenzamide, o-aminobenzonitrile, and o-aminobenzamide were also evaluated as starting materials, and the results further proved the versatility of this protocol, especially towards dihydroquinazolinones.

Response of cell-wall composition and RNA-seq transcriptome to methyl-jasmonate in Brachypodium distachyon callus

Main conclusionMethyl-jasmonate induces large increases in p-coumarate linked to arabinoxylan in Brachypodium and in abundance of GT61 and BAHD family transcripts consistent with a role in synthesis of this linkage.Jasmonic acid (JA) signalling is required for many stress responses in plants, inducing large changes in the transcriptome, including up-regulation of transcripts associated with lignification. However, less is known about the response to JA of grass cell walls and the monocot-specific features of arabinoxylan (AX) synthesis and acylation by ferulic acid (FA) and para-coumaric acid (pCA). Here, we show that methyl-jasmonate (MeJA) induces moderate increases in FA monomer, > 50% increases in FA dimers, and five–sixfold increases in pCA ester-linked to cell walls in Brachypodium callus. Direct measurement of arabinose acylated by pCA (Araf-pCA) indicated that most or all the increase in cell-wall pCA was due to pCA ester-linked to AX. Analysis of the RNA-seq transcriptome of the callus response showed that these cell-wall changes were accompanied by up-regulation of members of the GT61 and BAHD gene families implicated in AX decoration and acylation; two BAHD paralogues were among the most up-regulated cell-wall genes (seven and fivefold) after 24 h exposure to MeJA. Similar responses to JA of orthologous BAHD and GT61 transcripts are present in the RiceXPro public expression data set for rice seedlings, showing that they are not specific to Brachypodium or to callus. The large response of AX-pCA to MeJA may, therefore, indicate an important role for this linkage in response of primary cell walls of grasses to JA signalling.

Recent Advances in the Intermolecular Oxidative Difunctionalization of Alkenes.

Functionalization of alkenes has been well investigated by chemists, thus it has been extensively applied in organic synthesis and industries. In the past few decades, transition-metal, such as palladium, rhodium, gold, iridium, copper and iron, catalyzed functionalization reactions of alkenes have been significantly developed and played vital roles in synthesis. The difunctionalization of alkenes are appealing as an important alternative to the traditional approaches for the construction of useful carbon centers, particularly carbon quaternary centers, which commonly existed as structural motifs in numerous natural products, pharmaceuticals, and biologically active molecules. This account will summarize our recent advances in the intermolecular difunctionalization of alkenes, and also highlight the scope and limitations as well as the mechanisms of these difunctionalization reactions. In general, in this account the difunctionalization of alkenes starting from dicarbofunctionalization will be discussed. Then carboheterofunctionalization of alkenes will be intensively reviewed, and diheterofunctionalization will also be highlighted.

Buckwheat R2R3 MYB transcription factor FeMYBF1 regulates flavonol biosynthesis

Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) contains high amounts of flavonoids, especially flavonols (e.g., rutin), which are thought to be highly beneficial for human health. Little is known, however, about the regulation of flavonol synthesis in buckwheat. We identified a buckwheat gene encoding an R2R3 MYB transcription factor, and named this gene FeMYBF1. Analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence and phylogenetic analysis suggested that FeMYBF1 encodes an ortholog of the Arabidopsis flavonol regulators AtMYB11, AtMYB12 and AtMYB111. Expression of FeMYBF1 in a flavonol-deficient Arabidopsis triple mutant (myb11 myb12 myb111) restored flavonol synthesis. Constitutive expression of FeMYBF1 driven by the CaMV 35S promoter in Arabidopsis resulted in over-accumulation of flavonol glycosides and upregulation of the expression of AtFLS1. Transient expression assays showed that FeMYBF1 activated the promoter of the Arabidopsis gene encoding AtFLS1, and the promoters of buckwheat genes related to anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin synthesis such as dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) and leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase (LDOX) in addition to genes encoding FLS. The results indicate that FeMYBF1 regulates flavonol synthesis and may have a role in synthesis of other flavonoid compounds, and also that buckwheat may have alternative pathway of flavonol synthesis through DFR and LDOX.

Overexpression of LiDXS and LiDXR From Lily (Lilium 'Siberia') Enhances the Terpenoid Content in Tobacco Flowers.

Lilium, the famous and significant cut flower, emits a variety of volatile organic compounds, which mainly contain monoterpenes, such as myrcene, (E)-β-ocimene, and linalool. To understand the molecular mechanism of monoterpene synthesis in Lilium, we cloned two potential genes in the methylerythritol 4-phosphate pathway, namely LiDXS and LiDXR, from the strong-flavored oriental Lilium ‘Siberia’ using a homology-based PCR strategy. The expression levels of LiDXS and LiDXR were consistent with the emission and accumulation of monoterpenes in different floral organs and during the floral development, indicating that these two genes may play key roles in monoterpene synthesis. Subcellular localization demonstrated that LiDXS and LiDXR are expressed in the chloroplasts. Ectopic expression in transgenic tobacco suggested that the flowers of LiDXS and LiDXR transgenic lines accumulated substantially more diterpene, sclareol, compared to the plants transformed with empty vector. Surprisingly, increased content of the monoterpene, linalool and sesquiterpene, caryophyllene, were detected in the LiDXR transgenic lines, whereas the emission of caryophyllene, increased in one of the LiDXS transgenic tobacco lines, indicating that these two genes play significant roles in the synthesis of floral volatiles in the transgenic plants. These results demonstrate that LiDXR can contribute to monoterpene biosynthesis in Lilium ‘Siberia’; however, the role of LiDXS in the biosynthesis of monoterpenes needs further study.

Synthesis of Nono-Crystalline Aluminum Carbide Using Thermal Treatment of Mechanically Activated Al and Graphite Mixture

In this work, Nono-crystalline aluminum carbide particles were synthesized using both mechanical and thermal treatments. Frist, Al and graphite powders had been milled in a planetary ball mill. Then, milled mixtures have been annealed isothermally after the mechanical activation. The effects of two processes on the synthesized products were separately studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and simultaneous thermal analysis (STA) methods. Further, the grain size, lattice strain and dislocation density values were calculated according to XRD data. The results showed that mechanical alloying process can create an ultra-fine microstructure. The grain size was mostly reduced after 40 h milling as well as the heat treatment at 550 °c and 2 h. in fact, the high rate of plastic deformation of aluminum particle during milling process lead to rising the internal energy of particles, and finally, nanocrystals of Al4C3 formed with the size of 14 nm. However, thermal analysis indicated that the mechanical activation of aluminum and the presence of carbon can play key roles in synthesis of aluminum carbide. Key words: Mechanical alloying, annealing, Al and graphite powders, Solid state reaction, Nono-crystalline aluminum carbide.

Science networking: role of online encyclopaedias

This paper discusses the role of online encyclopaedias as a specific component of the scientific infrastructure, using the example of the Croatian encyclopaedistics. The functionalities of digital media generated new epistemic characteristics of encyclopaedias by transforming them into the active platforms for dissemination and generation of new knowledge. Thanks to their role in synthesis, networking and generation of knowledge, online encyclopaedias might be applied to history of science and technology research, in which multi-layered, interdisciplinary approach is obligatory. The recently initiated open-access Croatian Encyclopaedia of Technology and its role in elaborating the field’s knowledge are described. This encyclopaedia is the framework for the development of the Portal of Croatian Technology Heritage, which will serve as a platform for networking and sharing information from various sources. The portal will contribute to the development of research in history of technology, but also to the revalorisation and the sustainability of the national technology heritage and the positioning of Croatian technology in the global context.

A Mathematical Model for the Population Dynamics of Intestinal Microbiota: Obese Versus Healthy Gastrointestinal Tract

IntroductionThe term microbiota refers to a community of microorganisms that are located in a certain space that have a symbiotic relationship with the host cells, in this specific case the human gastrointestinal tract. This interaction provides support to the tract in different functional aspects such as trophic functions, protection (immune system) and metabolism. There has been evidenced that intestinal microbiota plays an important role in synthesis, metabolism, and other functions associated to the nutrients and micronutrients that can lead to healthy or obese patients. In this work we aimed to understand and model the population dynamics of the intestinal microbiota.MethodsA mathematical model was design based on the gastrointestinal tract seen as a single tubular structure composed of Esophagus, Stomach, Small intestine (Duodenum, Jejunum and ileum) and colon. Only one major phylum of microorganisms (Either Firmicutes or Bacteroidetes) was included according to anatomical and physiological characteristics and in terms of its relative abundance in each part of the tract. The model included the subject's diet and activity level as inputs. Parameters for the model were obtained from a literature review. The model was implemented in Matlab and produced microorganism distribution (i.e. spatial concentration). We model different diets and pathological conditions.ResultsThe model reveals an expected growth of either Firmicutes or Bacteriodetes associated with the amount of nutrient and carrying capacity of the gastrointestinal tract. These results are in agreement with several reports obtained from the literature. In addition, the model showed an interesting stabilization of bacterial population under some circumstances depending on the segment of the gastro intestinal tract. Bacterial population is sensitive to diet and exercise.ConclusionsThe model can be used to predict the population dynamics under different diets and furthermore could be implemented as an important tool for bariatric surgery patients. The model can also shed some light on how to prevent the progression from overweight to obese just by changing the diet understanding the dynamics of gastrointestinal tract population.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

Parametric Identification of Sorensen model for glucose-insulin-carbohydrates dynamics using evolutive algorithms

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a disease affecting millions of people worldwide, and its medical care brings an economic wear to patients and public health systems. Many efforts have been made to deal with DM, one of them is the full-automation of insulin delivery. This idea consists in design a closed-loop control system to maintain blood glucose levels (BGL) within normal ranges. Dynamic models of glucose-insulin-carbohydrates play an important role in synthesis of control algorithms, but also in other aspects of DM care, such as testing glucose sensors, or as support systems for health care decisions. Therefore, there are several mathematical models reproducing glycemic dynamics of DM, most of them validated with nominal parameters of standardized patients. Nevertheless, individual patient-oriented models could open the possibility of having closed-loop personalized therapies. This problem can be addressed through the information provided by open-loop therapy based on continuous glucose monitoring and subcutaneous insulin infusion. This paper considers the problem of identifying particular parameters of a compartmental model of glucose-insulin dynamics in DM; the goal is fitting the model response to historical data of a diabetic patient collected during a time period of her/his daily life. At this time, Sorensen model is one of the most complete compartmental models representing the complex dynamics of the glucose-insulin metabolism. This is a system of 19 ordinary differential equations (ODEs), thus the identification of its parameters is a non-easy task. In this contribution, parameter identification was performed via three evolutionary algorithms: differential evolution, ant colony optimization and particle swarm optimization. The obtained results show that evolutionary algorithms are powerful tools to solve problems of parametric identification. Also, a comparative analysis of the three algorithms was realized throw a wilcoxon sign-rank test, in which colony optimization had the better performance. The model obtained with the estimated parameters could be used to in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) care, such as in the design of full-automation of insulin infusion.

Ketone bodies production and utilization by the two breast cancer compartments/ An immunohistoche-mical study in Kurdistan region-Iraq

Background Because of the close relationship between the cancer cells and cancer associated fibroblasts, it is increasingly clear that the development of cancer cannot be dissociated from its local microenvironment. Many previous researches were done to prove the role of cancer associated fibroblasts in fueling the cancer epithelial cells with ATP and lactic acid. Objective This study was designed to clarify the role of cancer associated fibroblasts in feeding the breast cancer epithelial cells with ketone bodies and indirectly to anticipate the efficacy of ketogenic diet in breast cancer patients. Materials and methods Forty selected cases of invasive breast carcinoma not otherwise specified (NOS) with a mean age of 47.83 ± 12.04 were included in this study and immunohistochemically stained with two mitochondrial enzymes antibodies: HMGCS2 and ACAT1; that play important roles in synthesis of the primary ketone body; acetoacetate and in ketone breakdown (ketolysis) during the fat processing respectively. Result Our result showed that both cell compartments harbor the enzymes needed for ketone bodies production and utilization. Cancer epithelial cells contain HMGCS2 and ACAT1 in 97.5% and 87.5% respectively. While cancer associated fibroblasts contain HMGCS2 and ACAT1 in 95% and 67.5% respectively. Conclusion both compartments can efficiently produce and utilize the ketone bodies, so indirectly we can say that ketogenic diet may have limited role in breast cancer management.

Impact of Flag Leaf Removal on Grain Development and Nutrients Deposition in Pearl Millet Developing Grains

Flag leaves play an important role in synthesis and translocation of photoassimilates in the pearl millet plant, affecting grain yield; similarly it was believed to be a major source of remobilizing micronutrients (Fe and Zn) for the seeds. At the same time, the seed’s sink strength plays an important role in dry matter accumulation. To investigate the relative contribution of pearl millet flag leaves to protein, micronutrient (Fe and Zn) and phytate accumulation, a field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of flag leaf removal on grain test weight (1000 grain weight), protein, micronutrients (Fe and Zn) and Phytate deposition in developing grains of two pearl millet cultivars viz. HC 20 and WHC 901-445. Flag leaf was removed on anthesis. Major effect of flag leaf removal was observed on test weight and protein content. A reduction of 10-12% in test weight and 4-6% in protein content was recorded in flag leaf removed plants than that of control plants. No significant reduction was observed in both the micronutrients (Fe and Zn), while phytate content behaved cultivar specific, a significant reduction was observed in HC 20 while it was unaffected in WHC 901-445. Perusal, a significant reduction was observed in all the nutrients in respect of test weight basis. From this investigation it is concluded that flag leaf plays vital role in grain maturation i.e. in supply of carbohydrate and protein fractions that might have limited role in micronutrient remobilization and transportation to developing grains in pearl millet.

Can Exchange Transfusion Normalize Serum Levels of Copper, Zinc, and Magnesium in Severe Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia?

Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia is a frequently encountered problem. Erythrocytes, especially reticulocytes are rich in copper (Cu) and magnesium (Mg) so its serum levels increase after hemolysis. Zinc (Zn) plays an important role in synthesis of some enzymes included in the bilirubin metabolism and may cause hemolysis. Exchange transfusion is the main treatment for severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia but can exchange transfusion affect the previous trace elements. We measured Cu, Zn, and Mg serum levels in full-term neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care unit of Minia University hospital with severe indirect hyperbilirubinemia before and after exchange transfusion. There were significant higher serum Cu and Mg and lower Zn serum levels in neonates with hyperbilirubinemia than controls and their levels were significantly normalized after exchange transfusion. Significant positive correlations between the total bilirubin levels and hemoglobin, Cu and Mg serum levels and significant negative correlations with Zn levels were present. There were no significant correlations between maternal and neonatal serum levels of any of them. Exchange transfusion can normalize the significant higher Cu and Mg and lower Zn serum levels in neonates with severe indirect hyperbilirubinemia which were not related to their maternal serum levels.

Fatty Acid and Associated Gene Expression Analyses of Three Tree Peony Species Reveal Key Genes for α-Linolenic Acid Synthesis in Seeds.

The increasing demand for healthy edible oil has generated the need to identify promising oil crops. Tree peony (Paeonia section Moutan DC.) is a woody oil crop with α-linolenic acid (ALA) contributing for 45% of the total fatty acid (FA) content in seeds. Molecular and genetic differences that contribute to varied FA content and composition among the wild peony species are, however, poorly understood. Analyses of FA content and composition during seed development in three tree peony species (Paeonia rockii, P. potaninii, and P. lutea) showed varied FA content among them with highest in P. rockii, followed by P. potaninii, and P. lutea. Total FA content among these species increased with seed development and reached its maximum in its final stage. Seed FA composition analysis of the three species also revealed that ALA (C18:3) was the most abundant, followed by oleic (C18:1) and linoleic (C18:2) acids. Additionally, quantitative real-time RT-PCR analyses of 10 key seed oil synthesis genes in the three tree peony species revealed that FAD3, FAD2, β-PDHC, LPAAT, and Oleosin gene expression levels positively correlate with total FA content and rate of accumulation. Specifically, the abundance of FAD3 transcripts in P. rockii compared with P. potaninii, and P. lutea suggests that FAD3 might play an important role in synthesis of ALA via phosphatidylcholine-derived pathway. Overall, comparative analyses of FA content and composition in three different peony species revealed a correlation between efficient lipid accumulation and lipid gene expression during seed development. Further characterization and metabolic engineering of these key genes from peonies will allow for subsequent improvement of tree peony oil quality and production.

The β-Ketoacyl-CoA Synthase HvKCS1, Encoded by Cer-zh, Plays a Key Role in Synthesis of Barley Leaf Wax and Germination of Barley Powdery Mildew.

The cuticle coats the primary aerial surfaces of land plants. It consists of cutin and waxes, which provide protection against desiccation, pathogens and herbivores. Acyl cuticular waxes are synthesized via elongase complexes that extend fatty acyl precursors up to 38 carbons for downstream modification pathways. The leaves of 21 barley eceriferum (cer) mutants appear to have less or no epicuticular wax crystals, making these mutants excellent tools for identifying elongase and modification pathway biosynthetic genes. Positional cloning of the gene mutated in cer-zh identified an elongase component, β-ketoacyl-CoA synthase (CER-ZH/HvKCS1) that is one of 34 homologous KCSs encoded by the barley genome. The biochemical function of CER-ZH was deduced from wax and cutin analyses and by heterologous expression in yeast. Combined, these experiments revealed that CER-ZH/HvKCS1 has a substrate specificity for C16-C20, especially unsaturated, acyl chains, thus playing a major role in total acyl chain elongation for wax biosynthesis. The contribution of CER-ZH to water barrier properties of the cuticle and its influence on the germination of barley powdery mildew fungus were also assessed.

The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe Mtf2 is required for mitochondrial cox1 gene expression.

Mitochondrial gene expression is essential for adenosine triphosphate synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation, which is the universal energy currency of cells. Here, we report the identification and characterization of a homologue of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Mtf2 (also called Nam1) in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The Δmtf2 mutant with the intron-containing mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) exhibited impaired growth on a rich medium containing the non-fermentable carbon source glycerol, suggesting that mtf2 is involved in mitochondrial function. mtf2 deletion in a mitochondrial intron-containing background resulted in a barely detectable level of the cox1 mRNA and a reduction in the level of the cob1 mRNA, and severely impaired cox1 translation. In contrast, mtf2 deletion in a mitochondrial intron-less background did not affect the levels of cox1 and cob1 mRNAs. However, Cox1 synthesis could not be restored to the control level in the Δmtf2 mutant with intron-less mtDNA. Our results suggest that unlike its counterpart in S. cerevisiae which plays a general role in synthesis of mtDNA-encoded proteins, S. pombe Mtf2 primarily functions in cox1 translation and the effect of mtf2 deletion on splicing of introns in mtDNA is likely due to a deficiency in the synthesis of intron-encoded maturases.

Comparative Analysis of V-Akt Murine Thymoma Viral Oncogene Homolog 3 (AKT3) Gene between Cow and Buffalo Reveals Substantial Differences for Mastitis

AKT3 gene is a constituent of the serine/threonine protein kinase family and plays a crucial role in synthesis of milk fats and cholesterol by regulating activity of the sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP). AKT3 is highly conserved in mammals and its expression levels during the lactation periods of cattle are markedly increased. AKT3 is highly expressed in the intestine followed by mammary gland and it is also expressed in immune cells. It is involved in the TLR pathways as effectively as proinflammatory cytokines. The aims of this study were to investigate the sequences differences between buffalo and cow. Our results showed that there were substantial differences between buffalo and cow in some exons and noteworthy differences of the gene size in different regions. We also identified the important consensus sequence motifs, variation in 2000 upstream of ATG, substantial difference in the “3′UTR” region, and miRNA association in the buffalo sequences compared with the cow. In addition, genetic analyses, such as gene structure, phylogenetic tree, position of different motifs, and functional domains, were performed to establish their correlation with other species. This may indicate that a buffalo breed has potential resistance to disease, environment changes, and airborne microorganisms and some good production and reproductive traits.

Genetic Insights of Cholesterol and Atherosclerosis: Complex Biology

Atherosclerosis is multifaceted arterial disease involving collaboration of chromosomal and conservational factors, around seven million Americans are experiencing a heart attack during their lifetime. Many biomolecules play different roles in atherosclerosis such as 5-LO enzyme which play vital role in synthesis of leukotrienes inflammatory intermediates and proteins. Previous studies show that individuals suffering from coronary artery disease more commonly have C. pneumonia antibody than inhabitant’s controls. In recent years the genes and genetic polymorphism which are associated with atherosclerosis had been identified. Phospholipid transfer protein will subsequently decrease the HDL mass and cholesterol efflux capacity due to its overexpression and deletation. Our aim of this review is to demonstrate complex biology of atherosclerosis and effect of cholesterol in cardiovascular diseases.

Lignin peroxidase mediated silver nanoparticle synthesis in Acinetobacter sp.

Metals present in environment render the bacteria to attain certain resistance machinery to survive, one of which is transformation of metal ions to nano forms. Various enzymes and proteins have been suggested to play significant role in synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in bacteria. In present study, we have purified lignin peroxidase from secreted enzyme extract of Acinetobacter sp. employing diethyl aminoethyl cellulose ion exchange and Biogel P-150 gel filtration column chromatography. The purified fraction has a specific activity of 1.571 U/mg with substrate n-propanol and 6.5-fold purification. The tetrameric enzyme, with molecular weight of 99 kDa, consisted of dimers of two polypetides of 23.9 and 24.6 kDa as revealed by native and SDS-PAGE. On exposure to purified enzyme, spherical polydispersed AgNPs of ~ 50 nm were obtained as observed under transmission electron microscope. Optimum activity of the purified enzyme was obtained at pH 2 and 60 °C with n-propanol as substrate. This is the first report describing the reduction of extracellular silver ions by lignin peroxidase purified from Acinetobacter sp.

Deep eutectic choline chloride-calcium chloride as all-in-one system for sustainable and one-step synthesis of bioactive fluorapatite nanoparticles

Fluorapatite (FA) nanoparticles were synthesized via an one-step and green pathway by employing the deep eutectic solvent based on choline chloride-CaCl2.6H2O. In an innovative approach, the eutectic solvent was chosen in such a way to act as solvent, reactant and template, simultaneously. The results obtained from characterization of the as-synthesized nanoparticles revealed the formation of FA nanoparticles having average crystal size of 26nm, percent crystallinity of 99%, mean particle size of 30nm, and high crystal, elemental, and structural purity. In vitro study was conducted by immersion of FA nanoparticles in SBF solution. The results obtained by SEM, EDS, FTIR, and Raman analysis confirmed the formation of bioactive apatite layer on surface of the nanoparticles after 7days of immersion. The MTT assay and acridine orange staining test using hMSCs suggested the non-toxicity and osteogenic ability of as-synthesized FA nanoparticles. Based on the proposed synthesis mechanism, the deep eutectic system played a ternary role in synthesis of FA nanoparticles providing the synthesis environment, reactive calcium sites, and steric-electrostatic stabilization by which it can control the growth of as-formed FA particles in the nanometer size-range.