Deformation Process Of Rock Research Articles

Research on Rock Energy Constitutive Model Based on Functional Principle

The essence of rock fracture can be broadly categorized into four processes: energy input, energy accumulation, energy dissipation, and energy release. From the perspective of energy consumption, the failure of rock materials must be accompanied by energy dissipation. Dissipated energy serves as the internal driving force behind rock damage and progressive failure. Given that the process of rock loading and deformation involves energy accumulation and dissipation, the rock constitutive model theory is expanded by incorporating energy principles. By introducing the dynamic energy correction coefficient, according to the law of the conservation of energy, the total energy exerted by external loads on rocks is equal to the energy dissipated through the dynamic energy inside the rocks. A new type of energy constitutive model is established through the functional principle and momentum principle. To validate the model’s accuracy, a triaxial compression test was conducted on sandstone to examine the stress–strain behavior of the rock during the failure process. A sensitivity analysis of the parameters introduced into the model was conducted by comparing the model results, which helped to clarify the innate laws of significance of these parameters. The results indicated that the energy model more accurately captures the non-linear mechanical behavior of sandstone under high-stress loading conditions. The model curve fits the test data to a high degree. The fitting curve was basically consistent with the changing trend of the test curve, and the correlation coefficients were all above 0.90. Compared with other models, the model based on the energy principle not only accurately reflects the rock’s stress–strain curve, but also reflects the energy change law of rock. This has reference value for the safety analysis of rock mass engineering under loading conditions and aids in the development of anchoring and support schemes. The research results can fill in the blanks that exist in the energy method in terms of rock deformation and failure and provide a theoretical basis for deep rock engineering. Moreover, this research can further improve and extend the rock mechanics research system based on energy.

A microscopic approach to brittle creep and time-dependent fracturing of rocks based on stress corrosion model

A brittle creep and time-dependent fracturing process model of rock is established by incorporating the stress corrosion model into discrete element method to analyze the creep behavior and microcrack evolution in brittle rocks at a micro-scale level. Experimental validation of the model is performed, followed by numerical simulations to investigate the creep properties and microcrack evolution in rocks under single-stage loading, multistage loading, and confining pressure, at various constant stress levels. The results demonstrate that as the stress level increases in single-stage creep simulations, the time-to-failure progressively decreases. The growth of microcracks during uniaxial creep occurs in three stages, with tensile microcracks being predominant and the spatial distribution of microcracks becoming more dispersed at higher stress levels. In multi-stage loading-unloading simulations, microcracks continue to form during the unloading stage, indicating cumulative damage resulting from increased axial stress. Additionally, the creep behaviour of rocks under confining pressure is not solely determined by the magnitude of the confining pressure, but is also influenced by the magnitude of the axial stress. The findings contribute to a better understanding of rock deformation and failure processes under different loading conditions, and they can be valuable for applications in rock mechanics and rock engineering.

Experimental study on dynamic deformation and breaking mechanism of high-temperature hard rock cutting by abrasive water jet

The development of deep geothermal resources encounters challenges related to high temperatures and hard reservoir rocks. Abrasive water jets (AWJ) offer a potential solution to enhance the efficiency of breaking high-temperature hard rocks in deep ground. This mainly originated from their combined characteristics of jet cooling impact and high-speed abrasive grinding. In order to investigate the dynamic deformation process and rock-breaking mechanism of high-temperature hard rocks cut by AWJ, laboratory tests were conducted on high-pressure abrasive water jets cutting granite, sandstone, and marble. Rock strains were monitored using dynamic strain gauges and the digital image correlation (DIC) technique. The results indicate that in the process of abrasive jet cutting high-temperature hard rock, the rock strain is divided into three stages: compression deformation, deformation release, and stable deformation. The strain response zone can be divided into strain concentration zone, strain transition zone, and strain weak response zone. The high strain region and heat exchange region of high-temperature hard rock during AWJ cutting process are almost consistent. Jet vaporization weakens the water cushion effect during the water hammer stage, leading to high strain concentration at the stagnation point of the jet. During the stagnation stage, the fluid weakens the binding of particles, the abrasive becomes more divergent, and the range of high strain response region expands. Unlike the dynamic strain generated by jet erosion of hard rock, when jet cutting rocks, the strain in the vertical jet direction is generally greater than that along the jet direction. The cutting effect increases with the increase of rock temperature. When the rock temperature is 300 °C, the cutting depth of sandstone, granite, and marble increases by 50 %, 120 %, and 180 %, respectively. Under the combined effects of high-frequency jet impact, high-speed abrasive grinding, and thermal stress, hard rock undergoes varying degrees of damage and failure.

Mesoscopic precursor anomaly characteristics of red sandstone under uniaxial compression after cyclic high-temperatures

The deformation and failure characteristics of rock caused by periodic changes of temperature are not only significantly different from that under normal temperature, but also significantly different from that produced by a single high-temperature event. Here, using a three-dimensional digital image correlation (3D-DIC) integrated test system, mechanical and micro-damage tests of red sandstone are performed under cycles of high-temperature and natural-cooling with a temperature range of 25°C to 300°C and the number of cycles varying between 0 and 25. Macroscopic, mesoscopic and microscopic characteristics such as rock strength, deformation, strain field and fracture morphology are examined and their evolution with the number of heating-cooling cycles is discussed. Using the time-history evolution of the differentiation rate of the precursor anomaly (En), the characteristic coefficient (K) and the damage variable (DF), three kinds of characteristic time points are put forward to quantify the incubation and development time of precursor abnormal characteristics and are used to divide the whole process of deformation and failure. These time points are the precursor abnormal differentiation time (PADT) tE, the precursor abnormal startup time (PAST) tK, and the precursor abnormal failure time (PAFT) tD. Test results show that: (1) The action of cyclic high-temperature natural-cooling not only shows the strengthening effect of temperature, but also shows the strengthening effect of a certain number of cycles. (2) The evolution sequence of the three precursor abnormal characteristic moments is PADT, PAST and PAFT in turn, and this sequence can intuitively describe the whole complex process of rock deformation and failure, and there are wave peaks in the evolution curve with the number of high-temperature cycle. (3) The effect of high temperature (i.e., 300°C) cyclic heating on rock properties is similar to the threshold effect of a single high-temperature heating event.

Experimental study on the thermal response of rocks to stress change and its significance

SUMMARY Bedrock temperature contains effective information about changes in the crustal stress. A new method of detecting crustal stress change by bedrock temperature (DSCT) has been proposed. Understanding the stress-induced temperature response characteristics of loaded rocks is fundamental for applying DSCT. In this study, temperature observation experiments of different rocks and water-saturated sandstones subjected to tiered cyclic loading were conducted to investigate the temperature–stress relationship throughout the whole rock deformation and failure process. Through experiments, some valuable results are obtained: (i) temperature changes synchronously with stress and has a very strong linear correlation with it; (ii) the magnitude of temperature response to stress (TRS) is approximately 1 mK MPa−1, ranging from strong to weak are sandstone, marble, diorite and basalt, respectively. The differences in TRS of various rocks are determined by their major rock-forming minerals, textures and structures; (iii) the evolution of TRS experiences three stages: the TRS rises rapidly in the compression stage, slowly in the acoustic emission quiet period and a significant increase in TRS before rock failure is observed on marble, sandstone and basalt, consistent with the abnormal bedrock temperature rise preceding earthquakes; (iv) the TRS of water-saturated sandstones is higher compared to the dry ones, and the abnormal sharp increase in TRS before rock failure is also more significant in the former. These findings mentioned above promote the understanding of thermal anomalies preceding earthquakes.

Study of Rock Damage Constitutive Model Considering Temperature Effect Based on Weibull Distribution

The deformation and damage process of rocks is accompanied by crack extension and penetration. The rock strength criterion, as a macroscopic characterization of the rock strength microelement, is the basis for establishing the damage constitutive modeling of rock. Aiming at the problem of the Hoek–Brown (H–B) strength criterion having a large strength prediction value under high confining pressure, the H–B strength criterion is corrected by considering the influence of the initial cracks on the development of the rock strength, and its applicability is verified. Based on the damage theory, assuming that the rock strength microelement obeys the Weibull distribution and considering the influence of residual strength, the damage correction coefficient is introduced, and a thermal damage statistical constitutive model that can reflect the whole process of the development of initial cracks inside the rock is established. The degree of penetration up to the damage is established, and the method of determining the parameters of the model is given. The theoretical curves of the established model are compared and analyzed with the curves of a conventional triaxial compression test of rock samples, and the study shows that the statistical constitutive model of the thermal damage of rock, established based on the modified H–B strength criterion, can better simulate the stress–strain relationship of rock under a conventional triaxial test. It also verifies the reasonableness and applicability of the model, which is expected to provide a basis for the exploitation of deep resources and the safety assessment of underground engineering.

Interpretation of low-frequency distributed acoustic sensing data based on geomechanical models

Distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) is a technology that enables continuous, real-time measurements along the entire length of a fiber-optic cable. The low-frequency band of DAS can be used to analyze hydraulic fracture geometry and growth. In this study, the low-frequency strain waterfall plots with their corresponding pumping curves were analyzed to obtain information on fracture azimuth, propagation speed, number of fractures created in each stage, and restimulation of preexisting fractures. We also use a simple geomechanical model to predict fracture growth rates while accounting for changes in treatment parameters. As expected, the hydraulic fractures principally propagate perpendicular to the treated well, that is, parallel to the direction of maximum horizontal stress. During many stages, multiple frac hits are visible, indicating that multiple parallel fractures are created and/or reopened. Secondary fractures deviate toward the heel of the well, likely due to the cumulative stress shadow caused by previous and current stages. The presence of heart-shaped tips reveals that some stress and/or material barrier is overcome by the hydraulic fracture. The lobes of the heart are best explained by the shear stresses at 45° angles from the fracture tip instead of the tensile stresses directly ahead of the tip. Antennas ahead of the fracture hits indicate the reopening of preexisting fractures. Tails in the waterfall plots provide information on the continued opening, closing, and interaction of the hydraulic fractures within the fracture domain and stage domain corridors. The analysis of the low-frequency DAS plots thus provides in-depth insights into the rock deformation and rock-fluid interaction processes occurring close to the observation well.

Simulation Analysis of the Influence of Amplitude on Deformation and Fracture Characteristics of Hard Rock under Ultrasonic Vibration Load

The utilization of auxiliary tools employing ultrasonic high-frequency vibration to enhance rock breaking efficiency holds significant potential for application in underground hard rock excavation engineering. To investigate the failure mechanism of rocks under high frequency ultrasonic vibration load, this study employs particle flow software PFC2D for numerical simulation. By incorporating boundary conditions from actual ultrasonic vibration rock breaking experiments and utilizing a parallel bond model to construct the rock, we analyze the deformation, damage, fracture, and energy evolution process of hard rocks subjected to vibrational loads. The results demonstrate that the maximum displacement in hard rocks increases nearly linearly with vibrations until reaching 5.0199 × 10−3 m, after which it plateaus. Additionally, macroscopic fissures formed during rock failure exhibit an X-shaped pattern. Furthermore, based on our model, we examine the impact of amplitude variation on hard rocks with an equal number of cycles (5,000,000 cycles). Under ultrasonic vibration loads, amplitude influences the total input energy within the rock system. While increasing amplitude does not alter maximum deformation in rocks, it enhances fragmentation degree, fracture degree and energy dissipation coefficient—thereby improving rock breaking efficiency.

Data-driven enhanced FDEM for simulating the rock mechanical behavior

In this paper, a data-driven enhanced combined finite-discrete element method (DDFDEM) is proposed to simulate the rock mechanical behavior by directly assigning the rock experimental data into mechanical simulations, thus bypassing the empirical constitutive model of rock. To achieve this, a novel data-driven iterative solver with transient dynamic system equilibrium constraint is first proposed and embedded into the FDEM computing framework. Then, the bonding force update algorithm for crack elements is improved to mitigate the error accumulation during the iteration process. After that, a recommended formation for the proper size of the experimental data set is proposed to balance the computational accuracy and efficiency of DDFDEM, and an efficient nearest neighbor search algorithm is introduced to significantly improve the computational efficiency of DDFDEM. After the above improvements, the computational accuracy and efficiency of DDFDEM in simulating the rock deformation and complex failure process are validated by conducting several examples, including the thin plate tension test, uniaxial compression test, and Brazilian disk test. Finally, the advantage of DDFDEM over conventional FDEM in comprehensively presenting the information hidden behind the experimental data sets is validated by reproducing the nonlinear mechanical behaviors of rock samples based on a data set following the nonlinear elastic material law.

Study on the Characteristics of Granite in Different Stress Stages through a Cyclic Loading Experiment

The deformation and failure process of rocks is a gradual process. The purpose of this study was to examine the characteristics of rocks in different stages through a cyclic loading experiment. The experiment was carried out based on the MTS815 rock mechanics test system combined with acoustic emission monitoring equipment to study the typical characteristics of two kinds of granite in the stages of crack closure, linear elastic deformation, crack initiation and stable crack growth, along with crack damage and unstable crack growth. The results showed that there were significant differences in the characteristics of the strain response, energy evolution, and acoustic emission of the two granites in the different stages. Although the microstructure and mineral elements of the two granites are different, the characteristics of the two granites in the same stage were similar, indicating that the stage characteristics of brittle rocks in the failure process may be widespread and have significant similarities.

Experimental Study on the Dilatancy and Energy Evolution Behaviors of Red-Bed Rocks under Unloading Conditions.

Surrounding rock deformation and consequent support failure are the most prominent issues in red-bed rock tunnel engineering and are mainly caused by the effects of unloading, rheology, and swelling. This study investigated the mechanical responses of two kinds of red-bed mudstone and sandstone under unloading conditions via laboratory observation. Volume dilation was observed on the rocks during unloading, and the dilatancy stress was linear with the initial confining pressure. However, the ratios of dilatancy stress to peak stress of the two rocks kept at a range from 0.8 to 0.9, regardless of confining pressures. Both the elastic strain energy and the dissipated energy evolved synchronously with the stress-strain curve and exhibited conspicuous confining pressure dependence. Special attention was paid to the evolution behavior of the dilatancy angle. The dilatancy angle changed linearly during unloading. When the confining pressure was 10 MPa, the dilatancy angle of mudstone decreased from 26.8° to 12.5° whereas the dilatancy angle of sandstone increased from 34.6° to 51.1°; when the confining pressure rose to 25 MPa, the dilatancy angle of mudstone and sandstone decreased from 45.8° to 17.4° and increased from 21.7° to 39.5°, respectively. To further understand the evolution of the dilatancy angle, we discussed the links between the variable dilatancy angle and the processes of rock deformation and energy dissipation.

Experimental Study on the Charge Signal Time-Frequency Characteristics during Fracture Process of Precracked Syenogranite under Uniaxial Compression

During the process of rock deformation and failure, a significantly large number of charge signals are generated as a result of fracture appearance and crack expansion. The generation of charge signal is the comprehensive embodiment of the coal-failure behavior. The study of charge signal in the process of fractured-rock deformation and failure is of great significance to the prediction of rock dynamic disasters such as tunnel-engineering stability, slope instability and earthquake. In this work, a surveillance system utilizing charge induction is employed to extract precursory information related to the instability and failure of precracked syenogranite. The results reveal a significant influence of fractures on the strength of syenogranite specimens and the number of charge-induction signal events. The position of the charge signal generated is related to the crack dip angle. Furthermore, with the increase of the crack inclination, the number of events and the amplitude and power value of the charge-induced signal increase and reach the maximum in the instability-failure phase. The syenogranite specimen has a relatively large value, medium correlation, or even high correlation charge-induction signal in the phase of rack propagation, which can make an early warning of the deformation and failure risk of syenogranite; with the increase of the fracture degree, the charge-induction signal with large values and high correlations gradually increases.

Quantitative investigation on localized deformation process of rocks by uniaxial test and digital image correlation

Determining the localized deformation mechanism is of vital importance to understand the failure processes of geomaterials in practical engineering. In this study, uniaxial monotonic and cyclic loading tests of slate samples were conducted and the failure processes were recorded by using the AE system and digital image correlation (DIC). The results show that the deformation field variance increases significantly in the initiation of the macro-scale failure stage. Under cyclic loading, the shape of the stress-variance hysteresis curve varies with increasing upper limit stress, and four types of stress-variance hysteresis curves were revealed. Increasing lag time of variance indicates gradual accumulation of damage to the sample. The comprehensive analysis of the evolution process of damage variables defined by cumulative AE counts and variance reveals that the rock failure process can be divided into crack closure stage, initial damage stage, stable development stage, accelerated development stage and failure stage. By proposing the differentiation rate, it is found that there are apparent failure precursor points under monotonic and cyclic loading.

A nonlinear constitutive model for whole stress–strain behaviors of compressed rocks incorporating crack closure effect

AbstractThis paper is devoted to establishing a nonlinear constitutive model incorporating crack closure effect for capturing the whole process of rock deformation and failure behavior under compression. The model formulated in the framework of irreversible thermodynamics is based on the additive decomposition of the total strain into crack closure strain, elastic, and plastic parts. New specific criteria are proposed for the description of crack closure strain and plastic strain evolution. Notably, analytical solutions of the model under conventional triaxial compression loading conditions are derived. For application, a robust semi‐implicit return mapping (SRM) algorithm with a crack closure strain correction and a plastic strain correction is developed. The analytical solutions, herein, are subtly used to calibrate model parameters and as reference results for assessing the accuracy and robustness of the SRM algorithm. Validation of the model conducted by comparing with experimental data from the literature shows that the model can properly describe the nonlinear mechanical behaviors of rocks, including crack closure effect, strain hardening/softening, peak and residual strength, as well as volumetric compaction/dilation transition. In addition, a nonlocal formulation is introduced as an extension of the model to remedy the mesh dependency problem.

Temperature Variation of Rock during Deformation and Fracturing: Particle Flow Modeling Method and Mechanism Analyses

The rock deformation and failure characteristics and mechanisms are very important for stability evaluation and hazard control in rock engineering. The process of rock deformation and failure is often accompanied by temperature changes. It is of great significance to study the characteristics and mechanism of temperature variation in rock under deformation and fracturing for a better understanding of rock failure and to obtain some probable precursor information for guiding the prediction of the mechanical behavior of rock. However, most of the studies are based on observations in the field and laboratory tests, while it is still required to develop an effective method for modeling and calculating the temperature variation of rock during the deformation and failure processes. In this paper, a particle flow modeling method based on energy analyses is proposed for simulating the temperature variation of rocks, considering four temperature effects, including the thermoelastic effect, friction effect, damping effect, and heat conduction effect. The four effects are analyzed, and the theoretical equations have been provided. On this basis, the numerical model is built and calibrated according to the laboratory uniaxial compressive experiment on a marble specimen, and a comparison study has been conducted between the laboratory and numerical experiment results. It is found that the numerical model can well simulate the average value and distribution of the temperature variation of rock specimens, so this method can be applied for studying the mechanism of temperature variation more comprehensively during the whole process of rock deformation and fracturing compared with the continuous modeling methods. With this method, it is shown that the temperature change has three different stages with different characteristics during the uniaxial compression experiments. In the different stages, the different effects play different roles in temperature variation, and stress distribution and crack propagation have obvious influences on the local distribution of temperature. Further investigations have also been conducted in a series of sensitive analyses on the influences of four factors, including the thermal conductivity, friction coefficient, thermal expansion coefficient, and particle size ratio. The results show that they have different influences on the thermal and mechanical behaviors of the rock specimens during the deformation and failure process, while the thermal expansion coefficient and the particle size ratio have more significant impacts than the other two factors. These findings increase our knowledge on the characteristics and mechanism of temperature variation in rock during the deformation and fracturing process, and the proposed modeling method can be used in more studies for deformation and fracturing analyses in rock experiments and engineering.

A characterization method for equivalent elastic modulus of rock based on elastic strain energy

Energy is an internal variable during rock deformation and failure, and its dissipation and conversion law can reflect the rock’s internal damage and deterioration state. Analysis of rock deformation and failure process from the perspective of energy is helpful to deeply understand the mechanism of rock damage, fracture and instability failure, and has important theoretical and practical significance for the stability evaluation and support control of surrounding rock. In this study, through single cyclic loading and unloading (SCLU) experiments, cyclic triaxial loading and unloading (CTLU) experiments and conventional triaxial compression (CTC) experiments, the equivalent elastic modulus method based on elastic strain energy is proposed to analyze the energy conversion of rock. The results show that the error of the elastic strain energy calculated by the strain energy formula method is generally higher than 10% with the secant and tangent modulus of the loading and unloading curve as input parameters. Taking the equivalent elastic modulus proposed in this study as an input parameter, more accurate elastic strain energy can be obtained by the strain energy formula. During the rock failure process, the equivalent elastic modulus shows a three-stage characteristic of increase, steady and decrease. The equivalent elastic modulus can be estimated by the quadratic function between the equivalent elastic modulus and confining pressure and axial strain. Under the same deformation and deviatoric stress, the elastic strain energy stored in rock increases with increasing confining pressure. The local maximum energy dissipation rate corresponds to stress drop, and the peak energy dissipation rate appears near the peak strength. High energy dissipation mainly occurs in a short time after peak strength, and energy release and dissipation are more sudden and severe under high confining pressure.

The evolution characteristics of rock fracture instability under cyclic loading on the basis of the enhanced LURR

Prospective discrimination of rock instability and fracture is a key problem in mining, slope stability, earthquake triggering, and other research fields. Through the rock fracture experiment, scientists put forward the load unload response ratio (referred to as LURR) to detect the non-linear deformation process of the strain stress curve, judge the degree of rock damage and instability fracture, which is accepted worldwide and has been widely used in seismic risk assessment. But, the extraction of response parameters (including strain, energy, well water level, etc.) are faced with many difficulties in actual observation, which makes the application of results uncertain. In this paper, the change of relative wave velocity is proposed as the loading unloading response parameter. Through rock mechanics experiments, a prospective discrimination method of rock instability and fracture process is constructed. The change characteristics of the LURR in the process of rock instability and fracture under stress are studied, the experiment result show that: when approaching the main fracture, the LURR calculated by taking the transverse strain energy as the response quantity obviously rises and fall back, the acoustic emission energy release rate and event rate are close to exponential acceleration process; The LURR by taking the change of relative wave velocity as the response parameter, first decreases, then fluctuates near zero, and rapidly decreases to below zero when it reaches the critical failure. The change combination of the above parameters’ response ratio can effectively judge the process of rock deformation, instability and fracture under stress. Moreover, this study of the load unload response ratio which takes the change of relative wave velocity as the response parameter, makes up the deficiency of the traditional load unload response ratio method in judging the rock instability of the medium under stress.

A shear constitutive model and experimental demonstration considering dual void portion and solid skeleton portion of rock

Shear deformation and break is a typical failure phenomenon of engineering rock. Building a constitutive model for rock shearing behaviors is a key issue in stability assessment of geotechnical engineering. A dual-structure shear constitutive model was developed to reveal the full shearing deformation evolution features of geological material. It was assumed that the rock was composed of void portion and solid skeleton portion. Thus, the macro constitutive relation of rock shearing deformation was established by accumulating the micro voids’ shear deformation and solid skeleton deformation. The comparison analysis of four geological materials indicated that the constitutive model can fully characterize the shear deformation and failure evolution process of rock, including the compaction stage, linear elasticity, shear hardening, shear softening, bimodal phenomenon and residual stages. At the micro level, the damage variable (D) evolution of solid skeleton can be divided into three stages: (i) pre-damage stage; (ii) accelerated damage deterioration stage; and (iii) completed damage stage. It was worth paying attention to the Weibull parameters (m, u0), where parameter m reflected the brittle failure characteristics of the rock, and parameter u0 indicated shear peak strain and peak strength of rock. Finally, physical shear experiments for cemented paste backfill-rock were carried out and the bimodal shear failure mechanism was comprehensively analyzed based on the proposed constitutive model.

Mechanical properties investigation and damage constitutive models of red sandstone subjected to freeze-thaw cycles

The mechanical properties of rock can be degraded by long-term freeze-thaw cycles (FTCs). However, the damage constitutive model of rock subjected to FTCs for simulating the whole deformation process is still lacking. In this paper, uniaxial compression tests for red sandstones were carried out under different numbers of FTCs, and the relationships between the mechanical parameters and the number of FTCs were established. The method for determining the fully compacted point was firstly proposed, and a random exponential function of strain difference during compaction stage and linear elastic stage was constructed. Then, a novel damage constitutive model simulating the whole deformation process of rock subjected to FTCs was proposed. The proposed model and three existing models were compared with experimental data, and their model performances were evaluated. The proposed model with the consideration of the initial compaction stage was found to be more consistent with the experimental data, while the two existing models can be improved to be more versatile. The finding enriches the research of rock in constitutive modelling in cold regions.

ПРОГНОЗ ВЛИЯНИЯ ОЧИСТНЫХ РАБОТ НА НАПРЯЖЕННО-ДЕФОРМИРОВАННОЕ СОСТОЯНИЕ МАССИВА В РАЙОНЕ ВОЗДУХОПОДАЮЩЕГО СТВОЛА

This article gives an assessment of the stress-strain state of the rock massif in the area of the downcast shaft located in rocks. The development of geomechanical processes in the rock massif in the downcast shaft area is considered. The problem of continuum mechanics is applied in a flat setting, taking into account the influence of camera phased development. Deformation processes in rocks are realized by introducing into the numerical model an elastic-plastic model of rock deformation. This approach makes it possible to increase the reliability of the stress-strain state of the massif prediction in the downcast shaft area.