Risk Of Cross-contamination Research Articles

Hydrotherapy in burn care: Pros, cons and suggestions

Hydrotherapy represents the use of water for medical purpose, being involved in burn wound care since the 17th century. Burn wound cleansing, performed daily, twice a day, or as needed, as part of standard care, should be scheduled by a burn surgeon and supervised by proper specialists. It can be performed by various methods, like shower, immersion, bedside irrigation or wiping. Due to the high risk of cross-contamination, immersion is no longer recommended. Tap water seems to be superior to saline solution in burn wound care, and adjuvants can be added, especially chlorhexidine, povidone-iodine, or special detergents. Disposable plastic sheets use during showering and the following of cleaning protocols for washing areas have decreased the risk of infection. Apart from the wound-cleansing role, hydrotherapy reduces itching and pain, improves wound healing, favors early mobilization and increases patients’ comfort. Controversy persists around the optimal method and appropriate solutions for cleaning burn injuries and clinical studies are further required to solve this matter. In the absence of standardized recommendations, most burn centers are guided by experience.

Settleable atmospheric particulate matter induces stress and affects the oxygen-carrying capacity and innate immunity in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Steel industry emissions of atmospheric particulate matter are responsible for air to water cross-contamination, which deposits metal/metalloid contaminants in aquatic ecosystems. This source of contamination has not been considered in most of the environmental monitoring protocols. Settleable atmospheric particulate matter (SePM) collected in an area of steel industry influence was used to analyze the sublethal effects on the hematological and innate immunological variables in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) after short-term exposure (96 h). Blood samples were analyzed to evaluate the oxygen-carrying transport capacity, innate immune activity and stress biomarkers after exposure to ecologically relevant concentration of SePM. The exposure reduced blood oxygen-carrying capacity by lessening hematocrit, hemoglobin, erythrocyte, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration. Compensatory increments in mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular hemoglobin have also been observed. The contaminant impacted the immune system by reducing the number of leukocytes, thrombocytes, and monocytes, total plasma protein, leukocyte respiratory activity, and by increasing lysozyme concentration. Furthermore, the contaminant caused endocrine stress response, raising plasma cortisol and glucose. Therefore, the alterations caused by SePM threatened the capacity of sustaining aerobic metabolism, impaired the immune system, and changed the energy allocation due to both stress response and immune effect. This may have important implications for the impact of SePM on aquatic ecosystems. Future investigations should assess SePM impact on general physiology and aerobic performance, especially to face common ecological challenges such as hypoxia and sustained swimming. These results point out the need to develop proper protocols to address the air-to-water cross-contamination risks by iron ore processing industries.

Quantitative exposure assessment of Listeria monocytogenes cross-contamination from raw to ready-to-eat meat under different food-handling scenarios

Cross-contamination of Listeria monocytogenes from raw to ready-to-eat (RTE) foods has caused a number of foodborne outbreaks. This study used the quantitative exposure assessment to analyze the transfer risk of L. monocytogenes from raw pork to RTE ham under different simulated food-handling scenarios (including different bacterial concentrations, cutting board materials, and cutting board cleaning methods). Results showed that, with the increase of temperature of cleaning water, the transfer rates from both pork to cutting board and cutting board to ham declined gradually, and cross-contamination could be avoided after the cutting boards in high concentration L. monocytogenes (HCLM) group were cleaned with tap water at 70 °C, and at 50 °C in the low concentration L. monocytogenes (LCLM) group. When the cutting boards were not cleaned, the contamination levels of L. monocytogenes transferred to ham through cross-contamination of wood, plastic, and stainless steel were 1.84 Lg (CFU/g), 1.76 Lg (CFU/g), 1.74 Lg (CFU/g), respectively in LCLM group, which were close to HCLM group (at 95% confidence level). These indicated that the potential risk of cross-contamination of meat contaminated with low concentrations of L. monocytogenes also needs to be elucidated. Overall, lower the initial contamination level of raw meat and the use of tap water of higher temperature to clean the cutting boards were observed to be effective in reducing the risk of cross contamination of L. monocytogenes in meat products.

Development of an organic acid compound disinfectant to control food-borne pathogens and its application in chicken slaughterhouses

During poultry slaughter, cross-contamination of chicken carcasses with microorganisms (including drug-resistant bacteria) can occur because of incomplete disinfection during the pre-cooling process, and surface contact with contaminated tools and equipment. The use of disinfectants is the most common way to reduce the risk of cross-contamination and bacterial spread, as they can effectively reduce the number of bacteria. We developed a disinfectant consisting of organic acids and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and tested its bactericidal effects at different concentrations against Salmonella and Campylobacter. The main effective components in the disinfectant were citric acid, lactic acid, and SDS, and together they exerted a synergistic bactericidal effect. The bactericidal efficacy of the disinfectant increased with increasing concentrations of the 3 active ingredients. To reach a 100% reduction rate during a 15-s treatment in vitro, for Salmonella, the lowest concentrations of citric acid, lactic acid, and SDS were 0.06, 0.08, and 0.02%, respectively; and for Campylobacter, the lowest concentrations were 0.02, 0.025, and 0.0125%, respectively. The disinfectant remained effective in presence of interfering substances (e.g., 15% fetal bovine serum). Further experiments showed that the disinfectant inactivated sensitive bacteria as well as 23 drug-resistant strains of Salmonella and Campylobacter. Treatment with the disinfectant for 15 s decreased the concentrations of all tested strains by more than 4.7 log colony forming units per mL, and the reduction rate was as high as 100%. In on-site disinfection tests in chicken slaughterhouses, the disinfectant significantly reduced the number of pathogenic bacteria on carcasses during the pre-cooling process, and on tools (such as knives and gloves) during the segmentation process. Thus, this disinfectant has potential uses in preventing cross-contamination of food-borne pathogens (including resistant bacteria) in slaughterhouses.

Functional Respiratory Evaluation in the COVID-19 Era: The Role of Pulmonary Function Test Laboratories.

The pandemic character of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) requires strategy changes designed to guarantee the safety of patients and health-care professionals. We are greatly concerned by the limitations in the operation of pulmonary function test (PFT) laboratories, since there is a high risk of disease progression in patients with chronic pulmonary diseases, and we are now faced by the influx of a new group of individuals in the recovery phase of post-COVID-19-syndrome that requires evaluation and follow-up of their respiratory function. To reestablish the operation of PFT laboratories limiting the risk of cross-contamination, we herein present the consensus reached by a group of experts in respiratory physiology, most of whom work in PFT laboratories in several Latin American countries, on the applicable recommendations for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pneumonia survivors when undergoing PFT. We present the safety and hygiene measures that must be adopted in laboratories or centers where PFT is conducted in adults and/or children. These recommendations answer the following questions: which PFT is most recommended in subjects that have recovered from COVID-19; what quality control and safety measures should PFT laboratories implement during this pandemic? And how should we approach non-COVID-19 patients requiring PFT?

Evaluation of maximum wall shear stress from air impingement to remove food deposits from stainless steel surfaces

The risk of cross-contamination during manufacturing of low water activity foods requires careful attention to cleaning and sanitation. Considering the challenges encountered in such manufacturing, air impingement can provide a unique approach to remove deposits from the food-contacted surface, particularly, the crevices or cracks. The objective of this study was to evaluate the shear stress-induced by air jet impingement for removal of food residues. The wall shear stress distribution on a surface below an air jet was measured using oil-film interferometry. The air impingement was operated at three level of air velocity (Reynolds number = 7756, 13,444, and 18,787) and three different nozzle height (24 (H/D = 6), 32 (H/D = 8), 40 mm (H/D = 10)). The shear stress was found to become higher along with the increase of air velocity and decrease of nozzle height. The observed distribution of wall shear stress on the surface was fitted using the Gaussian model and Polynomial model. The Gaussian model appeared to be preferable according to the statistical analysis, which aligned with previous literature. Based on the Gaussian model, the maximum wall shear stress was estimated. The maximum wall shear stress increased with Reynolds number ( Re ) and the ratio of jet height to jet nozzle diameter. The highest maximum shear stress (10.74 Pa) occurred at a Reynolds number of 18,787 and a height of 24 mm (H/D = 6). This trend was directly correlated with removal efficiency. The greatest removal of the treatment was achieved by 40% at maximum wall shear stress. A linear relationship between percent residue removed and maximum wall shear stress was obtained from the experimental results, and a threshold maximum wall shear stress of 2.73 Pa has been proposed for removal of peanut butter residue from a stainless-steel surface. The current study demonstrates the promising of the air impingement in the cleaning operation for low water activity food. • Wall shear stress increased with an increase in velocity and decrease in height. • Removal of food deposits revealed a similar trend to velocity and height. • Linear relation was found between maximum shear stress and food removal.

Systematic approach to cross-contamination risk management in the production of medicinal products

Introduction. Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) requires drug manufacturers to apply risk management principles in their operations. One of the main risks to the quality and safety of pharmaceuticals is cross-contamination. The introduction of a systematic approach to contamination risk management requires manufacturers to make a comprehensive assessment of both production processes and the organization of production sites (premises, equipment, systems, etc.). Therefore, the transition to the current GMP requirements for operating production sites may require significantly higher financial and labor costs than for projected production facilities.Aim. Development of a scientifically based program and methodology for cross-contamination risk management for existing pharmaceutical industries, taking into account compliance with the harmonized GMP requirements of the Russian Federation and the EAEU and world practice.Materials and methods. In the course of the study, methods of risk management, analysis and systematization of data and a process approach were used.Results and discussion. The key aspects of the organization of the co-manufacturing of medicines are outlined. A step-by-step approach to risk management, involving a preliminary assessment of the conformity of a production organization with GMP requirements is described. The proposed scheme is aimed at ensuring the continuous functioning of the cross-contamination risk management process.Conclusion. The presented risk management methodology aims to conduct a proper assessment of the risks of cross-contamination for multiproduct pharmaceutical enterprises. This technique allows to identify areas that need improvement to ensure compliance of manufacturing sites with GMP requirements, which ultimately contributes to improving the quality of medicines.

Review of component designs for post-COVID-19 HVAC systems: possibilities and challenges

The globally occurring recurrent waves of the COVID-19 pandemic, primarily caused by the transmission of aerosolized droplets from an infected person to a healthy person in the indoor environment, has led to the urgency of designing new modes of indoor ventilation. To prevent cross-contaminations due to airborne viruses, bacteria, and other pollutants in indoor environments, heating ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems need to be redesigned with anti-pandemic components. The three vital anti-pandemic components for the post-COVID-19 HVAC systems, as identified by the authors, are: a biological contaminant inactivation unit, a volatile organic compound decomposition unit, and an advanced air filtration unit. The purpose of the current article is to provide an overview of the latest research outcomes toward designing these anti-pandemic components and pointing out the future promises and challenges. In addition, the role of personalized ventilation in minimizing the risk of indoor cross-contamination by employing various air terminal devices is discussed. The authors believe that this article will encourage HVAC designers to develop effective anti-pandemic components to minimize the indoor airborne transmission.

Is There any Effect of COVID-19 on Follicular Environment in Women Underwent ART?

There is insufficient data on the impact of severe acute respiratory coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) on the reproductive tissues, its possible risk of cross-contamination, transmission and adverse effect on in vitro fertilization (IVF) outcome. Until today, there is no report associated with viral RNA in both follicular fluid and embryo culture medium from SARS-COV-2 positive women. In this case report, a 24-year-old woman with SARS-CoV-2 was presented. We investigated the SARS-COV-2 positivity in the follicular fluid and embryo culture medium of mildly symptomatic woman on oocyte pick up (OPU) day. We could not detect viral RNA in neither the follicular fluid nor the embryo culture medium. In addition, although the response of ovarian stimulation was normal, the number and maturity of the retrieved oocytes were low.

ISCAN-V2: A One-Pot RT-RPA-CRISPR/Cas12b Assay for Point-of-Care SARS-CoV-2 Detection.

Rapid, specific, and sensitive detection platforms are prerequisites for early pathogen detection to efficiently contain and control the spread of contagious diseases. Robust and portable point-of-care (POC) methods are indispensable for mass screening of SARS-CoV-2. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein (Cas)-based nucleic acid detection technologies coupled with isothermal amplification methods provide a straightforward and easy-to-handle platform for detecting SARS-CoV-2 at POC, low-resource settings. Recently, we developed iSCAN, a two-pot system based on coupled loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and CRISPR/Cas12a reactions. However, in two-pot systems, the tubes must be opened to conduct both reactions; two-pot systems thus have higher inherent risks of cross-contamination and a more cumbersome workflow. In this study, we developed and optimized iSCAN-V2, a one-pot reverse transcription-recombinase polymerase amplification (RT-RPA)-coupled CRISPR/Cas12b-based assay for SARS-CoV-2 detection, at a single temperature in less than an hour. Compared to Cas12a, Cas12b worked more efficiently in the iSCAN-V2 detection platform. We assessed and determined the critical factors, and present detailed guidelines and considerations for developing and establishing a one-pot assay. Clinical validation of our iSCAN-V2 detection module with reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) on patient samples showed 93.75% sensitivity and 100% specificity. Furthermore, we coupled our assay with a low-cost, commercially available fluorescence visualizer to enable its in-field deployment and use for SARS-CoV-2 detection. Taken together, our optimized iSCAN-V2 detection platform displays critical features of a POC molecular diagnostic device to enable mass-scale screening of SARS-CoV-2 in low-resource settings.

Telemedicine in palliative care during the COVID-19 era: A review of the literature

Telemedicine has become an effective approach for managing COVID-19 and preventing the risk of cross-contamination. The health application is growing rapidly, where medical information is transferred via telephone, Internet and other networks for consultation, control medical procedures or examinations. The application is very important to use in the pandemic era in reducing the COVID-19 infection, especially in palliative care. The study aimed to determine Telemedicine's effectiveness on palliative care during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study used a literature review method. Search databases, including Google Scholar, Science Direct, and ProQuest, with the keyword telemedicine for palliative care during the COVID-19 pandemic. The review explained that Telemedicine can establish effective nurse-patient communication, increase safety, improve palliative care and patient support services, reduce APD consumption, and simplify clinical workflows. It also improves patient comfort, reduces the psychological burden of isolation, and reduces nurses' workload.
 Keywords: COVID-19; telemedicine; healthcare services; technology in health; role of nurses

How should we measure intraocular pressure in the era of coronavirus disease 2019? Balancing infectious risk, cleaning requirements, and accuracy.

Purpose of reviewAccurate and precise measurement of intraocular pressure (IOP) is a vitally important component of the ophthalmic examination. There are multiple methods of tonometry, each of which has considerations in light of the ongoing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. This review discusses these considerations and compares various tonometer methods with the gold standard of Goldmann applanation tonometry (GAT).Recent findingsThe SARS-CoV-2 virus may spread via droplets, microaerosols, or direct contact in the ophthalmology clinic. Tonometry poses a high risk of contamination. The accuracy and reliability of various methods of tonometry with single-use disposable equipment has been compared with Goldmann applanation tonometry.SummaryGoldmann applanation tonometry with disposable applanation tips, Tono-pen, and iCare employ single use tips to decrease the risk of cross-contamination of infectious agents. Review of the literature demonstrates good correlation between these devices and GAT, although the published level of agreement between devices varies.

Adaptation to a Commercial Quaternary Ammonium Compound Sanitizer Leads to Cross-Resistance to Select Antibiotics in Listeria monocytogenes Isolated From Fresh Produce Environments.

The effective elimination of Listeria monocytogenes through cleaning and sanitation is of great importance to the food processing industry. Specifically in fresh produce operations, the lack of a kill step requires effective cleaning and sanitation to mitigate the risk of cross-contamination from the environment. As facilities rely on sanitizers to control L. monocytogenes, reports of the development of tolerance to sanitizers and other antimicrobials through cross-resistance is of particular concern. We investigated the potential for six L. monocytogenes isolates from fresh produce handling and processing facilities and packinghouses to develop cross-resistance between a commercial sanitizer and antibiotics. Experimental adaptation of isolates belonging to hypervirulent clonal complexes (CC2, CC4, and CC6) to a commercial quaternary ammonium compound sanitizer (cQAC) resulted in elevated minimum inhibitory concentrations (2–3 ppm) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (3–4 ppm). Susceptibility to cQAC was restored for all adapted (qAD) isolates in the presence of reserpine, a known efflux pump inhibitor. Reduced sensitivity to 7/17 tested antibiotics (chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, kanamycin, novobiocin, penicillin, and streptomycin) was observed in all tested isolates. qAD isolates remained susceptible to antibiotics commonly used in the treatment of listeriosis (i.e., ampicillin and gentamicin). The whole genome sequencing of qAD strains, followed by comparative genomic analysis, revealed several mutations in fepR, the regulator for FepA fluoroquinolone efflux pump. The results suggest that mutations in fepR play a role in the reduction in antibiotic susceptibility following low level adaptation to cQAC. Further investigation into the cross-resistance mechanisms and pressures leading to the development of this phenomenon among L. monocytogenes isolates recovered from different sources is needed to better understand the likelihood of cross-resistance development in food chain isolates and the implications for the food industry.

Régua de Fox descartável: uma proposta para evitar a contaminação cruzada

ABSTRACT Numerous pathogens, including SARS-CoV-2, can remain viable on surfaces over days, which favors cross-contamination. Preventive measures are essential to prevent infections and control the spread of COVID-19. Fox ruler is an essential device in the clinical planning of complete dentures and the contact with the patient’s oral fluids during handling is unavoidable. Despite its importance, the conventional polycarbonate Fox ruler is easily damaged in the sterilization process. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to propose the use of a disposable Fox ruler. The confection is carried out in a simple way with wooden toothpicks joined by cyanoacrylate glue, following the same shape as the conventional one, but with the additional advantage of being made in an individual size according to the upper edge. The proposed disposable Fox ruler makes it possible to obtain the parallelism of the upper wax roller with the bipupillary line and with the Camper plane. Therefore, the disposable device described in this article was able to perform the same functions as the conventional one, in a practical way, without risks of cross contamination and with low cost.

A study of the COVID-19 pandemic's knowledge and impact on ongoing fixed orthodontic treatment in adults.

Background:Due to the characteristics of dental practices and hospitals, all dental professionals, including orthodontists, are at an elevated peril of SARS-CoV-2 infection. If adequate safety actions are not taken, cross-contamination risk among dentists, orthodontists, and patients can be extremely high. For orthodontic patients, a high level of cognizance and consideration of the COVID-19 epidemic is required. The goal of this study was to assess adult patients' knowledge of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and its impact on their continuing fixed orthodontic treatment.Methodology:A cross-sectional in addition to a descriptive survey of 100 adult patients enduring fixed orthodontic treatment was done. All of the candidates were over the age of 18 years and were in lockdown due to the COVID-19 epidemic, with no therapy available.Results:Among the patients, 35% were male and 65% were female; 22.3% were unaware that the COVID-19 virus unfurls speedily in a dental setting; 64.8% were unquestionably keen to disclose their status and undertake pretreatment screening; 71.3% were undeniably prepared to stick to stringent appointment timings for passable sanitization of the clinical area; 70% believed that skipping appointments all through the COVID-19 pandemic would be costly; 70% believed that skipping appointments during the pandemic would prolong the treatment; and 59% thought of financial burden.Conclusion:COVID-19 cross-infection was not known to all adult orthodontic patients. The vast majority were aware of the situation and eager to follow infection-prevention guidelines. COVID-19 had a psychological and financial impact on patients' perceptions of overall orthodontic therapy.

A National Survey Evaluating the Knowledge and Attitude of Health-Care Workers of Saudi Arabia about Coronavirus Infection.

Background and Objectives:Health-care workers (HCWs) are playing an instrumental role in combating coronavirus infection (COVID-19). While rendering their services, they also run the risk of cross-contamination. Hence, it is important to evaluate and correlate the knowledge and attitude of HCWs of Saudi Arabia about COVID-19.Materials and Methods:A prospective, nationwide, questionnaire-based survey was conducted after getting the approval from the institutional ethical board. A validated and reliable questionnaire was constructed, developed on the Qualtrics software, and circulated through an electronic medium across the country. The questionnaire had a total of 29 questions regarding knowledge and attitude about COVID-19. Through convenience sampling, the data were collected from a total sample of 1553 HCWs. Based on the primary area of expertise, the sample was categorized into three study groups with 1040 medical health-care professionals (MHCPs) (Group I), 318 dental health-care professionals (DHCPs) (Group II), and 195 allied health-care professionals (AHCPs) (Group III). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was done using SPSS v. 21, where P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results:Female HCWs (P = 0.003) were shown to have a higher (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.46; confidence interval [CI]: 1.19–1.79) risk of inadequate knowledge in comparison to male HCWs. With respect to qualification, HCWs with doctorate qualification (P = 0.005) (aOR: 0.39; CI: 0.2–0.75) had shown to have adequate knowledge compared to their counterparts. AHCPs were shown inadequate knowledge (P < 0.001; aOR: 2.36; CI: 1.65–3.38), but adequate attitude (P < 0.001; aOR: 0.13; CI: 0.09–0.2) compared to MHCPs and DHCPs.Conclusion:MHCPs were shown to have the most appropriate level of knowledge, whereas AHCPs outscore other counterparts of HCWs with respect to attitude toward COVID-19. Emphasis should be directed to the whole community of HCWs in enhancing their awareness and practice attitude toward the novel infection of COVID-19.

Genetic diversity of Listeria monocytogenes isolates from farm products in Shanghai, China

Abstract Farm products are considered important vehicles for the transmission of Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes). The typing of L. monocytogenes from farm products contributes to the surveillance and source tracing of the pathogen. In this study, 77 L. monocytogenes strains from seven farm product categories in Shanghai were analyzed by serological typing, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and whole-genome nucleotide polymorphism (wgSNP). The results showed that the 77 isolates were classified into four serovars (1/2a, 1/2c, 1/2b, and 4b), and of these, 1/2a (n=47) was the most prevalent. Seventeen sequence types (STs) were generated by MLST with two novel STs (ST1402 and ST1403), and 20 of 77 L. monocytogenes isolates had high genetic identity with previously documented outbreak isolates according to the minimum spanning tree from the MLST results. Moreover, 34 PFGE patterns (PF1–PF34) were differentiated, and based on a similarity value higher than 80% by the unweighted pair group method dendrogram, the discriminatory index was relatively low (equal to 0.775). Furthermore, 14 isolates were chosen and further analyzed by wgSNP based on the previous typing results, which demonstrated that wgSNP and MLST yielded mostly consistent typing results but higher resolution than PFGE. In conclusion, 77 L. monocytogenes isolates from farm products collected in nine districts in Shanghai were highly genetically diverse, and 20 of these isolates had high relatedness with previously documented outbreak strains worldwide. The results indicate a possible cross-contamination risk of L. monocytogenes and a potential public health concern resulting from farm products during the supply chain in Shanghai, China.

A Novel Real Time PCR Method for the Detection and Quantification of Didymella pinodella in Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Plant Hosts.

Didymella pinodella is the major pathogen of the pea root rot complex in Europe. This wide host range pathogen often asymptomatically colonizes its hosts, making the control strategies challenging. We developed a real-time PCR assay for the detection and quantification of D. pinodella based on the TEF-1 alpha gene sequence alignments. The assay was tested for specificity on a 54-isolate panel representing 35 fungal species and further validated in symptomatic and asymptomatic pea and wheat roots from greenhouse tests. The assay was highly consistent across separate qPCR reactions and had a quantification/detection limit of 3.1 pg of target DNA per reaction in plant tissue. Cross-reactions were observed with DNA extracts of five Didymella species. The risk of cross contamination, however, is low as the non-targets have not been associated with pea previously and they were amplified with at least 1000-fold lower sensitivity. Greenhouse inoculation tests revealed a high correlation between the pathogen DNA quantities in pea roots and pea root rot severity and biomass reduction. The assay also detected D. pinodella in asymptomatic wheat roots, which, despite the absence of visible root rot symptoms, caused wheat biomass reduction. This study provides new insights into the complex life style of D. pinodella and can assist in better understanding the pathogen survival and spread in the environment.

Role of Forensic Anthropology in Disaster Victim Identification (DVI)

DNA profiling is one of the most dependable and well-organized methods for recognizing bodies or losing body parts in disaster victim identification (DVI). This necessitates the collection of a post-mortem DNA sample and an antemortem DNA sample from the alleged victim or a biological related people. Collecting an acceptable ante mortem sample is usually effortless, but because of the varying degree of preservation of the human remains after any disaster and very high risk of cross-contamination of DNA, obtaining an adequate standard post mortem sample under cold DVI conditions is difficult. Various post mortem DNA samples from a deceased person in DVI can be obtained from muscle, bone including femur and ribs, teeth, and bone marrow with the slightest possibility of contamination.&#x0D; DVI (disaster victim identification) has been used to identify deceased people in various famous disasters like the 9/11 attack of the terrorist group al-Qaeda against the United States, Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 from Amsterdam to Kuala Lumpur that was shot down on 17 July 2014 while flying over eastern Ukraine. All 283 passengers and 15 crew members were killed; the 26/11 attack on Mumbai in 2008 led by terrorist organizations caused 166 deaths, excluding nine terrorists.&#x0D; According to Interpol protocol, four steps for identification are given importance:&#x0D; 1 – Site examination, which lasts for days to weeks.&#x0D; 2 – Post-mortem data include fingerprints, odontology, DNA profiling and physical indication.&#x0D; 3 – Ante-mortem data collected from victim houses.&#x0D; 4 – Reconciliation where specialists identify the victim from the data collected.

Global climate change and the role of anesthesiologist

Background: Environmental issues and health problems related to global climate change are becoming increasingly serious. An effective eco-friendly strategy is required to reduce medical waste and greenhouse gas emissions caused by anesthesia in hospitals.Current Concepts: Inhalation anesthetics are very strong greenhouse gases in the order of desflurane, isoflurane, nitrous oxide, and sevoflurane. Anesthetics with high global warming potential and long atmospheric lifetimes should be used with caution. Only the minimum required dose of an anesthetic drug with a low persistence bioaccumulation toxicity index is recommended for use. Disposable anesthesia products are known to have a low purchase price and low risk of cross-contamination; however, this may not be the case. By using eco-friendly anesthetic supplies, recycling and reuse, we can avoid wasting money and resources.Discussion and Conclusion: Greenhouse gas emissions from the use of anesthetics are excluded from United Nations regulations due to their necessity. However, while guaranteeing patient safety, anesthesiologists must fulfill their professional ethical obligations by striving to reduce medical waste and greenhouse gas emissions.