Fire accidents in public assembly occupancies often arise from complex interactions among institutional failures, behavioral violations, and physical hazards. Traditional linear analyses cannot capture these dynamic and systemic causation mechanisms. Drawing on 185 official investigation reports of major fire incidents in China from 1998 to 2020, this study builds a Fire Accident Causation Complex Network Model (FACCNM). The model integrates the Apriori algorithm, complex network analysis, and the 24 Model to identify key contributing factors and high-risk causal chains in fire accidents. The findings show that "unauthorized design change" and "renovation with flammable materials" occur frequently and occupy structurally central positions in fire risk propagation. The highest-risk causal chain, "Absence of fire audit/acceptance → unauthorized design change", illustrates a typical pattern in which institutional oversight triggers behavioral and material vulnerabilities. The results offer actionable guidance for fire risk governance, such as prioritizing intervention points, conducting targeted safety audits, and designing proactive regulatory strategies. This study also helps shift fire safety management from reactive response to preventive control, especially in high-density public environments.

Patient safety emerges where clinical risk governance intersects with ethical duties of non-maleficence, respect for autonomy, and institutional accountability. Safety culture surveys and patient-reported experience measures often evolve on separate analytic tracks, leaving uncertainty about how staff-facing metrics translate into patient-facing ethical practices such as disclosure after harm. We conducted an exploratory cross-sectional multi-informant survey in an acute-care hospital in Romania. Healthcare workers (defined as physicians, nurses, hospital auxiliary staff, and other clinical/non-clinical personnel involved in care delivery or immediate supervision; n = 104) completed the AHRQ Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture version 2.0 and the Speaking Up About Patient Safety Questionnaire, capturing safety culture composites, speaking up behaviour, and psychological safety. Inpatients (n = 101) completed a project-specific, not externally validated structured questionnaire covering perceived safety, communication and information, consent and involvement, confidentiality and complaint mechanisms, coordination and organisational reliability, observed safety practices, and experiences of incident communication. We conducted exploratory analyses including composite means, percent positive scores, internal consistency estimates, and examined ward-level associations. Staff composites peaked for teamwork (mean 3.84/5; 74.3% positive) and communication about error (3.74/5; 70.8% positive), while staffing and work pace (2.74/5; 29.3% positive), response to error (31.7% positive), and hospital management support (34.0% positive) showed marked compression. Patients rated coordination and organisation (mean 3.67/5) and consent and involvement (3.60/5) higher than communication and information (3.42/5). Eleven patients (10.9%) perceived a safety incident; among them, ratings for apology, explanation and follow-up clustered at the lower end of the scale (mean 1.73/5). Ward-level overall safety culture scores showed negligible associations with patient global safety, perceived safety and recommendation. Exploratory ward-group analyses suggested that patient-rated coordination aligned more closely with handoffs and information exchange than with global safety culture measures. Other cross-level associations were inconsistent and were interpreted cautiously because of broad clinical-area aggregation and limited between-group variation. Favourable speaking up climate correlated with overall safety culture (r = 0.484, p < 0.001) and management support (r = 0.547, p < 0.001). In this setting, patient-perceived safety aligned more closely with interface processes than with global culture scores, and incident communication surfaced as a salient ethical deficit. Strategies integrating psychological safety, management responsiveness, and structured disclosure practices warrant prospective evaluation as potential ways to advance moral accountability and risk governance. Given the cross-sectional, single-site design and modest sample size, these associations should be interpreted as exploratory and non-causal. Not applicable.

ABSTRACTAccelerating global climate risks increasingly threaten renewable energy infrastructure (REI). However, little evidence on heterogeneous impacts of climate risks on REI across countries, the moderating role of REI resilience, and post‐disaster recovery patterns is available, despite their critical importance for guiding resilient energy transitions and informing disaster risk governance. To address these issues, we employed dynamic panel models in 215 countries and regions from 2004 to 2022. We find that (1) climate risk significantly damages global REI, with disaster frequency and institutional resilience having mitigation effects. (2) The damage follows an inverted U‐shape with increasing disaster frequency and an “N” shape with increasing disaster duration. As renewable energy generation share increases, the damage intensifies and progresses through four increasingly severe stages. (3) Economic resilience exhibits a “Creative destruction” effect in developed nations and a “Build back better” recovery in poor countries. (4) Although social resilience worsens climate disaster damage globally, high disaster frequency and institutional resilience can facilitate a “Recovery to trend” in socially advanced nations. (5) REI in South America is the most affected, followed by Asia and Africa, whereas Europe is the least impacted. Wind energy is the most vulnerable, followed by bioenergy, solar, and hydropower.

This article explores the conditions of risk action by examining why acknowledged seismic risk often fails to generate participation in collective risk reduction measures. Drawing on the case of housing renewal in Istanbul, Türkiye, it argues that seismic risk does not operate as a continuous motivational force but as a latent condition whose influence is activated only when specific agency-enabling thresholds are crossed. Rather than interpreting non-action as a deficit of risk perception, the study demonstrates how constrained feasibility, institutional uncertainty, and threatened social continuity delimit households’ capacity to act, rendering risk practically secondary. The analysis is based on an exploratory sequential mixed methods design. Qualitative dimensions are tested through a field survey experiment, combining ordered logit modelling with a randomised gain–loss framing vignette under fixed risk and cost conditions. The findings show that seismic risk remains behaviourally dormant unless households perceive renewal as feasible, institutionally credible, and socially sustainable. Economic capacity emerges as a binding precondition for action, while trust in proximate implementing institutions conditions willingness independently of general state trust. Experimental results demonstrate that informational framing does not mobilise action in the presence of binding constraints. Gain framing increases willingness only among financially constrained households by reconfiguring feasibility, while loss framing fails to produce behavioural change. The article contributes to risk research by re-specifying the role of risk in collective decision-making. It introduces the concept of a risk action threshold, showing that risk becomes consequential only after agency constraints are relaxed. This perspective explains the systematic underperformance of awareness-based and nudge-oriented policies in urban risk governance and redirects attention from persuasion toward the institutional and material conditions that make risk actionable.

Effective risk management is central to patient safety, regulatory compliance, and organizational sustainability in healthcare. In South Africa, audiology and speech therapy practitioners operate within a system characterized by resource constraints, regulatory complexity, and socio-economic inequality, resulting in differentiated risk exposure across practice settings. This study explored risks encountered by practitioners and the strategies used to mitigate these risks. A qualitative design was employed in 2025 with 92 practitioners. Data were analyzed thematically, supported by descriptive and inferential analyses. Four interrelated risk domains emerged, with sectoral differences reflected across thematic and quantitative findings. Public sector practitioners reported significantly higher clinical risk, including diagnostic errors (65%) and delayed treatment (70%), particularly in rural settings (χ2 = 18.21, p < 0.01). Additionally, operational risks such as staff shortages (75%) and equipment failure (70%) were also more prevalent. In contrast, private practitioners reported greater financial risk related to income volatility and overhead costs (70%; t = 3.12, p < 0.01). Legal and regulatory risks were evident across both sectors, while mitigation strategies included telehealth adoption and community partnerships. These findings demonstrate structurally produced risk, highlighting the need for integrated, context-sensitive risk governance frameworks in resource-constrained health systems.

Juvenile cybercrime is a salient governance challenge in digitalizing societies, yet scholarship concentrates on ex post sanction and under-theorizes the interaction among platform design, the digital risk environment, and minors' developmental vulnerability. Drawing on K.G.M. v. Meta Platforms, this study develops a "front-end governance" framework anchored in the best-interests-of-the-child principle and articulated through three doctrinal pillars, the platform duty of risk mitigation, the regulation of harmful design and risky digital environments, and the foreseeability of risk. An empirical component, based on a cross-sectional survey in China, examines institutional support for prevention. Endorsement is broad, 92% for strengthened market regulation, 91% for cyber-law education, 84% for technical firewalls, and 83% for internet classification and digital curfews. On responsibility allocation, 76% prioritize tri-partite collaborative governance involving families, schools, and society. Multinomial logistic regression indicates occupational positioning is the only significant predictor of priority orientation; regional, income, and educational variation are non-significant once controls are applied, a null pattern we read as suggestive rather than confirmatory. The findings support a shift from ex post sanction to ex ante risk governance, organized around platform accountability, age-appropriate design, rule-of-law education, and graded content ecosystems.

Enhancing agricultural economic resilience (AER) is essential for global food security. As a key policy tool for stabilizing agricultural production, policy-based agricultural insurance lacks rigorous causal evidence on its impact on resilience. In this study, AER is operationalized as a composite index capturing resistance and recovery capacities across pressure, state, and response dimensions. Using 2012–2023 provincial panel data from China (31 provinces × 12 years = 372 observations), we measure AER via the entropy method and identify policy effects using a staggered multi-timepoint difference-in-differences (DID) model. We find that policy-based staple crop insurance significantly increases AER by approximately 2.5 percentage points, primarily by promoting agricultural technological innovation (ATI) and regional industrial structure upgrading (RIS). The improvement effects are more pronounced in central and western regions, non-major staple-crop producing areas, and regions with higher natural risks. Robustness is confirmed via event study, alternative weighting schemes (PCA and equal weighting), and placebo tests. This study provides reliable causal evidence for the resilience-enhancing effect of agricultural insurance and clarifies its internal transmission mechanisms, offering empirical support for the optimization of agricultural risk governance policies. Limitations include the use of provincial-level aggregate data and the lack of analysis of spatial spillover effects between regions. Our findings suggest that differentiated policy implementation can support more sustainable and targeted agricultural risk governance.

In the context of China’s new-type urbanization, rural roads have become high-risk traffic environments due to land-use changes, mixed traffic composition, and lagging infrastructure. Using crash data from five rural roads in Beijing during 2023–2024, this study constructed meso-level units by integrating macro-level urbanization characteristics with micro-level road attributes. Urbanization level was introduced as a moderating variable, and a negative binomial–conditional autoregressive (NB-CAR) model incorporating interaction terms was developed to investigate the factors influencing traffic crash frequency and the underlying mechanisms in urban-rural transitional areas. The results show that, compared with low urbanizing areas, moderately urbanizing areas are significantly positively associated with crash frequency, whereas highly urbanizing areas are significantly negatively associated with crash frequency. In addition, the interaction effects between the presence of central medians and urbanization level, as well as between segment length and highly urbanizing areas, indicate that crash risk arises from the combined influence of multiple factors rather than from any single factor. The study further suggests that traffic safety infrastructure and management capacity in moderately urbanizing areas often lag behind rapid traffic growth. These areas should therefore be prioritized in proactive risk governance, with systematic crash reduction pursued through fault-tolerant design and shared safety governance.

ABSTRACT Floods are among the most destructive natural hazards with growing social consequences. However, global flood research has exhibited pronounced regional disparities in thematic focus and scholarly attention, reinforcing unequal risk perceptions. This study analyzes 64,989 flood-related publications and uses large language models to extract structured information for synthesis. Over the past four decades, flood research has shifted from hydrological process modeling to integrated risk governance and climate adaptation. A high-risk–low-attention mismatch also prevails, with research output correlating more strongly with socioeconomic conditions than risk. Most developed countries attract disproportionately high research attention relative to risk, whereas 53.1% of the countries exhibit a risk–attention mismatch. The highly exposed regions in Africa and South America remain underrepresented and methodologically fragmented. Global research on flood types exhibits pronounced spatial differentiation, reflecting the combined influence of climatic and geographic settings, as well as political, historical, and institutional contexts. In some countries, such as Egypt and Iraq, research agendas are excessively concentrated on a single flood type, with limited investigations of compound floods. Furthermore, climate change has exposed historically low-risk arid and semi-arid regions to emerging flood threats, potentially exacerbating such mismatches. Overall, this study highlights the urgency of targeted investment and collaboration in high-risk, but low-attention regions.

The Cicil Emas product is one of the investment financing products offered by Bank Syariah Indonesia (BSI) and is popular among the public because it facilitates gold ownership through an installment mechanism in accordance with sharia principles. However, the increasing public interest in this product is also accompanied by various risks that need to be managed effectively so that financing quality can be maintained. This study aims to analyze financing risks in the Cicil Emas product and the implementation of risk management carried out by BSI KFF Jember Politeknik Negeri in managing these risks. This study used a qualitative method with a descriptive approach. Data were obtained through observation, interviews, and documentation, with primary data sources from the bank and secondary data from books, journals, company documents, and other supporting sources. Data were analyzed using the interactive model of Miles and Huberman, which includes data collection, data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. The results show that the main risks in the Cicil Emas product include financing risk, market risk, and operational risk. To manage these risks, BSI KFF Jember Politeknik Negeri implements risk management through the stages of risk identification, measurement, monitoring, and control in accordance with applicable regulations. Risk management implementation is carried out through 5C analysis, periodic financing monitoring, determination of the Loan to Value (LTV) ratio, customer education, and improvement of human resource competence. The conclusion of the study affirms that the implementation of risk management in the Cicil Emas product plays an important role in maintaining financing quality and minimizing potential risks that may affect financing performance. The implications of this study provide practical contributions for Islamic banking institutions in strengthening investment financing risk governance based on murabahah in a more measurable, prudent, and sustainable manner.

From heat signals to protective actions: a feedback- driven framework for heat risk governance.

Modern society needs to be vigilant and respond promptly to risks.The emergence of uncertainties not only may increase the probability of risks occurring but also may exacerbate their severity.Therefore, what ethical principle should be relied on to deal with risks characterized by uncertainty has become a problem to be solved.The precautionary principle is an important ethical principle for addressing and resolving risks with uncertain features.This article aims to explain the changes of the precautionary principle in risk governance from its origin, the expansion of its geographical scope, and the increase in its application fields; and focuses on demonstrating the continuous improvement of the precautionary principle in risk governance through the transformation from the weak precautionary principle governance model with limited effectiveness to the strong precautionary principle governance model with high effectiveness.

Pollution of groundwater by heavy metals poses a serious health hazard to human beings. This study evaluates the noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risks of the following five metals: lead (Pb), chromium (Cr (VI)), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and iron (Fe) in groundwater at 30 stations in the Bellandur industrial area of Bengaluru, India. The concentrations of groundwater metals were determined at these 30 stations, and the hazard quotient (HQ), hazard index (HI), and lifetime cancer risk (LTCR) were calculated according to USEPA standards. Probabilistic risk was measured using Monte Carlo simulation. Reductions of 20% and 50% were assessed by scenario modeling. The metal analysis shows that the exceedance percentages with respect to Pb, Cr (VI), Cd, and Fe are 33.33 53.33, 53.33, and 63.33, both with respect to Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) and World Health Organization (WHO) as they both use the same permissible limits, while Cu exceeds the BIS Limits by 36.67%. However, WHO has not placed any minimum limits for Cu and only an upper limit of 2 mg/L, as per which none of the stations exceed the limits. Results show widespread exceedances, especially among children, where Pb is the dominant contributor to noncarcinogenic risk, while Cr (VI) is the sole driver of carcinogenic risk. HI exceeded 1 at 20 stations for adults and 21 stations for children. LTCR exceeded 1 × 10-4 at 19 adult stations and 16 child stations. The marginal stations that showed compliance only under 50% reduction were illustrated in the scenario model. Pb, Cr (VI), and Cd are identified as the chief drivers of health risks in the region. Targeted remediation and policy interventions are urgently needed. Probabilistic modeling and scenario analysis offer robust tools for groundwater risk governance.

Spatial reconfiguration and drivers of ecological risk in the karst region of China: An integrated GMOP-PLUS-InVEST assessment

Coupling physical and social resilience in disaster risk governance: Insights from landslide-prone mountain regions of the eastern Tibetan plateau

Flash flood risk governance system in China and its governance effectiveness

Traditional ecological knowledge in volcanic risk governance: Rethinking human–volcano relationships

The foundational instruments of organizational risk analysis, most notably the two-dimensional Impact × Probability matrix, were designed for failures in traditional and predictable systems. As such, they are ill-equipped to address the unpredictability and complexity that define modern artificial intelligence. Through comparative analysis of three documented AI failures, this paper addresses this critical gap by introducing the AI Risk Tensor (ART), a three-dimensional framework that formally incorporates "Opacity" as a critical third axis alongside "Impact" and "Probability." By redefining risk as a vector in (I, P, and O) space and operationalizing "opacity" as a novel dimension through a structured scoring rubric, ART transforms static risk matrices into a dynamic volumetric "Risk Space." By doing so, ART provides the operational bridge needed to close the implementation gap in AI risk governance, thus reconfiguring decision-making and accountability pillars.

ABSTRACT Like for many river basins around the world, climate projections foretell a hotter, drier future for the Murray–Darling Basin (MDB). If the most drastic scenarios play out, the current suite of economies, industries, and ecosystems is unlikely to remain viable in the coming decades. Such changes will stress already fractured decision-making processes, where institutions are working to regain trust in a highly contested policy sphere. The upcoming review and revision of the National Water Initiative (2004), the Water Act (2007), and the Murray–Darling Basin Plan (2012) provide an opportunity to address critiques that they currently do not adequately address climate change. In this paper, we analyse qualitative interviews with 42 experts from diverse sectors in the Basin – research, government, advocacy, and industry – to articulate the challenges associated with the governance of climate risks and adaptation in the MDB. We draw on the concept of anticipatory governance – distinguishing it from both adaptation governance and adaptive governance – to identify four governance transitions and three governance interventions that could be mobilised to address these challenges. We argue that governing the deep uncertainty of climate change requires moving beyond adaptive governance’s reactive learning to anticipatory governance that institutionalises foresight, redistributes power, and acts on plausible futures before thresholds are crossed.

Medicines which lack a marketing authorisation, referred to as unlicensed medicines, are used across healthcare systems internationally. Their use carries recognised quality and safety risks, yet no published evidence describes how healthcare institutions assess and mitigate these risks at a system level. This study aimed to explore the processes and variation in risk assessment for unlicensed medicines across NHS trust hospital pharmacies in England. A multi-method design was used. An online questionnaire was distributed to pharmacy procurement leads across NHS trusts in England (n = 37). Concurrently, unlicensed medicines policies from 40 NHS trusts were analysed using a structured coding framework developed through iterative refinement. The questionnaire collected data on unlicensed medicines risk assessment volume, scope, and governance; policies were analysed to identify organisational intended practice. Datasets were independently analysed and compared at code level across eighteen shared elements to examine variations between practice and policy. Approximately three quarters of questionnaire respondents (73%; 27/37) reported completing both quality and clinical risk assessments for all unlicensed medicines procured, and most trusts (92%; 34/37) had an unlicensed medicine policy; however, only 65% (24/37) reported clearly defined governance oversight, and 57% (21/37) cited formal approval of unlicensed medicine use. Practices were heterogeneous: risk assessments frequently focused on product identity (e.g., 86%; 32/37, considered country of manufacture) but rarely examined processes of manufacturing or sterilisation. A minority (16%; 6/40) used a formal risk scoring system, and review cycles were inconsistent, with 41% of policies (16/40) not mandating review periods. Policies typically mandated risk assessment and recording on a register but varied in technical detail and rarely indicated that quality checks were required upon receipt. Comparison of findings revealed probable duplication of effort in risk assessment for commonly procured unlicensed medicines and divergence between policy emphasis and practitioner focus. NHS trusts routinely risk assess unlicensed medicines yet do so independently, with variation in risk assessment content, limited use of structured scoring, and gaps in post-receipt- verification. A national minimum dataset for risk assessment and a shared repository of completed assessments could reduce duplication, improve consistency, and strengthen patient safety.