Diabetes Risk In Men Research Articles

Low birthweight and overweight during childhood and young adulthood and the risk of type 2 diabetes in men: a population-based cohort study

Aims/hypothesisThis study aimed to determine the relative contributions of low birthweight and overweight during childhood and young adulthood to the risk of type 2 diabetes in men.MethodsWe included 34,231 men born between1945 and 1961 from the population-based BMI Epidemiology Study (BEST) Gothenburg with data on birthweight and overweight status in childhood (8 years, BMI >17.9 kg/m2) and young adulthood (20 years, BMI >25 kg/m2). Participants were followed from age 30 years until 31 December 2019. Information on type 2 diabetes diagnoses was retrieved from Swedish national registers. HRs and 95% CIs for the risk of early (≤59.4 years) and late (>59.4 years) type 2 diabetes were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression.ResultsDuring follow-up, a total of 2733 cases of type 2 diabetes were diagnosed. Birthweight below the median (<3.6 kg) and overweight at age 20 (BMI >25 kg/m2), but not overweight at age 8 (BMI >17.9 kg/m2), were associated with an increased risk of early and late type 2 diabetes. Of note, a birthweight below the median followed by overweight at age 20 years was associated with a substantially increased risk of early type 2 diabetes (HR 6.07, 95% CI 5.08, 7.27), and a low birthweight (≤2.5 kg) combined with overweight at age 20 years was associated with a massive risk of early type 2 diabetes (HR 9.94, 95% CI 6.57, 15.05).Conclusions/interpretationLow birthweight and overweight in young adulthood are the major developmental determinants of adult type 2 diabetes risk in men. They contribute in an additive manner to the risk of type 2 diabetes. To reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes, young adult overweight should be avoided, especially in boys with a low birthweight.Data availabilityThe SPSS analysis code, the R analysis code and a data dictionary have been made available in an online repository (https://osf.io/bx2as/).Graphical

Association of predicted fat mass and lean body mass with diabetes: a longitudinal cohort study in an Asian population.

The relationship between body composition fat mass (FM) and lean body mass (LBM) and diabetes risk is currently debated, and the purpose of this study was to examine the association of predicted FM and LBM with diabetes in both sexes. The current study was a secondary analysis of data from the NAGALA (NAfld in the Gifu Area, Longitudinal Analysis) cohort study of 15,463 baseline normoglycemic participants. Predicted LBM and FM were calculated for each participant using anthropometric prediction equations developed and validated for different sexes based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database, and the outcome of interest was diabetes (types not distinguished) onset. Multivariate Cox regression analyses were applied to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the associations of predicted FM and LBM with diabetes risk and further visualized their associations using a restricted cubic spline function. The incidence density of diabetes was 3.93/1000 person-years over a mean observation period of 6.13 years. In women, predicted LBM and FM were linearly associated with diabetes risk, with each kilogram increase in predicted LBM reducing the diabetes risk by 65% (HR 0.35, 95%CI 0.17, 0.71; P < 0.05), whereas each kilogram increase in predicted FM increased the diabetes risk by 84% (HR 1.84, 95%CI 1.26, 2.69; P < 0.05). In contrast, predicted LBM and FM were non-linearly associated with diabetes risk in men (all P for non-linearity < 0.05), with an L-shaped association between predicted LBM and diabetes risk and a saturation point that minimized the risk of diabetes was 45.4 kg, while predicted FM was associated with diabetes risk in a U-shape pattern and a threshold point with the lowest predicted FM-related diabetes risk was 13.76 kg. In this Asian population cohort, we found that high LBM and low FM were associated with lower diabetes risk according to anthropometric equations. Based on the results of the non-linear analysis, we believed that it may be appropriate for Asian men to keep their LBM above 45.4 kg and their FM around 13.76 kg.

Testosterone Level and Risk of Diabetes: Follow-Up Study

Background: Epidemiological studies have documented an inverse relationship between testosterone levels and risk of cardiovascular disease. The present study aimed to explore the association between testosterone levels and risk of developing diabetes mellitus from 108 middle-aged men with no history of medical diseases. Methods: Data regarding the age of subjects, smoking, alcohol consumption, waist-to-hip ratio, and family history of cardiovascular disease were collected at the time of inclusion. Testosterone levels were also measured. 15 years later the medical history of the men was reviewed to record the development of medical incidents with references to diabetes mellitus. Two groups of men were identified based on testosterone levels: hypogonadal (testosterone ≤12 nmol/L) and eugonadal (testosterone &gt;12 nmol/L). Results: In total, 10 (9.0%) out of 108 men developed diabetes during the 15-year follow-up period, of whom 6 (16%) out of 37 and 4 (6%) out of 71 were men in the hypogonadal and eugonadal cohorts respectively (p=0.08). Using Cox proportional hazards regression analysis, the adjusted risk for diabetes was significantly lower in eugonadal men compared to hypogonadal men (adjusted hazard ratio=0.236; 95% CI=0.062–0.898; P=0.03). Conclusion: Our results showed a significant increased risk of diabetes in men with low testosterone levels compared to men with normal testosterone.

Prenatal exposure to famine and the development of diabetes later in life: an age-period-cohort analysis of the China health and nutrition survey (CHNS) from 1997 to 2015.

Prenatal exposure to famine has been linked to increased diabetes risk in adulthood. However, one fundamental issue to be addressed is that the reported famine-diabetes relation may be confounded by the age differences between the exposed and non-exposed groups. We aimed to determine the association between prenatal exposure to the Chinese famine of 1959-1962 and risk of diabetes by applying age well-controlled strategies. Among 20,535 individuals born in 1955-1966 who participated in the China Health and Nutrition Survey from 1997 to 2015, we constructed age-matched exposed vs. non-exposed groups to investigate the role of prenatal exposure to the Chinese famine of 1959-1962 in relation to diabetes. We also built a hierarchical age-period-cohort (HAPC) model to specifically examine the relation of famine to diabetes risk independent of age. Compared to the age-balanced men in the non-exposed group, the exposed men born in 1961 had a 154% increased risk of diabetes [odds ratio (OR) 2.54 (95% CI 1.07-6.03), P = 0.04). In the HAPC analysis, the predicted probabilities of diabetes peaked in the 1961-birth cohort of men [3.4% (95% CI 2.4%-5.0%)], as compared to the average probability of diabetes (reference) of 1.8% for men overall. Neither analytical strategy revealed any strong relation between famine exposure and diabetes risk in women. Among the pre-defined Chinese famine period of 1959-1962, early-life exposure to famine was associated with increased diabetes risk in men but not in women, and these relations were independent of age.

BMI variability and incident diabetes mellitus, Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS)

Previous epidemiologic studies debated the association of body mass index (BMI) trends with cardiovascular disease and mortality. This study aimed to evaluate the association of BMI variability and slope with the incidence of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in a sex-stratified 15.8-year follow-up in the population-based Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS). Of 10,911 individuals aged 20–60 years, 4981 subjects were included and followed for 15.8-years. The slope coefficient of BMI in the linear regression model represented individuals’ BMI trends up to the incidence of DM. The root mean squared error (RMSE) of the BMI linear trend was selected to reflect BMI variability through six follow-ups. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to investigate the association of the baseline BMI, BMI slope and RMSE with the incidence of T2DM among men and women. Multivariable-adjusted HRs of T2DM for each SD increment in BMI slope was 1.18 (95% CI: 0.94–1.48, p = 0.161) in normal weight men and 1.26 (95% CI: 1.10–1.44, p = 0.001) in overweight and obese men. However, in women, each SD increment in BMI slope increased the risk of T2DM with a HR of 1.19 (95% CI: 1.01–1.40, p = 0.039) in normal weight, and 1.14 (95% CI: 1.08–1.19, p < 0.001) in women with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2. In men with a baseline BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2, BMI-RMSE was associated with a decreased risk of T2DM (HR: 0.71, 95% CI: 0.53–0.93, p = 0.015). Baseline BMI was not associated with the risk of diabetes in men and women. Positive BMI slope is associated with the development of diabetes in both sexes. The association of BMI variability with incident T2DM differs according to sex and baseline BMI. BMI variability is associated with a lower risk of T2DM in overweight and obese men. BMI variability in women and baseline BMI in both gender are not related to the risk of T2DM.

Obesity mediates the opposite association of education and diabetes in Chinese men and women: Results from the REACTION study.

Evidence regarding the impact of education on diabetes risk is scarce in developing countries. We aimed to explore the association between education and diabetes within a large population in China and to identify the possible mediators between them. Information on educational level and lifestyle factors was collected through questionnaires. Diabetes was diagnosed from self-report and biochemical measurements. A structural equation model was constructed to quantify the mediation effect of each mediator. Compared with their least educated counterparts, men with college education had a higher risk of diabetes (odds ratio [OR] 1.19; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.12-1.27), while college-educated women were less likely to have diabetes (OR 0.77; 95% CI, 0.73-0.82). Obesity was the strongest mediator in both genders (proportion of mediation: 11.6% in men and 23.9% in women), and its association with education was positive in men (β[SE] 0.0387 [0.0037]) and negative in women (β[SE] -0.0824 [0.0030]). Taken together, all behavioral factors explained 12.4% of the excess risk of diabetes in men and 33.3% in women. In a general Chinese population, the association between education level and diabetes was positive in men but negative in women. Obesity was the major mediator underlying the education disparities of diabetes risk, with a stronger mediation effect among women.

Dietary Total Vitamin A, β-carotene, and Retinol Intake and the Risk of Diabetes in Chinese Adults with Plant-based Diets.

Epidemiologic evidence regarding the role of dietary vitamin A in the development of diabetes is limited and inconsistent. This study was to explore the association between vitamin A intake and diabetes risk in Chinese adults. A prospective cohort study was conducted among 17 111 adults (8537 men and 8577 women) who participated in the China Health and Nutrition Survey between 1989 and 2015. Dietary intakes were assessed by 3 consecutive 24-hour dietary recalls combined with a household food inventory. Diabetes was determined by self-reported diagnosis, diabetes medication use, or additional criterion in 2009 of fasting blood glucose or hemoglobin A1c. We analyzed the association of vitamin A intake (total, β-carotene, retinol) with diabetes risk using Cox proportional hazards models. A total of 519 men and 531 women developed diabetes during a median of 11 years of follow-up. Higher dietary total vitamin A intakes were associated with a lower risk of diabetes in both men (quintile 5 [Q5] vs Q1: hazard ratio [HR] = 0.69, 95% CI, 0.49-0.97, P-trend = 0.079) and women (Q5 vs Q1: HR = 0.63; 95% CI, 0.45-0.89; P-trend = 0.039). An inverse relation with diabetes risk was observed for dietary intakes of β-carotene (Q5 vs Q1: HR = 0.71; 95% CI, 0.52-0.97) and retinol (Q5 vs Q1: HR = 0.58; 95% CI, 0.39-0.85) among men, but not women. Dose-response analyses showed the association of dietary intakes of total vitamin A, β-carotene, and retinol with diabetes risk in men was L-shaped (P-nonlinearity = 0.043), reverse J-shaped (P-nonlinearity = 0.001), and linear, respectively. Our findings suggest that adequate intake of vitamin A may help protecting against diabetes, especially for men.

Retrospective cohort study of androgen deprivation therapy and the risk of diabetes in men with prostate cancer in Lithuania

ObjectivesTo examine the risk of type 2 diabetes in patients with prostate cancer and its association with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT).Design and participantsWe performed a retrospective cohort study of patients...

The relationship between obesity, diabetes, hypertension and vitamin D deficiency among Saudi Arabians aged 15 and over: results from the Saudi health interview survey

BackgroundObesity and diabetes are related conditions, the prevalence of which has increased globally in recent years. These conditions have been linked to hypertension and vitamin D deficiency though the nature of the relationship remains unclear and is likely to vary between identifiable groups and specific contexts. The aim of this paper is to examine the relationships between obesity, type 2 diabetes, hypertension and vitamin D, among Saudis citizens aged 15 and over.MethodsSelf-reported and measured data were taken from the 2013 Saudi Health Interview Survey and analysed using a series of seemingly unrelated bivariate probit regression (SURBVP) analyses. Sensitivity analyses were undertaken in which the selection and specification of covariates and outcomes were varied.ResultsIn the main analysis data on 957 women and 1127 men were analysed. Differences were evident between men and women in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes, obesity, central obesity, hypertension and vitamin D deficiency. While men were more likely to experience diabetes and hypertension, women were more likely to experience obesity, central obesity and vitamin D deficiency. In multivariable analyses obesity and age were found to significantly predict hypertension risk in women; central obesity to predict diabetes risk in men and women, as well as hypertension risk in men. Vitamin D was not found to predict diabetes risk nor hypertension risk in either sex. Milk consumption and sun exposure were found to predict vitamin D deficiency in women but not men. While there was evidence of unobserved heterogeneity in models predicting diabetes and hypertension, there was no evidence of unobserved heterogeneity between these and those predicting vitamin D deficiency. Results did not materially change over a range of sensitivity analyses.ConclusionWhile there is strong evidence of distinct patterns in the relationship between diabetes, hypertension and obesity among men and women in Saudi Arabia and in the risk of vitamin D deficiency, we found no evidence of a relationship between vitamin D levels and risk of either diabetes or hypertension.

Using human genetics to understand the disease impacts of testosterone in men and women.

Testosterone supplementation is commonly used for its effects on sexual function, bone health and body composition, yet its effects on disease outcomes are unknown. To better understand this, we identified genetic determinants of testosterone levels and related sex hormone traits in 425,097 UK Biobank study participants. Using 2,571 genome-wide significant associations, we demonstrate the genetic determinants of testosterone levels are substantially different between sexes, and that genetically higher testosterone is harmful for metabolic diseases in women but beneficial in men. For example, a genetically determined 1-standard deviation higher testosterone increases the risks of Type 2 diabetes (T2D) (OR=1.37 [1.22–1.53]) and polycystic ovary syndrome (OR=1.51 [1.33–1.72]) in women, but reduces T2D risk in men (OR=0.86 [0.76–0.98]). We also show adverse effects of higher testosterone on breast and endometrial cancers in women, and prostate cancer in men. Our findings provide insights into the disease impacts of testosterone and highlight the importance of sex-specific genetic analyses.

Relationships of Visceral Adiposity Index and Body Shape Index with Diabetes Mellitus Risks in Chinese Adults (P21-037-19)

ObjectivesWe aimed to evaluate the association between Chinese visceral adiposity index (CVAI), a body shape index (ABSI) and diabetes in Chinese adults; we further assessed the predictive capacity of CVAI/ABSI for diabetes by comparing with various anthropometric adiposity indices. MethodsWe used the data of 5838 Chinese men and women aged ≥18 years from the China Health and Nutrition Survey 2009. Subjects were divided into subgroups according to CVAI and ABSI quartiles. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the independent associations between CVAI/ABSI and diabetes; we assessed the predictive power of the two indexes using the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. ResultsBoth CAVI and ABSI were positively associated with diabetes. In multivariable model, the odds ratios (ORs) (95% confidence intervals) for diabetes across quartiles of CAVI were, 1.00, 1.9 (1.1–3.3), 2.3 (1.4–3.9), and 4.9 (2.9–8.1) in men and 1.00, 3.0 (1.1–8.2), 7.7 (2.9–21.0) and 14.2 (5.3–38.2) in women, respectively. The corresponding figures across quartiles of ABSI were 1.00, 1.2 (0.8–1.9), 1.6 (1.1–2.4) and 1.8 (1.2–2.8) in men, and 1.00, 1.2 (0.7–1.9), 1.7 (1.1–2.7) and 2.0 (1.3–3.1) in women, respectively. The area under ROC (AUC) for CVAI was the highest among all examined indices including ABSI, BMI and WC, with AUCs of 0.729 (0.696–0.762) and 0.794 (0.767–0.818) for identifying diabetes risk in men and women, respectively. ABSI had a similar AUC as BMI. ConclusionsHigher CVAI and ABSI scores are independently associated with diabetes risk; The CVAI is a better indicator of diabetes than BMI, waist circumference and ABSI in Chinese adults. Funding SourcesNone. Supporting Tables, Images and/or Graphs▪

Sex-Specific Associations of Testosterone With Metabolic Traits.

Background: Testosterone levels are differentially linked with diabetes risk in men and women: lower testosterone levels in men and higher testosterone levels in women are associated with type 2 diabetes, though, the mechanisms are not fully clear. We addressed sex-specific links between testosterone and major pathogenetic mechanisms of diabetes.Methods: We analyzed data of 623 subjects (202 male, 345 female without, and 76 female with oral contraceptive therapy [OCT]) for whom insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion were assessed by oral glucose tolerance test. Body fat percentage was assessed by bioelectrical impedance. Testosterone was measured by enzyme-linked immunoassay; free testosterone and Framingham risk score were calculated.Results: There were significant interactions between testosterone and sex for all tested metabolic traits. Increasing testosterone was associated with less body fat, elevated insulin sensitivity, and reduced glycemia, independent of adiposity in men. In women without OCT, testosterone correlated with more body fat, insulin resistance, and higher glucose concentrations. Testosterone was not associated with insulin secretion in either sex, but with lower Framingham risk score in men and higher Framingham risk score in women.Conclusions: Similar to diabetes risk, insulin resistance has different association directions with testosterone levels in males and females. Insulin resistance could therefore constitute the best biological candidate linking testosterone levels and diabetes prevalence. The question of antiandrogen therapy being able to improve metabolism, glucose tolerance and cardiovascular risk in women was not clarified in our study but should be reviewed with higher numbers in a carefully matched study to reduce the influence of confounding variables.

Protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis of sex hormones and diabetes risk in ageing men and women of African ancestry

AimTo present the protocol of a systematic review and meta-analysis of the available evidence examining the association between sex hormones and type 2 diabetes risk in ageing men and women...

Exploring the Differences between Hispanic Men and Women with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Using the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL)

Studies have shown Hispanic patients are at an increasing risk of developing type 2 diabetes; however, little is known about whether gender plays a role. Several studies were examined to help answer this question. Results of studies found female Hispanic patients tend to be more sedentary and thus struggle more with obesity, while male Hispanic patients tend to be more at risk due to smoking status and hypercholesterolemia. In addition, psychological distress and chronic stress were more likely to affect the risk for diabetes in men while immigration status was more likely to affect cardiovascular health in women. More studies are needed to fully understand the role of gender on diabetes risk; however, practitioners can utilize known information in order to tailor treatment to male or female Hispanic patients.

BMI Change During Puberty Is an Important Determinant of Adult Type 2 Diabetes Risk in Men.

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to determine the role of change in body mass index (BMI) during puberty, independent of childhood overweight, for risk of adult type 2 diabetes in men.Study Design, Population, and OutcomeWe included 36,176 men who had weight and height measured at age 8 and 20 years available from the BMI Epidemiology Study and the Conscription register. Information on type 2 diabetes (n = 1,777) was retrieved from the Swedish National Patient Register. Hazard ratios and 95% CIs were estimated by Cox regressions including birth year and country of birth as covariates. Because the assumption of proportional hazards was violated for the association between BMI change during puberty and type 2 diabetes, we split the follow-up time into early (≤55.7 years) and late (>55.7 years).ResultsBoth childhood overweight and high BMI increase during puberty associated with risk of adult type 2 diabetes. Men with childhood overweight that normalized during puberty did not have significantly increased risk of type 2 diabetes [early type 2 diabetes 1.28 (0.89; 1.82); late type 2 diabetes 1.35 (0.97; 1.87)]. Men who developed overweight during puberty [early 4.67 (3.90; 5.58); late 2.85 (2.25; 3.61)] and men overweight throughout childhood and puberty [early 4.82 (3.84; 6.05); late 3.04 (2.27; 4.06)] had substantially increased risk of type 2 diabetes compared with men who were never overweight.ConclusionBMI change during puberty is an important and childhood BMI a modest independent determinant of adult type 2 diabetes risk in men.

Diet quality and its association with type 2 diabetes and major cardiometabolic risk factors among adults in China

AimWe examined the association between diet quality and diabetes and major cardiometabolic risks among adults in China. Methods and ResultsWe developed the China Dietary Guideline Index (CDGI) based on the 2007 Chinese dietary guidelines and tailored the Alternate Healthy Eating Index 2010 (which we call the tAHEI) to assess diet quality. Our analysis linked the dietary intake and covariates measured in 2006 with CM risk factors measured in 2009. We used diet data the longitudinal China Health and Nutrition Survey 2006 collected in 3 consecutive 24-h recalls from 4440 adults aged 18 to 65 to calculate both the tAHEI and the CDGI scores. We performed multivariable logistic regressions to analyze the association of each 2006 score with diabetes, abdominal obesity, elevated blood pressure, and lipid-related cardiometabolic risk factors in 2009.After we adjusted for potential confounders, adults in the top quintile compared with the bottom quintile of the tAHEI scores showed 36% lower odds of high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (odds ratio [OR] 0.64; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.46, 0.90] in men and 33% lower odds (OR 0.67; 95% CI 0.49, 0.91) in women, while the CDGI scores showed 35% lower odds of high LDL-C (OR 0.65; 95% CI 0.46, 0.92) in men only. Further, the CDGI scores indicated 55% lower odds of diabetes in the top versus the bottom quintile (OR 0.45; 95% CI 0.23, 0.87) in men only, whereas a null association was observed for the tAHEI scores for both sexes. Both index scores showed null associations with other cardiometabolic risk factors. ConclusionsChinese diets that scored high on both the CDGI and the tAHEI showed similarly negative associations with high LDL-C risk, whereas only CDGI score was negatively related to diabetes risk in men.

VISCERAL ADIPOSITY IS A SIGNIFICANTLY STRONGER PREDICTOR OF DIABETES INCIDENCE IN MEN THAN IN WOMEN

Visceral adiposity is a paramount risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes. Whether it equally increases diabetes risk in men and in women is not known and is addressed in the present study. We prospectively recorded diabetes incidence in a large high-risk cohort of 1142 nondiabetic

Testosterone level and risk of type 2 diabetes in men: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BackgroundType 2 diabetes is a risk factor for testosterone deficiency and impaired sex steroid status. Some studies also investigated the association of testosterone level with diabetes risk in men, but reported controversial findings. To clarify this issue, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis.MethodsPubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science were searched for eligible cohort or nested case–control studies published up to August 15, 2017. Meta-analysis was used to calculate the pooled relative risk (RR) of type 2 diabetes associated with higher testosterone level.ResultsThirteen cohort or nested case–control studies with 16,709 participants were included. Meta-analysis showed that higher total testosterone level could significantly decrease the risk of type 2 diabetes in men (RR = 0.65; 95% CI 0.50–0.84; P = 0.001), and higher free testosterone level could also decrease the risk of type 2 diabetes in men (RR = 0.94; 95% CI 0.90–0.99; P = 0.014). After excluding two studies that did not calculate RRs by quartiles of testosterone levels, both higher total testosterone and free testosterone levels could decrease the risk of type 2 diabetes in men, and the pooled RRs were 0.62 (95% CI 0.51–0.76; P < 0.001) and 0.77 (95% CI 0.61–0.98; P = 0.03), respectively.ConclusionThis meta-analysis suggests that higher testosterone level can significantly decrease the risk of type 2 diabetes in men. Therefore, combined with previous researches, the findings above suggest a reverse-causality scenario in the relation between testosterone deficiency and risk of type 2 diabetes in men.

Association between body weight change during early and middle adulthood and the risk of type 2 diabetes in middle aged and elderly population

Objective: To examine the association between weight changes during early and middle adulthood and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in middle aged and elderly population. Methods: Based on the Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study (GBCS), 28 736 residents aged ≥50 years were included in Guangzhou. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the association between body weight changes during early or middle adulthood and age when the heaviest weight reaching the threshold on the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in middle age or elderly population. Adjustments on age, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, education level, occupation, district of residence and body mass index etc., were made. Results: The mean age was 64.3 (standard deviation=6.7) years in men and 61.0 (standard deviation=7.0) years in women, with the prevalence rates of diabetes as 13.1% and 13.7% in men and women, respectively. Compared to those with stable body weight, the risk of diabetes increased with weight gain during early and middle adulthood in both men and women (both P values for trend<0.01). Participants who gained more than 20 kg during early and middle adulthood were associated with the highest risk of diabetes in men (OR=2.83, 95%CI:1.99-4.02) and women (OR=3.13, 95%CI: 2.47-3.96). Compared to those who reached the highest weight at age 20, those who reaching the highest weight at 40 to 49 years were associated with the highest risk of diabetes, with OR being 5.32 (95%CI: 1.92-14.8) in men and 3.41 (95%CI: 2.49-4.67) in women, respectively. Weight loss in adulthood was associated with self-reported but not newly diagnosed diabetic cases in both middle and older aged men and women. Conclusion: Weight gain during early and middle adulthood may increase the risk of diabetes in middle and older aged population. The detrimental effect of obesity on diabetes might become significantly visible in the next decades.

Alcohol drinking patterns and risk of diabetes: a cohort study of 70,551 men and women from the general Danish population.

Alcohol consumption is inversely associated with diabetes, but little is known about the role of drinking patterns. We examined the association between alcohol drinking patterns and diabetes risk in men and women from the general Danish population. This cohort study was based on data from the Danish Health Examination Survey 2007-2008. Of the 76,484 survey participants, 28,704 men and 41,847 women were eligible for this study. Participants were followed for a median of 4.9years. Self-reported questionnaires were used to obtain information on alcohol drinking patterns, i.e. frequency of alcohol drinking, frequency of binge drinking, and consumption of wine, beer and spirits, from which we calculated beverage-specific and overall average weekly alcohol intake. Information on incident cases of diabetes was obtained from the Danish National Diabetes Register. Cox proportional hazards model was applied to estimate HRs and 95% CIs. During follow-up, 859 men and 887 women developed diabetes. The lowest risk of diabetes was observed at 14 drinks/week in men (HR 0.57 [95% CI 0.47, 0.70]) and at 9 drinks/week in women (HR 0.42 [95% CI 0.35, 0.51]), relative to no alcohol intake. Compared with current alcohol consumers consuming <1day/week, consumption of alcohol on 3-4days weekly was associated with significantly lower risk for diabetes in men (HR 0.73 [95% CI 0.59, 0.94]) and women (HR 0.68 [95% CI 0.53, 0.88]) after adjusting for confounders and average weekly alcohol amount. Our findings suggest that alcohol drinking frequency is associated with risk of diabetes and that consumption of alcohol over 3-4days per week is associated with the lowest risk of diabetes, even after taking average weekly alcohol consumption into account.