Risk Factors For Urinary Incontinence Research Articles

Risk Factors for Urinary Incontinence in Pregnancy: A Case Control Study.

Urinay incontinence (UI) is a major public health problem that can harm women in any period of life, including during the gestational period. Urinary incontinence during pregnancy has been studied because this condition can reduce the quality of life and interfere in several aspects of the maternal-fetal binomial. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of UI in nullipara pregnant women and to identify risk factors associated with UI in this population. This is a case-control study in which we invited nullipara women between 12 and 20 weeks of pregnancy to participate in the research. They were asked to answer a specific questionnaire, write a 3-day bladder diary, and undergo a urogynecological evaluation including pelvic organ prolapse quantification (POP-Q), empty stress supine test (ESST), and pelvic floor muscle assessment. A total of 70 out of 73 patients accepted to participate in the study, and the prevalence of UI in this population was 18.3%. Tobacco use was identified as an independent risk factor for UI in pregnant women (odds ratio 8.0). All other factors analyzed were not significantly associated to UI in pregnancy. Urinary incontinence can be a major problem in pregnancy. We identified the use of tobacco as a risk factor for developing UI in pregnancy, which provides an extra reason to encourage patients to quit smoking.

Do future healthcare professionals have adequate knowledge about risk factors for stress urinary incontinence in women?

BackgroundStress urinary incontinence worsens living conditions as far as the occupational, social, mental, physical and sexual aspects of a woman’s life. Despite its real impact on the everyday lives of millions of women around the world, this problem is still disregarded and treated only as a discomfort associated with personal hygiene. Could this be due to negligence on the part of medical personnel in this matter and perhaps this lack of knowledge and proper information intended for women with stress urinary incontinence? Implementing educational activities to increase knowledge about urinary incontinence will translate into better educated women and earlier implementation of urinary incontinence treatment in the future. To properly educate women at risk of urinary incontinence, one needs to be familiar with the condition, in particular the risk factors for its development. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the degree of knowledge of students graduating from medical faculties have regarding risk factors for stress urinary incontinence in women and assess where the students’ knowledge of this problem came from.MethodsThe research involved 1581 final year students of medical faculties: nursing and midwifery (258), medicine (432), physiotherapy (402) and other medical (489). The author’s survey was used for the research. The chi2 test was used for analysis.ResultsStudents in faculties of nursing and midwifery, general medicine, physiotherapy, and other medical faculties could correctly list stress urinary incontinence risk factors in 88.8%, 81.7%, 74.4% and 51.9% of their answers respectively (p < 0.01). The most frequently mentioned source of knowledge about stress urinary incontinence was higher level education in 82.6%, 89.8%, 90.0% and 34.4% of the respective groups’ replies (p < 0.001).ConclusionsNursing and midwifery students had the greatest theoretical knowledge of stress urinary incontinence, and lesser knowledge was found among general medicine students, while physiotherapy students and students of other medical faculties had the least theoretical knowledge about risk factors for urinary incontinence. It is advisable that more emphasis be placed on educating students about stress urinary incontinence due to their insufficient knowledge, in particular for future doctors and physiotherapists who will have direct contact with patients.

Pregnancy- and obstetric-related risk factors for urinary incontinence, fecal incontinence, or pelvic organ prolapse later in life: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Risk factors for pelvic floor disorders are often related to pregnancy and delivery. Consistent evidence is needed to develop prevention strategies targeting risk factors. The objective of this study is to identify which pregnancy- and/or obstetric-related risk factors can predict urinary incontinence, fecal incontinence, or pelvic organ prolapse later in life by means of a systematic review and meta-analysis. Systematic review Prospero number: CRD42019131758. Literature searches of PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Cochrane Library were conducted according to PRISMA guidelines (April 2020). Prospective cohort studies describing more than two pregnancy- and/or obstetric-related risk factors on urinary incontinence, fecal incontinence (including flatal incontinence), or pelvic organ prolapse were eligible. Risk of bias was assessed (using Quality In Prognosis Studies [QUIPS]). Studies with high risk of bias were excluded. Data were extracted and checked for accuracy with the CHARMS checklist. Sub-groups were used to distinguish between a short- and long-term follow-up period: <18months (shortterm) and >18months (long-term) postpartum. Odds ratios were calculated from reported prevalence rates. Log odds ratios were calculated using SPSS v.24. Variables were pooled using RevMan5. Data were extracted from nineteen studies for urinary incontinence, nine for fecal incontinence, and two for pelvic organ prolapse. Multivariate analysis was not possible because of the heterogeneity of the population and outcome measures. Pooled univariate risk factors for urinary incontinence were: urinary incontinence during pregnancy, instrumental vaginal delivery, episiotomy, tears, and constipation. Pooled univariate risk factors for fecal incontinence were: fecal incontinence during pregnancy, maternal age over 35years, prenatal body mass index over 30kg/m2 , instrumental vaginal delivery, a spontaneous vaginal delivery, oxytocin augmentation, and when the weight of the newborn was more than 4000g. Both studies for pelvic organ prolapse had a short-term follow-up period and cesarean section was the only risk factor that could be pooled. Pregnancy- and obstetric-related risk factors predicting pelvic floor disorders postpartum are multifactorial and differ between pelvic floor disorders. The strongest risk factor for incontinence later in life was incontinence during pregnancy. Better quality research with long-term follow up is needed on this topic.

Urinary Incontinence Among Women at in an Egyptian Primary Health Center

Background: Urinary incontinence (UI) is a common health problem, particularly in females and elderly population. Urinary incontinence has a negative effect on the quality of life (QoL). Objectives: the purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of UI and to identify its possible association among women above 18 years and evaluate its impact on the quality of life (QoL.Methods: Cross-sectional study conducted on 325 women aged more than 18 years attending to the medical center. Demographic, medical and quality of life data were collected using Arabic previously validated questionnaires. Results: The study shows that 27.7% of the studied women suffered from urinary incontinence of them, urge, stress and overflow were the most common with prevalence of 72%, 45% and 32% respectively. Significant associations with UI were women’s older age, lower level education level, unfavorable obstetrical history, positive history of chronic diseases, excessive coffee drinking, family history of UI. 65% of incontinent women were negatively affected in emotional health, social relationships, travel and prayer. Conclusion: The most significant risk factors of urinary incontinence were vaginal deliveries, family history and chronic diseases (chronic constipation, chronic cough, DM, HTN). Urinary incontinence had a great negative effect on quality of women’s life.Key Words: Incontinence, women, Quality of Life

OC-0680: Risk factors for urinary incontinence in locally advanced cervix cancer: an EMBRACE analysis

OC-0680: Risk factors for urinary incontinence in locally advanced cervix cancer: an EMBRACE analysis

Importance of the ICRU bladder point dose on incidence and persistence of urinary frequency and incontinence in locally advanced cervical cancer: An EMBRACE analysis

PurposeTo identify patient- and treatment-related risk factors and dose-effects for urinary frequency and incontinence in locally advanced cervical cancer (LACC) treated with radio(chemo)therapy and image-guided adaptive brachytherapy (IGABT). Material and methodsPhysician-assessed (CTCAE) and patient-reported (EORTC) frequency and incontinence recorded in the EMBRACE-I study were analysed. Risk factors analysis was performed in patients without bladder infiltration and with baseline morbidity available. Cox regression was used for CTCAE grade (G) ≥ 3 and G ≥ 2 and for EORTC “very much” and “quite a bit” or worse. Logistic regression was used for late persistent morbidity defined when CTCAE G ≥ 1 or EORTC ≥ “quite a bit” were scored in at least half of follow-ups. ResultsLongitudinal data on 1153 and 884 patients were available for CTCAE and EORTC analysis, respectively. Median follow-up was 48[3-120] months. Crude incidence rates of G≥2 were 13% and 11% for frequency and incontinence, respectively. Baseline morbidity and overweight-obesity were risk factors for both symptoms. Elderly patients were at higher risk for incontinence. Patients receiving conformal-radiotherapy were at higher risk for frequency. ICRU bladder point (ICRU-BP) dose was a stronger predictor for incontinence than bladder D2cm3. The 5-year actuarial estimate of G ≥ 2 incontinence increased from 11% to 20% with ICRU-BP doses > 75 Gy compared to ≤ 65 Gy. Frequency showed weaker associations with dose. ConclusionICRU-BP dose, in addition to clinical parameters, is a risk factor for urinary incontinence and shows a dose–effect after radio(chemo)therapy and IGABT. ICRU-BP dose should be monitored during treatment planning alongside volumetric parameters. Frequency seems associated with larger irradiated volumes.

Maternal, obstetrical and neonatal risk factors' impact on female urinary incontinence: a systematic review.

Urinary incontinence (UI) is one of the most serious problems during pregnancy and after delivery. It can influence the quality of life and cause psychological problems that lead to depression and decreased self-esteem. We aimed to investigate the maternal, obstetrical and neonatal risk factors of urinary incontinence 3 to 12months after childbirth. The Cochrane Library, Medline, Science Direct and Web of Science were searched for studies published from the inception of the databases up to December 2019, including any observational full-text papers. All data were analyzed using Review Manager 5.3. Of 338 articles reviewed, 20 studies were considered for meta-analysis. The results of our study showed that vaginal delivery in contrast to cesarean section (OR = 3.74, 95% CI: [2.71, 5.15], P < 0.00001), UI in pregnancy (OR = 5.27, 95% CI: [3.40, 8.17], P < 0.00001), episiotomy (OR = 1.23, 95% CI: [1.05, 1.45], P < 0.01), perineal tear > grade 2, instrumental delivery in contrast to cesarean section, epidural or spinal anesthesia, maternal age, pre-pregnancy BMI and neonatal birthweight have a direct relationship with UI. This study confirmed that urinary incontinence during pregnancy and vaginal births had the strongest relationship with postpartum urinary incontinence. Also, the maternal upright positions during labor did not reduce the likelihood of urinary incontinence. The awareness of this issue helps find effective strategies to reduce the likelihood of female urinary incontinence.

Risk Factors for Urinary Incontinence in Primiparous Adolescents after Vaginal Delivery: A Cohort Study.

To evaluate urinary incontinence (UI) risk factors in primiparous adolescents between 7 and 48months after vaginal delivery. Cohort study. Physical Therapy Laboratory on Women's Health and Pelvic Floor at the Federal University of Pernambuco. Cohort follow-up time was 7-48months after delivery, guaranteeing that no participant presented with UI until 7months after the infant's birth. Primiparous adolescents aged 10-19years were included in the study, and those who had UI during pregnancy were excluded. Sample size was estimated at 140 volunteers, considering the calculation for logistic regression, with 20 observation units for each of the 7 variables proposed in the theoretical model developed for the study. The volunteers answered the evaluation form, providing information on the outcome of interest and possible risk factors. Univariate logistic regression analysis was performed. The following risk factors for UI were identified in primiparous adolescents after vaginal delivery: episiotomy (Relative risk [RR]a, 2.75; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.22-6.06), large newborn for gestational age (RRa, 4.58; 95% CI, 1.68-12.46) and less than six prenatal appointments (RRa, 2.51; 95% CI, 1.05-6.04). Professionals working in maternal health care should pay special attention to primigravid mothers, guide prenatal appointments, avoid routine episiotomy, and use obstetric practices recommended by the World Health Organization.

Female Urinary Incontinence: Prevalence, Risk Factors and Impact on the Quality of Life of Gynecological Clinic Attendees in Lagos, Nigeria

Aims: To determine the prevalence of urinary incontinence, risk factors and impact on the quality of life in gynecological clinic attendees of a University Hospital.&#x0D; Methods: A cross sectional descriptive study was conducted amongst gynecological clinic attendees in a Teaching Hospital in Nigeria from 1st February to 31st July 2017. Structured questionnaires were used to ascertain the presence of urinary incontinence. Socio-demographic and medical factors; impact on daily activities and treatment history were assessed. Women with and without urinary incontinence were compared. Univariate, bivariate and multivariable analyses were performed.&#x0D; Results: There were 395 women of 25 - 67 years (mean age = 38.81±10.1). About 33% had experienced urinary incontinence in the previous 6 months with Urgency, Mixed and Stress urinary incontinence occurring in 18.0%, 7.6% and 7.3% respectively. Independent risk factors for urinary incontinence were age (odds ratio=0.49, 95% confidence interval [CI] =0.26 - 0.92, P =0.026), higher body mass index (odds ratio=1.92, 95% CI =1.53 - 3.00, P =0.004) and history of constipation (odds ratio=2.11, 95% CI =1.30 - 3.43, P =0.003). About 47% of those with urinary incontinence admitted to negative feelings like anxiety and depression; 45% had moderate to severe impact on their quality of life in all domains but only 27.7% sought help.&#x0D; Conclusions: Urinary incontinence is common and risk factors include older age, high body mass index and constipation. Despite its substantial impact on the quality of life, majority do not seek help. Addressing modifiable risks factors and improving treatment seeking behaviour will assist in reducing the prevalence of urinary incontinence.&#x0D; Keywords: female urinary incontinence; quality of life; risk factors; stress incontinence; urgency incontinence.

The prevalence and risk factors for urinary incontinence among inpatients, a multicenter study from Turkey

ObjectiveTo determine the prevalence and the factors associated with urinary incontinence (UI) among inpatients in Turkey. MethodThe population of this study comprised of patients screened by the “National Prevalence Measurement of Quality of Care (LPZ)” study in 2017 and 2018. Age, gender, comorbidities, length of hospital stay, sedative medications, SARC-F score, anthropometric measurements, and care parameters such as malnutrition, falls, UI-fecal incontinence (FI), restraints, and care dependency score (CDS) were noted. The LPZ questionnaire was performed by trained researchers, and multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the factors associated with UI. ResultsThe prevalence of UI was 29.4 % among 1176 inpatients, and 41.6 % in patients ≥65 years. Urinary incontinence was associated with older age (OR, 1.966, 95 % CI 1.330–2.905), female sex (OR, 2.055, 95 % CI 1.393–3.030), CDS (OR, 3.236, 95 % CI 2.080–5.035), the number of comorbidities (OR, 1.312, 95 % CI 1.106–1.556), end-of life management (OR, 3.156, 95 % CI 1.412–7.052), sedative medications (OR, 1.981, 95 % CI 1.230–3.191), and FI (OR, 12.533, 95 % CI 4.892–32.112) in all adults, where CDS (OR, 2.589, 95% CI 1.458–4.599), end-of life management (OR, 2.851, 95 % CI 1.095–7.424), sedative medications (OR, 2.529, 95 % CI 1.406–4.548), and FI (OR, 13.138, 95 % CI 4.352–39.661) were associated with UI among geriatric patients. ConclusionsThe factors associated with UI in geriatric and all adult inpatients are CDS, sedative medications, end-of life management, and FI plus older age, female sex, and comorbidities for the latter. The factors associated with UI vary in different age groups.

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Urinary Incontinence in Poorly Educated Female Population

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Urinary Incontinence in Poorly Educated Female Population

Urinary incontinence frequency, type, severity, and risk factors in female patients undergoing physical rehabilitation: A single center experience

Aim: Urinary incontinence (UI) is a health problem with important psychological, hygienic, and socio-economic consequences. The aim of this study is to determine the frequency, severity, and risk factors of urinary incontinence in women.Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, we evaluated the frequency and risk factors of UI in 62 women over the age of 18 who were referred to the Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation outpatient clinic between August 2019 and February 2020. The data, socio-demographic characteristics of the patients and the results of the Urogenital Distress Inventory-6 (UDI-6) were analyzed.Results: The mean age of 62 patients included in the study was 57.2 (15.4) years, with the mean duration of symptoms of 7.6 (4.82) years. Stress UI, urge UI and mixed UI were present in 28 (45.2%), 13 (20.9%), and 21 (33.9%) patients, respectively. UI was detected more frequently in patients over 40 years of age (30.6%) than in patients between the ages of 18 and 40 (69.4%) years, in those who gave birth at least once (80.7%) compared to those who had never given birth (19.3%), and in patients with Body Mass Index (BMI) values over 25 kg/m2 than in patients with BMIs between 18.5-25.0 kg/m2 (72.5% vs. 22.5%, respectively).Conclusion: UI is an important health problem which negatively affects the quality of life of many women. Various socio-demographic and medical factors affect the frequency of urinary incontinence. Therefore, especially the elderly patient group should be informed of the treatability of this condition and be directed to a physician.

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Urinary Incontinence in Frail Elderly Females.

Background/Purpose. Urinary incontinence (UI) is an important geriatric health problem, and it is linked to frailty syndrome. We had conducted a study to detect the prevalence and risk factors of UI and its effect on quality of life (QOL) among frail elderly females living in Cairo, Egypt. Methods. We carried out a cross-sectional study on 130 frail elderly females sixty years and older, attending Ain Shams Geriatrics Hospital, Cairo, Egypt. Each patient gave oral consent and then was subjected to history taking, full clinical examination, diagnosis of frailty (clinical frailty scale), assessment of UI by the Arabic version of International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Urinary Incontinence Short Form (ICIQ-UI SF), assessment of QOL by using the Arabic version of Incontinence Impact Questionnaire Short Form (IIQ-7 SF), and complete urine analysis. Results. The prevalence of UI among the studied population was 80%. Mixed UI was the most prevalent type. UI was significantly associated with older age, functional impairment, multiparity, osteoarthritis, stroke, vaginal prolapse, and laxative use. All IIQ-7 subscales were higher (worse health-related QOL) for women with mixed UI. Conclusion. Urinary incontinence is prevalent in frail elderly females. Mixed UI, compared with other types, has a significant negative impact on all domains of quality of life.

Risk Factors for Urinary Incontinence in Chinese Women: A Cross-sectional Survey.

Urinary incontinence is highly prevalent among women, with a substantial effect on health-related quality of life. This article aimed to investigate the independent factors for urinary incontinence (UI) and the relative importance of each factor. This study was a cross-sectional survey of Chinese women in Guangzhou. Female 20 years and older were invited to participate. The International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Urinary Incontinence Short Form was used to determine whether respondents are experiencing UI. Univariate and multivariate unconditional logistic regression analyses were performed to determine the significant risk factors associated with UI. A total of 2626 women were invited to participate in the survey. The response rate was 80.5% (2114/2626). The prevalence of UI among the study population was 31.2%. Old age, increased body mass index, childbirth, family history of any female pelvic floor disorders, symptoms of chronic cough or rhinitis, wearing a corset, and often drinking were independent risk factors for UI. Urinary incontinence is common among Chinese women in Guangzhou. Among the factors that we are concerned with, old age and vaginal delivery are the two with greatest impact. Moreover, wearing a corset and drinking are the 2 lifestyle factors associated with UI.

Clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of lower urinary tract dysfunction in patients with spinal cord injury

The present article is an abridged English translation of the Japanese clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of lower urinary tract dysfunction in patients with spinal cord injury updated as of July 2019. The patients are adult spinal cord injuredpatients with lower urinary tract dysfunction; special consideration of pediatric and elderly populations is presented separately. The target audience is healthcare providers who are engaged in the medical care of patients with spinal cord injury. The mandatory assessment includes medical history, physical examination, frequency-volume chart, urinalysis, blood chemistry, transabdominal ultrasonography, measurement of post-void residual urine, uroflowmetry and video-urodynamic study. Optional assessments include questionnaires on the quality of life, renal scintigraphy and cystourethroscopy. The presence or absence of risk factors for renal damage and symptomatic urinary tract infection affects urinary management, as well as pharmacological treatments. Further treatment is recommended if the maximum conservative treatment fails to improve or prevent renal damage and symptomatic urinary tract infection. In addition, management of urinary incontinence should be considered individually in patients with risk factors for urinary incontinence and decreased quality of life.

Qualitative exploration of the acceptability of a postnatal pelvic floor muscle training intervention to prevent urinary incontinence

BackgroundChildbirth is a major risk factor for urinary incontinence (UI). As a result, pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) is commonly recommended during and after pregnancy to prevent the onset of UI. PFMT is often classed as a physical activity (PA) behaviour, hence PA guidelines for postnatal women encourage PFMT alongside aerobic activities. However, postnatal lifestyle interventions tend to overlook PFMT which can be detrimental to women’s health and future health risks, including urinary incontinence. This study aimed to explore perceptions and acceptability of a postnatal physical activity and PFMT intervention with postnatal women in Scotland.MethodsWe recruited women who had given birth within the last 5 years by displaying posters in health centres and community centres in Stirling and through Facebook. Data was gathered via online and face-to-face focus groups, that were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. Analytic themes were initially organised under related concepts derived from the topic guide and thematic analysis conducted. Subsequent analysis was by the Framework technique.ResultsA total of seven online and face-to-face focus group discussions with 31 women identified there was a clear intention behaviour gap for engagement in PA, with both psychological and logistical barriers identified such as motivation and childcare. This was distinct from PFMT where there was a feeling of helplessness around not knowing how to perform a correct PFMT contraction subsequently resulting in women not adhering to PFMT guidance. Women felt there was no accessible PFMT advice available through the NHS. Some participants had received PFMT advice after childbirth and spoke of the Squeezee app being useful in adhering to a PFMT regimen but they did require additional teaching on how to do correct contractions. There was need for clarity and practical support for PFMT in the postnatal period with an approved intervention incorporating an accessible app being suggested by participants.ConclusionsWomen would like to be trained on postnatal PFMT but face barriers to accessing adequate information and education on how to do a PFMT contraction. An intervention combining PFMT training and an app would be the most useful for their needs and circumstances.

Prevalensi dan Faktor Risiko Inkontinensia Urin pada lansia di Panti Sosial Tuna Werdha (PSTW) Sabai Nan Aluih Sicincin Pariaman

The increased life expectancy of Indonesian people to 66.2 years old contributes to the increased number of elderly people (Aging Structured Population). Aging Process causes health problems among elderly people, including depression, immune deficiency, sleep disorder (insomnia) and urinary incontinence (1). Urinary incontinence is a defect of bladder sphincter or neurological dysfunction which causes loss of control of urinating (2). Urinary incontinence can cause physical, psychological, social and economic problem, thus affecting the quality of life of elderly people (3) (4). The purpose of this study was identifying the prevalence and risk factors of urinary incontinence among elderly people in PSTW Pariaman. This study was an observation analytical study with cross sectional approach. Here, the degree of urinary incontinence was determined using urinary incontinence diagnosis tool in the form of questionnaire based on Sandvix Severity Index (SSI) and The Three Incontinence ( 3 IQ ). This study used total sampling of ≥45 year-old elderly people. It was found that the number of elderly people with urinary incontinence was around 23.73% with higher number of male (85.71%). The most prevalent age was 65-75 years old and the complaint had lasted over 6 months (85.72%) and had low education level (64.28%). From blood pressure examination, half of the respondents had hypertension (50%). The degree of urinary incontinence based on SSI level showed that most elderly people had moderate incontinence of 85.71%. This was consistent with the theory that the common problem for elderly people is urinary incontinence with estimated incidents of 25-35% of the entire elderly population in their lifetime ( ONAT, 2014 ).

Clinical Documentation to Predict Factors Associated with Urinary Incontinence Following Prostatectomy for Prostate Cancer.

BackgroundAdvances in data collection provide opportunities to use population samples in identifying risk factors for urinary incontinence (UI), which occurs in up to 71% of men with prostate cancer following prostatectomy. Most studies on patient-centered outcomes use surveys or manual chart abstraction for data collection, which can be costly and difficult to scale. We sought to evaluate rates of and risk factors for UI following prostatectomy using natural language processing on electronic health record (EHR) data.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective analysis of patients undergoing prostatectomy for prostate cancer between January 2008 and August 2018 using EHR data from an academic medical center. UI incidence for each patient in the cohort was assessed using natural language processing from clinical notes generated pre- and postoperatively. Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate potential risk factors for postoperative UI at various time points within 2 years following surgery.ResultsWe identified 3792 patients who underwent prostatectomy for prostate cancer. We found a significant association between preoperative UI and UI in the first (odds ratio [OR], 2.30; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.24–4.28) and second (OR 2.24, 95% CI 1.04–4.83) years following surgery. Preoperative body mass index was also associated with UI in the second postoperative year (OR 1.11, 95% CI 1.02–1.21).ConclusionWe show that a natural language processing approach using clinical narratives can be used to assess risk for UI in prostate cancer patients. Unstructured clinical narrative text can help advance future population-level research in patient-centered outcomes and quality of care.

Referral patterns to continence physiotherapy services for patients with chronic respiratory conditions

Chronic respiratory conditions are a widely recognised risk factor for urinary incontinence and current chronic respiratory condition management guidelines state that patients should be screened fo...

The prevalence and risk factors of urinary incontinence amongst Palestinian women with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A cross-sectional study

ABSTRACTObjective: To determine the prevalence of urinary incontinence (UI) in women with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the North West Bank, Palestine, and to assess the role of potential risk factors including age and DM control.Patients and methods: Adult women with DM attending governmental primary healthcare centres in the North West Bank were interviewed using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) standardised UI questionnaire. The prevalence of UI was estimated and differences between groups were evaluated using the chi-square test. A multivariate logistic model was used to estimate the adjusted relationships and to control for confounders. The statistical significance level was set at P < 0.05. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board at An-Najah National University.Results: The study included 381 women with T2DM, aged 30–83 years, of whom 43.2% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 37.9–47.8%) reported UI regardless of the type. About 40% reported that they were extremely bothered by the condition and 35.2% stated that their daily routine life was greatly affected. Amongst the women with UI, 133 (80.6%) and 128 (77.6%) were found to have urge and stress UI, respectively. UI was found to be significantly associated with a history of recurrent urinary tract infection (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3.0, 95% CI 1.9–4.9; P < 0.001) and parity (adjusted OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.1–2.7; P = 0.04)Conclusions: The prevalence of UI amongst Palestinian women with T2DM regardless of the type is high. The findings highlight the importance of educating women with T2DM about UI. The medical team should focus on this problem as it is often neglected; physicians should be alert for UI as it is often underreported and therefore undertreated.Abbreviations: BMI: body mass index; (T2)DM: (type 2) diabetes mellitus; HbA1c: haemoglobin A1c; MoH: Ministry of Health; NHANES: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; OR: odds ratio; QoL: quality of life; (S)(U)UI: (stress) (urge) urinary incontinence.