Risk Factors For Infection Research Articles

Study on the Construction of Infection Risk Prediction Model for Central Venous Catheterisation in PICU and Preventive Measures.

To analyse the risk factors for central venous catheter-related infections in Paediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) patients, construct a risk prediction model and propose preventive strategies to reduce infection rates and improve patient outcomes. A retrospective cohort study was conducted to identify risk factors and develop a predictive model for central venous catheter-associated infections in PICU patients. Clinical data from 312 PICU patients with central venous catheters hospitalised between September 2020 and August 2022 were retrospectively analysed. Patients were divided into an infection group (55 cases) and a no-infection group (257 cases). Univariate analysis identified potential risk factors, and multivariate logistic regression was used to construct a predictive model. The model's performance was evaluated using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves, calibration curves and decision curve analysis. The incidence of central venous catheter-related infections in PICU patients was 17.26%. Prolonged catheter retention and repeated catheterisation were identified as independent risk factors, while heparin sealing and increased frequency of auxiliary material changes were protective factors. The predictive model achieved an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.793, demonstrating good accuracy and clinical utility. The risk prediction model for central venous catheter-associated infections in PICU patients is simple, accurate and clinically valuable. It supports early identification of high-risk patients and informs targeted preventive measures to reduce infection rates and improve patient outcomes.

Intronic region polymorphisms of autophagy gene ATG16L1 predispose individuals to Hepatitis B virus infection.

Intronic region polymorphisms of autophagy gene ATG16L1 predispose individuals to Hepatitis B virus infection.

Clinicopathologic and Etiologic Characteristics of Urinary Tract Infections in Patients with Cervical Cancer Undergoing Radical Operation with Indwelling Ureteral Stents.

Background: The objective of this study was to investigate the clinicopathologic and etiologic characteristics of urinary tract infections in patients with cervical cancer who had undergone radical operation with ureteral stent insertion. Patients and Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis on the medical records of 24 patients who underwent radical operation for cervical cancer with indwelling ureteral stents at Shanghai General Hospital between April 2019 and December 2022. Results: A total of 15 patients experienced urinary tract infections, resulting in an infection rate of 62.5%. Although postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy might have been a potential risk factor for urinary tract infections, the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.074). A total of 30 pathogen strains were isolated, with Escherichia coli being the most prevalent. Notably, two strains of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae were identified. The majority of patients (70.83%) had ureteral stents in place for 3-12 months. As the duration of stent insertion exceeded 2 months, we noted a decrease in antibiotic sensitivity against the same pathogen. Furthermore, fungal infections became more prevalent when the stent placement duration surpassed 4 months. Conclusions: The incidence of urinary tract infection is exceptionally high in patients with locally advanced cervical cancer and who have undergone radical operation with ureteral stent insertion. E. coli strains exhibited relative resistance to penicillins and cephalosporins. With prolonged stent placement, there was a notable diminution in antibiotic sensitivity against the same pathogen, and the microbial profile shifted from bacteria to fungi. This study provides valuable insights for the determination of the optimal timing for stent removal or replacement and for the selection of effective antibiotics to treat urinary tract infections for patients with indwelling ureteral stents, so as to ultimately prevent severe infections and mitigate disease burden.

Vitamin D Deficiency and Driveline Infections in Patients With Left Ventricular Assist Devices.

Despite major advancements in the field of durable left ventricular assist devices (LVADs), driveline infection is a major source of morbidity and mortality. Risk factors have been proposed, but few are modifiable. We evaluated vitamin D deficiency as a potential modifiable risk factor for driveline infection. This single-center, retrospective study included 134 LVAD recipients between 2010 and 2022. Patients were divided into two groups based on their pre-implant vitamin D levels: the vitamin D sufficient group (≥ 30 ng/mL) and the vitamin D deficient group (< 30 ng/mL). The Kaplan-Meier method estimated 18-month freedom from driveline infection. The Cox proportional hazards model estimated the effect of vitamin D deficiency on driveline infections. Kaplan-Meier estimates for infection-free survival were significantly higher in the sufficient group (90.5% vs. 69.6%, p = 0.014). Vitamin D deficiency (HR: 3.644, 95% CI: 1.271-10.448, p = 0.016) and obesity (HR: 3.190, 95% CI: 1.464-7.400, p = 0.004) were found to be independent risk factors for driveline infection. Our findings support vitamin D deficiency as a potential modifiable risk factor for driveline infection. Obesity was also noted as a significant risk factor for infection. Further research is warranted to establish causality and assess the impact of vitamin D repletion on infection rates.

Risk factors for intracranial infection in surgical patients with suprasellar craniopharyngiomas by an expanded endoscopic endonasal approach:a single-center initial experience.

Risk factors for intracranial infection in surgical patients with suprasellar craniopharyngiomas by an expanded endoscopic endonasal approach:a single-center initial experience.

Enhancing early diagnosis and monitoring of wound infections caused by multiple bacteria in tissues through digital PCR integration with cutaneous infection biomarkers

BackgroundThis study explores the potential of combining digital polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with cutaneous infection biomarkers for the early diagnosis and monitoring of wound infections caused by multiple bacteria.MethodsWe selected a cohort of 276 patients with wounds who were admitted to our hospital from July 2022 to July 2023. These patients were categorized into 46 infection cases and 230 non-infection cases based on clinical evaluation. Clinical data, including routine blood tests [Red Blood Cell count (RBC), Hemoglobin (Hb), White Blood Cell count (WBC), Platelets (PLT)], D-dimer (D-D), and blood biochemistry parameters (liver function, lipid profile, blood glucose, renal function), were collected from both groups. Bacterial cultures were obtained from the infection group, and digital PCR targeting multiple bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae) was performed. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify risk factors for wound infection, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were generated to assess the diagnostic performance of digital PCR in conjunction with cutaneous infection biomarkers.ResultsNo significant differences were observed between the infection and non-infection groups regarding age, gender, body mass index (BMI), or wound characteristics (P > 0.05). However, the infection group exhibited significantly higher levels of RBC, Hb, WBC, PLT, and D-D (P < 0.05). Key factors influencing wound infections included WBC, PLT, glycosylated hemoglobin, and the specific bacteria identified. ROC curve analysis revealed area under the curve (AUC) values for individual markers, with a combined AUC of 0.899, demonstrating excellent diagnostic performance.ConclusionDigital PCR, when combined with cutaneous infection biomarkers, proves to be an effective diagnostic tool for wound infections. This approach shows great promise in clinical applications, with the potential to significantly improve patient outcomes.

Pre-transplant tacrolimus fluctuations predict BK virus infection risk in kidney transplants.

BK virus (BKV) infection is a significant complication in kidney transplant recipients, potentially leading to graft loss. The relationship between pre-transplant tacrolimus (TAC) pharmacokinetics and BKV infection risk remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate whether pre-transplant TAC blood concentration fluctuations are associated with BKV infection risk. We conducted a retrospective study of 135 living donor kidney transplant recipients at Hirosaki University between 2006 and March 2024. Patients were divided into BKV-infected (BKV) and non-infected (non-BKV) groups. TAC blood concentrations were measured at 4 points, including 0 h (2 h before TAC administration), 4, 6, and 12 h on the day before transplantation. Changes in TAC concentration from baseline (0h) were calculated for each time point. The concentration/dose (C0/D) ratio was used as an indicator of TAC metabolism rate. During a median follow-up of 54months, 29 recipients developed BKV infection. The BKV group had significantly older donors and showed a significantly larger decrease in TAC concentration at 12h compared to the non-BKV group (-1.5 vs. 0ng/mL, P = 0.008). There was no significant difference in pre-transplant C0/D ratios between the two groups. A decrease of ≥ 1.5ng/mL at 12h was identified as a significant risk factor for BKV infection (hazard ratio: 2.44, 95% confidence interval: 1.11-5.32, P = 0.026) in a propensity score-based inverse probability of treatment weighting multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis. Pre-transplant TAC blood concentration fluctuations, particularly a large decrease at 12h from baseline, may be associated with increased BKV infection risk.

Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci: Screening Efficacy and the Risk of Bloodstream Infections in a Specialized Healthcare Setting

Background: Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) rectal colonization represents a critical risk factor for subsequent bloodstream infections (BSIs), posing a serious concern in healthcare settings. This study aims to investigate the association between the presence of VRE in rectal swabs and the occurrence of BSIs, highlighting the challenges of rapid detection and patient care implications in an infectious disease hospital setting. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of cultural rectal swab screening and molecular assays (MAs) for VRE detection between January 2020 and December 2023. All adult patients admitted with at least one rectal swab screening performed during hospitalization were included. All blood cultures that yielded VRE were identified, and the first Enterococcus-positive blood sample for each patient with at least one prior rectal swab per year was analyzed. Results: The results showed a 15.4% positivity rate for VRE in cultural screening, predominantly Enterococcus faecium. MA showed a higher prevalence of 49.4%, with a significant discordance between MA rectal swab screening and cultural testing. Patients with VRE intestinal colonization by E. faecium were significantly more likely to develop E. faecium BSI, with a risk ratio of 9.78 (p &lt; 0.001). Conclusions: The study identified a strong correlation between VRE rectal colonization and the risk of developing BSI, emphasizing the need for effective screening and infection control measures. The results support the inclusion of molecular testing in VRE detection protocols and highlight the importance of ongoing surveillance for antimicrobial resistance.

Diversity of Plasmodium Species in Patients Attending Public Health Institution in Doma, Nassarawa-Eggon and Kokona Local Government of Nasarawa State

Malaria remains a significant health challenge in Nigeria and millions of people are still at risk of contracting the parasite. This research determined the diversity of Plasmodium species in patients attending public health institutions of Nasarawa State with respect to their age, gender, occupation and risk factors of infection. A total of 1200 blood samples were collected through venous puncture from consenting patients attending the hospitals and analyzed using two malaria diagnosis methods that is, Giemsa stained blood film microscopy and Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDTs). Microscopy had 62.5% while RDTs had 59.7% positive malaria cases. The age group with highest infection were 11-20 years (18.9%) and the least was 51 and above 8.5%. Females (54.1%) were more infected than males having 45.8%, (p&lt;0.05). Farmers were the most infected (26.0%) and the least infected were students with a prevalence rate of 16.66%, (p&lt;0.05). Plasmodium falciparum was highest (78.2%) followed by P. malariae (20.2%), the least species found was P. ovale (4.1%). Based on risk factors associated with malaria, patients who reside in rural areas are more infected (54.9%) than those who stay in urban area (45.1%), those who use ITNs (26.9%) were less infected than those who do not (73.1%); the patients who wear protective clothing at night (29.4) were less infected than those who did not (70.5) and those who use insect repellant (33.9%) were less infected than those who did not (66.1%). There was a statistically significant difference in relation to these factors (p&lt;0.05). A malaria prevalence rate of 62.5% is considered extremely high and should be a cause for significant concern and urgent intervention efforts and malaria control measures by the Government should be encouraged. These include campaigns promoting the use of insecticide treated nets and the maintenance of good personal and environmental hygiene.

The predictive value of postoperative soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor concentration for postoperative complications following valvular surgery

Soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) is an inflammatory marker that has been shown to predict poorer outcomes in cardiovascular disease and after cardiac surgery. The relationship between suPAR concentrations and postoperative complications after valvular surgery, however, remains unclear. This study aims to evaluate the predictive value of suPAR concentrations for infection, acute kidney injury (AKI) and prolonged mechanical ventilation after valvular surgery. This prospective, observational, single-centre study included 414 patients who underwent valvular cardiac surgery at Skåne University Hospital between 1 February 2020 and 22 September 2021. Early postoperative suPAR levels were measured, and multivariable logistic regression was used to identify significant risk factors for postoperative infection, AKI and prolonged mechanical ventilation. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) 30-50% (OR 3.57 [1.29-9.86], p = 0.014) and suPAR concentration (OR 1.41 [1.56-1.71], p <0.001) were found to be predictive risk factors for developing postoperative infection. Additionally, suPAR concentration (OR 1.23 [1.05-1.43], p = 0.008), cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) time (OR 1.01 [1.00-1.02], p = 0.004) and age (OR 1.04 [1.01-1.08], p = 0.007) were found to be predictive risk factors for postoperative AKI. However, suPAR concentration did not predict prolonged mechanical ventilation. Plasma suPAR levels after cardiac valve surgery were found to be predictive of postoperative AKI and infection. Our results indicate that early postoperative suPAR measurements may be a valuable tool for identifying patients at higher risk for developing postoperative complications.

The risk of skin infections in end-stage renal disease patients with porphyria cutanea tarda: A retrospective cohort study.

The risk of skin infections in end-stage renal disease patients with porphyria cutanea tarda: A retrospective cohort study.

The Impact of Sarcopenia on Early Postoperative Complications in Patients Undergoing Decortication due to Empyema: A Retrospective Study in Turkey.

Sarcopenia is a progressive skeletal muscle disorder characterized by the loss of muscle mass and function. Computed tomography (CT) scans are a reliable method for diagnosing sarcopenia, as they allow for the measurement of muscle density using Hounsfield units (HU). In this study, we conducted a retrospective investigation into the prevalence of sarcopenia and its impact on postoperative complications in patients who underwent decortication for empyema. Between September 2020 and August 2023, we measured the average HU values of the bilateral paravertebral muscles at the T12 thoracic vertebra level using CT. This study included 145 patients who underwent thoracotomy and decortication for empyema at the Thoracic Surgery Clinic of Konya City Hospital. Based on their HU values, patients were categorized into 2 groups: the sarcopenia group (group S) and the control group (group C). Our objectives were to determine the prevalence of sarcopenia in these patients, evaluate its influence on early postoperative complications, and explore its potential role as a risk factor for postoperative complications. Sarcopenia was identified in 49 (33.7%) of the patients who underwent thoracotomy and decortication for empyema. In group S, the rates of postoperative surgical site infection and pneumonia were significantly higher. Regression analysis revealed that sarcopenia was an independent risk factor for both postoperative pneumonia and surgical site infection. Additionally, the length of stay in the intensive care unit and the hospital was significantly longer in group S than in group C. In patients who underwent thoracotomy for empyema, sarcopenia independently increases the risk of postoperative pneumonia and surgical site infections.

A comparative study of clinical outcomes and risk factors of tuberculosis in kidney transplant recipients from deceased donors

ObjectiveTo investigate the clinical characteristics, diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis infection after deceased donor kidney transplantation and to analyze the risk factors and prognosis of tuberculosis infection through a paired case–control study.MethodsThis study investigated 31 kidney transplant recipients who developed tuberculosis among 2185 total recipients during 2012–2021. We employed a 1:1 paired case–control design, utilizing 31 patients who received kidneys from the same donor as the controls. The study analyzed clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, risk factors, and prognosis.ResultsThis study identified a 1.4% incidence of tuberculosis (TB) infection (31/2185) in kidney transplant recipients. The median onset was 10.8 months post-transplant (range: 5–24 months), with 51.6% occurring within the first year. Anti-TB therapy achieved cure in 30 patients, but one died and three experienced kidney transplant dysfunctions. While overall patient survival was not statistically different between groups, kidney graft survival was significantly lower in the TB group (p = 0.042). While kidney function was initially similar, the TB group experienced significant declines in creatinine and GFR at 3, 6, and 12 months post-treatment (p < 0.05). Multivariate analysis identified diabetes mellitus (p = 0.005) and hepatitis (p = 0.027) as independent risk factors for post-transplant TB infection.ConclusionOver half of the tuberculosis cases (51.6%) occurred within the first year post-transplant, highlighting the need for heightened vigilance during this early period. While standard anti-TB therapy achieved good overall patient survival, it takes a toll on kidney function which underscores the importance of close kidney function monitoring and delicate immunosuppressant management during TB treatment. Diabetes mellitus and hepatitis were identified as independent risk factors for post-transplant TB infection. Prophylaxis measures should be considered for these high-risk patients during early time post-transplant.

Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Outcomes of Hospital-Acquired Infections in Children After Congenital Heart Surgery.

BackgroundHospital-acquired infections (HAIs) are associated with morbidity and mortality in children following congenital cardiac surgery. Our center performs approximately 200 congenital surgeries a year, but infection rates and risk factors remain unknown. This study aims to identify HAI prevalence, risk factors, and outcomes.MethodsRetrospective cross-sectional study of children who underwent congenital cardiac surgery between 2018 and 2022. The infection risk factors were identified using univariate and multivariate analyses. Assessed outcomes are length of stay, duration of mechanical ventilation, and mortality.ResultsOut of 653 patients, 102 (15.6%) developed an infection. Independent risk factors for infection included preoperative critical care admission (odds ratio [OR], 2.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01-7), delayed sternal closure (OR, 3.3; 95% CI, 1.37-8.0), peritoneal drain (OR, 12.7; 95% CI, 1.65-97), heterotaxy syndrome (OR, 5.6; 95% CI, 1-31), and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) placement in the critical care unit (OR, 10.6; 95% CI, 1.8-64.2). The pediatric critical care and hospital stays of patients with infections were significantly longer with 12.79 (12.15) days versus 4.07(5.47) days and 25.53 (16.86) days versus 10.21 (7.5) days, respectively. Infected patients had a longer mechanical ventilation duration, 169.5 (264.8) versus 28.16 (53.6) hours. Infections were associated with a higher mortality rate, with 7 (6.9%) versus 12 (2.2%).ConclusionsThe prevalence of HAIs following cardiac surgery was 15.6%. Preoperative critical care unit admission, delayed sternal closure, heterotaxy syndrome, peritoneal drain, and ECMO placement in the critical care unit were independent risk factors. Infected patients have worse outcomes. Preventive strategies are greatly needed.

Epidemiological characteristics of Helicobacter pylori infection and antibiotic resistance in urban areas of Guangdong Province, China: a multi-center, cross-sectional surveillance.

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is widespread globally and can cause serious gastrointestinal complications, including gastric cancer. This study assesses the prevalence and antibiotic resistance of H. pylori in Guangdong, one of China's most developed provinces. A multi-center, cross-sectional study was conducted across six cities in Guangdong provinces, that is, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Heyuan, Foshan, Yunfu, and Zhaoqing. Non-invasive gastric fluid samples were collected via the string test, and H. pylori infection and antibiotic resistance were detected using quantitative PCR. Risk factors for infection were analyzed. Of 1,764 participants, 444 (25.17%) tested positive for H. pylori, with the highest infection rate in Foshan (29.81%). Antibiotic resistance testing of these 444 infected individuals revealed that, except for levofloxacin resistance in Yunfu (14.29%), clarithromycin resistance in Yunfu and resistance to other antibiotics in all cities exceeded the 15% threshold. Infection rates were significantly higher in males (OR 1.29, 95% CI 1.03-1.60, p = 0.03) and obese individuals (OR 2.04, 95% CI 1.04-3.91, p = 0.03), with obesity identified as an independent risk factor. This study provides a comprehensive update on the prevalence, antibiotic resistance, and risk factors of H. pylori infection in Guangdong, offering valuable insights for public health strategies aimed at improving diagnosis and treatment.

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Surgical Site Infections in Tertiary Care Hospital of Lahore

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Surgical Site Infections in Tertiary Care Hospital of Lahore

Postoperative Antibiotics After Appendectomy for Acute Appendicitis: No Evidence of Benefit, Even with Intra-Abdominal Fluid.

To evaluate the necessity of postoperative antibiotics following appendectomy for acute appendicitis, particularly in patients with intra-abdominal fluid, and to identify factors associated with postoperative infections. Postoperative antibiotic use after appendectomy remains controversial, especially in the presence of intra-abdominal fluid. While some surgeons prescribe antibiotics empirically, there is no consensus on whether they reduce the risk of postoperative infections in patients with intra-abdominal fluid accumulation. A retrospective study was conducted at Saint Antoine Hospital (2013-2020) analyzing 1,539 patients with acute appendicitis (abscess and peritonitis were excluded). The presence of intra-abdominal fluid, antibiotic use, and postoperative outcomes were recorded. Risk factors for infections were identified through univariate and multivariate analysis. Intra-abdominal fluid was present in 880 patients(57.2%), with 474 exhibiting sero-sanguinous intra-abdominal fluid and 406 presenting purulent intra-abdominal fluid. Postoperative antibiotics were administered to 18.1% of patients, yet no significant difference in infection rates was found between patients with and without peritoneal intra-abdominal fluid . The study identified three independent risk factors for postoperative infection: ASA score (HR=5.129,P=0.004), symptom duration>2 days (HR=2.290,P=0.029), and the presence of appendicolith (HR=2.204,P=0.042). Postoperative antibiotic use did not significantly prevent infections, but inadequate antibiotic therapy was associated with higher rates of readmission and infectious outcomes. Routine use of postoperative antibiotics for acute appendicitis, even with intra-abdominal fluid may not be necessary. Further research is needed to determine whether a targeted antibiotic approach based on risk factors for postoperative infections can improve outcomes without exacerbating antibiotic resistance.

Nosocomial infections and their associated risk factors in post-craniotomy patients: a multivariate analysis

IntroductionCraniotomy is a frequent neurosurgical procedure; nosocomial infections following this can lead to additional risks in patients, increasing morbidity and causing fatal consequences.ObjectivesThis work aimed to describe the primary nosocomial infections and identify the risk factors associated with nosocomial infections in patients undergoing craniotomy.MethodsA quantitative retrospective study was developed. Data were collected from the digital clinical records system at Hospital III Daniel Alcides Carrión in Tacna. A multivariate analysis used Poisson regression with robust variance to determine independent risk factors.ResultsA total of 107 patients underwent craniotomy were included in the study, 49 patients (45.79%) developing at least one nosocomial infection. Our analysis identified several significant risk factors for the development of these infections, including admission to the critical care unit as a postoperative destination [RR = 2.34 (1.26–4.33), p = 0.007], hypertension [RR = 1.74 (1.07–2.83), p = 0.024], and the presence of perioperative antibiotic coverage [RR = 1.51 (1.05–2.17), p = 0.025]. The main types of nosocomial infections were pneumonia (63.27%), urinary tract infections (44.90%), bacteremia (16.33%), and ventriculitis (10.20%). The most frequently isolated pathogen was Klebsiella pneumoniae, accounting for 22.12% of the infections, followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (20.19%) and Escherichia coli (10.58%).ConclusionOur study demonstrates that admission to a critical care unit, hypertension, and perioperative antibiotic coverage are independent risk factors for nosocomial infections in post-craniotomy patients. These findings highlight the need for targeted prevention strategies to mitigate these risks and improve patient outcomes.

Epidemiology and outcomes of bloodstream infections in patients in a burns intensive care unit: an eight-year retrospective study

Abstract Background Burns intensive care units (BICU) have reduced mortality in burns patients, but infections and sepsis remain the leading causes of death. Infections with multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria increase the risk of death in burns patients, whose risk of acquiring such infections is higher due to various factors, including prolonged hospitalization and invasive procedures. Methods A retrospective study was performed in a French BICU over eight years, to analyze the epidemiology and risk factors for bloodstream infections (BSI). Results In total, 1402 patients were admitted to the BICU. Thermal burns were the most common cause of injury, and the median total body surface area burned was 10%. Patients had various comorbid conditions, including smoking and hypertension in particular. BSI occurred in 303 (21%) patients. The patients with BSI were older, had higher severity scores, a larger total body surface area burned, and were more likely to develop complications than patients without BSI. The prevalence of monomicrobial and polymicrobial BSI remained stable during hospitalization, with Gram-positive pathogens, such as Staphylococcus aureus, most common during the first week, but Gram-negative pathogens, particularly MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa, becoming more prevalent after 15 days. The distribution of microorganisms remained stable throughout the study except for a significant decrease in Acinetobacter baumannii rates and an increase in MDR P. aeruginosa rates after 2015. Conclusion An understanding of the epidemiology of BSI-causing microorganisms over time is crucial for sepsis management to ensure the selection of appropriate empirical antimicrobial therapy and to highlight the need for infection prevention and antimicrobial stewardship.

Risk Factors of Upper Respiratory Tract Infection among Children: A Case Study at Combined Military Hospital, Dhaka

The children constitute a large proportion of the total population of Bangladesh are a vulnerable or special risk group, deserving special health care as the child mortality and morbidity risks are much higher than older age. This descriptive type of cross-sectional study was carried out at Combined Military Hospital, Dhaka Cantonment, Dhaka during first week of July 2024 to last week of December 2024 with an aim to find out Risk Factor of Upper Respiratory Tract Infection among Under Five Children. A total of 71 children were purposively selected and data was collected by administering semi-structured questionnaire. Out of total 71 respondents maximum age 26(36.6%) of the children were in between 1-10 months and minimum age 4(5.6%) of the children were in between 51-60 months. The present study revealed that among all respondents’ maximum educational level of respondents 22(31.1%) were HSC. According to monthly family income, most of the respondents 28(39.4%) monthly family income were 21000-30000/- Taka. Considering the seasonal variation, most of the children 43(60.6%) had suffered due to seasonal variation. The present study depicted that most of the children 57(80.3%) were completed their vaccination according to EPI schedule. It was evident from the study among the respondents 66(93.01%) had well lighted facilities. This study depicts that minimum of respondents’ family members 17(23.9%) were smoker. The present study showed that among the URTI cases, there were 11(10.9%) malnourished children. (Bezerra et al. 2011)