HBV Risk Factors Research Articles

Seroprevalence and Risk Factors of Hepatitis B, C and D in Adults in Trabzon, Türkiye

Viral hepatitis are infections that can cause liver damage, become chronic, lead to cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma and ultimately result in death due to their ability to spread in the community through blood and infected body fluids. The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of hepatitis B (HBV), hepatitis C (HCV), and hepatitis D (HDV) transmitted through blood among individuals living in Trabzon province and to examine the factors potentially associated with seroprevalence. This cross-sectional study was conducted in Trabzon province, located in the northeast of Türkiye, including a total of 10 districts, including the central district. Since seroprevalence was calculated for HBV, HCV, and HDV in the study, the sample size was separately calculated for each, and the calculated maximum sample size of 1116 was accepted as the minimum sample size for the study. The study was completed with 1502 participants. Serological tests for HBV included HBsAg, anti-HBs, and anti-HBc IgG; for HCV, anti-HCV; and for HDV, anti-HDV were analysed. Data were evaluated for HBV risk factors using univariate analyses with Chi-square test and for multiple analyses using enter model logistic regression analysis. The mean age of the participants was 45.7 ± 16.6 years, with 767 (51.1%) being female. The prevalence of HBV seropositivity, indicating vaccination, was 23.0%, while the seroprevalence of HBV among unvaccinated adults was 27.4%. HBsAg positivity was 5.1%, and isolated anti-HBc IgG positivity was 4.2%. The proportion of individuals with HBsAg in the gray zone was 0.5%, while the positivity rates for anti-HBs and anti-HBc IgG (indicating past infection) were 17.6%. The prevalence of anti-HCV was six per thousand, while anti-HDV was not detected in the analyses. HBsAg positivity and co-infection with HCV were found in one person, and among the nine individuals positive for anti-HCV, isolated anti-HBc IgG positivity was detected in three. Increasing age, presence of a person with jaundice in the family, presence of diabetes mellitus, alcohol use and cupping therapy were identified as risk factors for HBV in the logistic regression analysis. Risk factors for HCV in univariate analyses were being over 40 years old, presence of hepatic steatosis and receiving dialysis treatment. The results of the study indicate that despite being included in our vaccination schedule and the administration of vaccines to high-risk adults, HBV still requires intensive attention as a public health problem. HCV, lacking a vaccine has been evaluated as an infectious agent that needs to be taken into consideration due to its potential risks and requires the complete implementation of individual and social precautions.

Hepatitis B virus infection among illegal drug users in Enugu State, Nigeria: prevalence, immune status, and related risk factors

IntroductionHepatitis B virus infection poses a global health challenge, particularly in low- and middle-income African countries. Illicit drug use exacerbates the problem, with drug users having a higher HBV infection risk and maintaining a quiet transmission pool. This study aimed to determine HBV infection prevalence, immune status, and risk factors among illegal drug users in Enugu State, Nigeria.Materials and methodsA cross-sectional study was conducted in Enugu State, using privileged access interviewer methods to enroll drug users. Pre-tested structured questionnaires were administered after informed consent was obtained. Blood samples were tested for HBsAg, HBsAb, HBeAg, HBeAb, and HBcAb using immunochromatographic rapid test kits. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 25.ResultsOne hundred drug users were recruited into the study. Overall, 7% of the drug users had HBV infection. 61% were found to be susceptible to HBV infection, 15% showed serological evidence of immunity from HBV vaccination and 1% developed natural immunity from HBV exposure. Significant risk factors for HBV infection were age less than 20 years, young age (≤ 20 years) at drug initiation, being single, injecting drugs more than or equal to 20 times per month and injecting with used syringes.ConclusionThis study shows high intermediate endemicity of HBV infection among drug users, low vaccination uptake, and high susceptibility to HBV infection. This calls for the urgent inclusion of drug users in national HBV vaccination campaigns and the adoption of the World Health Organization’s recommendations on the prevention of viral hepatitis among people who inject drugs.

Investigating factors associated to HBV/HIV co-infected patients in antiretroviral treatment clinic, in Northeast Ethiopia.

Existing research in Ethiopia has primarily focused on the individual epidemiology of HIV and HBV, often overlooking the intricate dynamics of co-infection. This study aims to address this gap by comprehensively exploring the prevalence of HBV and HIV co-infection and the associated factors influencing co-infection rates within the specific context of ART clinics. The existing study provides limited insights into the unique challenges posed by this dual infection in the Ethiopian population receiving ART. An institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted among people living with HIV aged 18 years and above attending ART clinics in northeast Ethiopia from April to May 2022. A sample size of 350(97% response rate) participants was selected by using a systematic random sampling method. Data were collected using a pre-tested interviewer-administered structured questionnaire. Data was entered into Epi Data version software and was exported to SPSS version 25 for further analysis. Descriptive statistics using Frequency, proportion, and summary measures were done. Binary logistic regressions were done to identify independent variables associated with HBV infection among HIV patients. A P-value less than 0.05 and adjusted odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval non-inclusive of one was considered statistically significant. The prevalence of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg) was identified constituting 7.14% of the study population. Females [AOR] 0.14; 95% Confidence Interval [CI] [0.041-0.478]). Participants with an educational status of only reading and writing (AOR 8.7; 95% CI [1.143-66.5]). Single individuals (AOR 2.04; 95% CI [1.346-28.6]) were associated factors. Moreover, participants with a viral load exceeding 1000 copies/ml were 6.5 times more likely to be infected with HBV compared to those with undetectable viral loads (AOR 6.53, 95% CI [1.87-22.72]). Additionally, individuals with a CD4 count ranging from 351 to 500 cells/ml were 1.2 times more likely to be infected with HBV compared to those with a CD4 count of 500 cells/ml or above (AOR 10.4, 95% CI [1.28-85]). The prevalence of HBV infection was found to be intermediate in HIV-infected patients in the study area. Being male, marital status of single and divorced, educational level was only read and written, current viral load of > 1000 copies/ml &<1000 copies/ml, and current CD4 < 250 cells/ml were found statistically associated factors for HBV infection. Thus, we recommend the provision of routine screening for HBsAg and appropriate treatment with accurate information on risk factors for HBV to improve quality of life and reduce morbidity.

Seroprevalence and risk factors of Hepatitis B and C Virus infection Among Inmates in a Correctional Service, Nasarawa State, Nigeria

Hepatitis infection has remained a reoccurring public health challenge. The seroprevalence of Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C virus infection among inmates in Lafia correctional service, Nasarawa State, Nigeria was assessed. Blood samples of 120 inmates were screened using the HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) rapid test Dip-strip and HCVAb plus rapid test strip. Socio-demographic and risk factors were analyzed using Fishers exact test binary logistics regression (p ≤ 0.05). Inmates were 29.16 % HBV and 8.3% HCV seropositive. Male inmates were 30% HBV and 8.18% HCV and females were 20% HBV and 10% HCV seropositive. Inmates ≥ 40 years and married inmates are more likely to be infected with HBV and HCV infections. Illicit drug use and incarceration above 5 years were risk factors significant for HBV and HCV prevalence. The high seroprevalence and risk factors of HBV and HCV infections among inmates needs prompt sensitization, screening and vaccination programmes.

Prevalence of HIV, HBV and HCV among livestock merchants and slaughterhouse workers in Ibadan, Nigeria.

Most studies on viral infections among livestock handlers have focused on occupational exposure from inadvertent contact with infected animals. Consequently, little emphasis is given to the effect of their lifestyle on the acquisition of other blood-borne viruses. To determine the prevalence and assess risk factors for HIV, HBV and HCV infections among livestock handlers in Ibadan, Nigeria. Blood samples were collected from 265 livestock handlers between October 2016 to April 2017 in Ibadan. The samples were tested for the presence of antibodies to HIV and HCV; and surface antigen to HBV using ELISA. Structured questionnaire was administered to collect information on risk factors associated with the transmission of these viruses. Data analysis was carried out using Chi-square test and logistic regression to determine the association between risk factors and predictors of infection (p < 0.05). Of 265 participants, 11 (4.2%), 29 (10.9%) and 13 (4.9%) individuals tested positive for HIV, HBV and HCV infections respectively. Two (0.8%) of the participants were coinfected with HIV and HBV while 1(0.4%) was coinfected with both HBV and HCV. Individuals who travelled frequently in the course of Livestock trades had a higher rate of HIV infection. A high Infection with HIV, HBV and HCV is common among the study participants. There is a need for continued surveillance and awareness creation on preventive measures against these viruses.

Transfusion transmitted infections among blood donors of Kamenge Teaching Hospital blood bank in Burundi.

The current risk of contracting a transfusion transmitted infections (TTIs) is unknown in Burundi. The aim of this study was to assess sociodemographic profiles of blood bank donors at Kamenge Teaching Hospital, the prevalence and associated risk factors of HIV, syphilis, HBV and HCV from 2015 to 2020. We conducted a cross-sectional study including all blood donors of Kamenge Teaching Hospital blood bank. During this study, 1370 blood samples were screened for HIV, Syphilis, HBV and HCV. We calculated prevalence of TTIs and performed logistic regression to know associated risk factors. Blood donors were males at 77% and 23% females. They were mostly students (54.2%). On screening, 83 blood samples (6.06%) were seropositive for at least one TTI. The overall prevalence rate of HIV, Syphilis, HBV and HCV among blood donors was 1.3%, 0.2% ,1.6%, 2.9% respectively. There was difference in distribution of the four TTIs among blood donors which is statistically significant (x2=33.997, ϱ-value<0.001). Private donors were associated with a high risk of syphilis and being a first-time donor was associated with a high HBV risk factor. The prevalence of TTIs found still to be high; mandatory and continuous screening is necessary.

Prevalence of Risk Factors for HAV, HBV, and HCV Infections in Babylon Governorate

Viral hepatitis is a significant global public health issue. This study was carried out to determine the prevalence and ntritional risk factors for HAV, HBV, and HCV infections in Babylon Governorate. A statistics of 328 patients with confirmed viral hepatitis attended different health institutions in Babylon governorate were collected form Department of Public Health of Babylon Governorate and included in this study. It was a trial to assess nutritional status of the patients. There were 41.16%, 40.24%, and 18.60% of patients are diagnosed with type A, B, and C viral hepatitis respectively. A significant association between hepatitis infections and vaccine intake, transmission methods (contact with infected patient, accident, and blood transfusion), and laboratory tests (sALT). In Conclusion Viral Hepatitis in Babylon necessitate broader vaccination coverage and tailored public health initiatives. A comprehensive approach including vaccination, screening, education, and nutrition support that essential for prevention.

Frequency and risk factors of hepatitis B and C among pregnant women

Aim: To determine the frequency and risk factors of HCV and HBV in pregnant women. Material and methods: An observational study was conducted at Gynecology Department Sheikh Zayed Hospital, Rahim Yar Khan, Punjab for six months in the duration from January, 2023 to June, 2023. Pregnant women of age 18 to 40 years were enrolled. Screening was done for HCV and HBV using ELISA method. Frequency of HCV and HBV were determined along with risk factors. Results: Mean age recorded was 29.11±6.93 years. The frequency of Hepatitis C was 12 (8%) Hepatitis B was 27 (18%). Surgical procedure and blood transfusion were statistically significant with HCV while dental procedure among the risk factors were statistically significant with HBV. Conclusion: Frequency of Hepatitis C and Hepatitis B virus in our study was 12 (8%) and 27 (18%) respectively in pregnant women. Associated factors with HCV were surgical procedures and blood transfusion while dental procedures were significantly associated with HBV.

Seroprevalence, trends, and risk factors of hepatitis B and C among family replacement blood donors; a 7-year retrospective study at Sunyani Municipal Hospital, Ghana

ABSTRACT Hepatitis B and C cause chronic infections which develop into liver-related sequelae, like cirrhosis and liver carcinoma. This study determined the seroprevalence, trends, and risk factors of HBV and HCV among family replacement donors. A retrospective review of primary data on blood donors screened between January 2015 and December 2021 was conducted at Sunyani Municipal Hospital. The data were assessed for seroprevalence, trends, and odds ratios using SPSS. Of 6847 donors, the majority were males (88.1% [6033]), ≤24 years (27.4% [1874]), O blood type (69.8% [4776]), and Rh-positive (89.9% [6154]). The seroprevalences of HBV and HCV were 3.2% and 1.9%, respectively, with more males infected with HBV and HCV (3.4% vs 2.0%). Males were 2.842 times (p = .001) and 2.399 times (p = .025) more susceptible than females to HBV and HCV, respectively. In the rainy season, donors were 1.489 times (p = .041) more susceptible to HCV. HBV and HCV seroprevalence declined over the period (slope: −0.5464, p ≤ .001 vs slope: −0.6179, p ≤ .001). Male gender and rainy season were significant determinants of both infections. The seroprevalence of HBV was higher than HCV despite the significant decline in both infections. We, recommend health authorities intensify health education among males and during the rainy season.

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Infections among Prisoners Admitted to DMCH

Background: There are approximately 66 thousand prisoners remained in 68 prisons in Bangladesh. (source: Kara Adhidoptar, Bangladesh). So these number of prisoners suffers from different diseases. Prisoners are associates with various high risk of infectious diseases, as a result of the possibility of transmission of infections in prisons surroundings. A high prevalence of blood borne hepatitis viruses and HIV carried out in correctional facilities around the world by investigations have shown. There are limited data on medical disorders among prison inmates in Bangladesh. The study was aimed at confirming prevalence of HIV, hepatitis B and hepatitis C as well to assess knowledge and attitudes related to HIV, HBV and HCV infections among prisoners admitted to DMCH who referred to medicine department and/ or attended out-patient department in DMCH. Objective: To determine the prevalence and risk factors of HIV, HBV and HCV infection among prisoners referred to tertiary care hospital. Methods: This cross sectional study was done with a total number of 100 inmates over a period of one year. Prisoners, imprisonment for more than six months and who gave consent voluntarily were included in the study. After taking consent from the patient’s/guardians history was taken and physical examination was done. Sample was selected from the population by purposive sampling technique. Data were analysis was done using SPSS version 22.0. Result was expressed in tables and graphs. Results: The results showed a significantly higher seroprevalence of HBV (6%) and HCV (4%) though no prisoner was found to be HIV positive compared to the seroprevalence of these virus infections reported in the general Bangladeshi population (5.8% for HBV and 0.3% for HCV). Exposure of risk factors estimated H/O foreign travels 12%, IV drug abuse 14%, extramarital sexual exposure 16%, sharing of needle 10%, H/O blood transfusion 08%, family H/O diseases 05%, immunization of hepatitis B only 8% and homo sexuality 0%. Risk factors for HBV infection was estimated-family h/o disease 20%, IV drug abuse 7.10%, sharing of needles &amp; syringes 10%, sexual exposue12.50%, blood transfusion 12.50%. Risk factors for HCV infection was estimated -IV drug abuse 7.10%, sexual exposue6.25%, sharing of needles &amp; syringes 20%. Risk factors for HIV infection 0% for all risk factors as no one was HIV infected. Among the IDUs 14% was HBV positive and 30% was HCV positive. Conclusion: The results indicate higher prevalence of HBV and HCV infections among prisoners which has proven that HBV and HCV are the emerging public health problem in a developing country like Bangladesh. Various risk factors contribute to raise prevalence of hepatitis B, hepatitis C and HIV in prisoners. So avoidance from these risk factors is essential to prevent transmission of infection in prison. So health education and dissemination of message about the moods of transmission of these diseases is very important in prison.

Kashmiri refugees at the verge of hepatitis B and C epidemic in the State of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan.

ABSTRACTOBJECTIVE To determine the seroprevalence of hepatitis B and C among immigrants residing refugee camps in Muzaffarabad, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan, and to identify possible risk factors for hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) transmission.METHODS Around 1,225 individuals inhabiting Muzaffarabad refugee camps, participated in the study. A qualitative Immuno-Chromatographic Technique was used for initial screening and PCR test was used for detection of HBV and HCV in participants. The major risk factors for HBV and HCV transmission were assessed using a questionnaire approach.RESULTS Around 86 (7.0%) individuals were observed for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) presence, and 215 (17.5%) individuals were found positive for Anti-HCV. Only 32 (2.6%) individuals were confirmed for HBV DNA and 126 (10.3%) individuals were positive for HCV RNA after PCR. Demographically, both HBsAg and Anti-HCV were found more prevalent in female (4.4% HBsAg and 10.8% Anti-HCV) population as compared to male (2.6% HBsAg and 6.7% Anti-HCV) population. Surprisingly, the HBsAg (23.5%) and Anti-HCV (41.1%) appeared to be more frequent in the age group 62–75 years. Previous history of hepatitis in the family (p < 0.0001), blood transfusion (p = 0.0197) dental treatment (p < 0.0001) and tattooing or piercing on any part of the body (p = 0.0028) were assessed as significant risk factors in HBV and HCV transmission.CONCLUSIONS Presence of 7.0% HBsAg and 17.5% Anti-HCV in a small fragment of the migrant population cannot be overlooked. Lack of awareness among people and negligence of health department could escalate the situation.

Navigating past and current hepatitis B infection in primary care.

Chronic hepatitis B (HBV) infection affects 3.5% of the global population.1 In high-prevalence areas, new infections occur mainly at birth or in childhood. Most HBV in the UK is among migrant populations from areas with high prevalence, such as Sub-Saharan Africa, South-East Asia, and China.2 Health care is increasingly reliant on immune-modulating drugs that can exacerbate a chronic infection or allow a past, ‘cleared’ infection to reactivate. Clinicians may not appreciate the high burden of HBV among certain minority migrant groups, who may themselves have misconceptions regarding personal risk and modes of transmission, and who experience barriers to accessing health care.3 The busy GP needs to know who to test for HBV, how to tell if someone has chronic or past HBV infection, and when past infection may reactivate. Consulting on HBV in primary care may include counselling on transmission risk, vaccinating against HBV, and referring for specialist care. GPs should consider testing all patients who are at ‘increased risk’ of HBV (Box 1).4 Strategies for testing within a general practice population include identifying new registrants with a risk factor for HBV, or proactively identifying existing patients who are at risk either systematically or within a consultation. The yield from systematic testing will be dictated by the demographics of individual patient populations; practices serving migrant populations might consider this a higher priority. | | ||

MiR-155 T/A (rs767649) and miR-146a A/G (rs57095329) single nucleotide polymorphisms as risk factors for chronic hepatitis B virus infection among Egyptian patients.

Genetic variants in microRNAs (miRNAs) can alter the miRNAs expression and/or function, accordingly, affecting the related biological pathways and disease risk. Dysregulation of miR-155 and miR-146a expression levels has been well-described in viral hepatitis B (HBV). In the current study, we aimed to assess rs767649 T/A and rs57095329 A/G polymorphisms in miR-155, and miR-146a genes, respectively, as risk factors for Chronic HBV (CHBV) in the Egyptian population. Also, we aimed to do in silico analysis to investigate the molecules that primarily target these miRNAs. One hundred patients diagnosed as CHBV and one hundred age and sex-matched controls with evidence of past HBV infection were genotyped for miR-155 (rs767649) and miR-146a (rs57095329) using real-time polymerase chain reaction. The rs767649 AT and AA genotypes in CHBV patients confer four folds and ten folds risk respectively, as compared to control subjects [(AOR = 4.245 (95%CI 2.009–8.970), p<0.0001) and AOR = 10.583 (95%CI 4.012–27.919), p<0.0001, respectively)]. The rs767649 A allele was associated with an increased risk of developing CHBV (AOR = 2.777 (95%CI 1.847–4.175), p<0.0001). There was a significant difference in the frequency of rs57095329 AG and GG genotypes in CHBV patients compared to controls. AG and GG genotypes showed an increase in the risk of developing CHBV by about three and six folds respectively [AOR = 2.610 (95%CI 1.362–5.000), p = 0.004] and [AOR = 5.604 (95%CI 2.157–14.563), p<0.0001].We concluded that rs57095329 and rs767649 SNPs can act as potential risk factors for the development of CHBV in the Egyptian population.

Prevalence of HBV and HCV among Pregnant Women Attending Kumasi South Hospital (KSH), Ghana

Background and Aim: Both HBV and HCV infections have for decades remained serious public health concerns infecting thousands of people and claiming the lives of millions. The detrimental effects of these viral agents on the gravid women, the infants and the general population are well known and cannot be underestimated. Adequate and quality information on the disease prevalence remain one of the surest ways to tackling the infection head-on. This study therefore assessed the seroprevalence of HBV and HCV among pregnant women who received antenatal care services from the Kumasi South Hospital of the Kumasi Metropolis in the Ashanti Region of Ghana.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: A semi-structured questionnaire designed to capture participant’s demographic and gestational data including age, occupation, marital status, educational status and gestational period was administered by the researcher to 200 pregnant women to collect the data for this study. About 2-3mls of whole blood was drawn into an ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) and tested for HBsAg using Alere Determine HBsAg® test strip (sensitivity=95-100% and specificity=96-100%; Abbott Japan Co., Ltd.) and HCV antibodies using Serodia® HCV (sensitivity=100% and specificity=91.5%; Serodia, Fujirebio Inc., Tokyo, Japan) following standard procedures. Due to the lack of more advanced testing facilities such as PCR, each positive test result was repeated in order to reduce the possibility of false positive results. Data was analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2016 and IBM SPSS vs 25. Chi-square and Fisher’s exact test statistic were used to determine statistical associations between explanatory and outcome variables. Logistics regression was employed to determine potential demographic and gestational risk factors of HBV and HCV infection among the pregnant women. P-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.&#x0D; Results: Seroprevalence of HBV and HCV infection was 20.0% and 2.5% respectively. HBV infection increased with advancement in age from the least 7.1% among pregnant women aged &lt; 20 years to the highest 22.0% among pregnant women aged 30-39 years until a sharp decline among those forty years and above. HCV prevalence generally declined with increase in age with the highest prevalence (14.3%) recorded among the &lt;20 years old group. Unemployed (22.2%), married (20.3%), basic level educated (20.9%) and multiparous (21.3%) pregnant women recorded the highest HBV prevalence rates whereas unemployed (11.1%), unmarried (5.8%), basic level educated (3.4%) and multiparous (3.2%) pregnant women recorded the highest HCV prevalence rates. None of the demographic or gestational risk parameters was significantly associated with HBV infection in this study (p&gt;0.05) however, age was significantly associated with HCV infection yet posed not significantly high likelihood to HCV infection among the pregnant women.&#x0D; Conclusion: The HBV prevalence as recorded is highly endemic and therefore requires urgent round table discussions to be properly addressed. Despite the low HCV prevalence, the futuristic detrimental effects it may pose to the general wellbeing of the citizenry cannot be in doubt owing to the high prevalence dominating among the younger pregnant women. Measures such as intensified public education coupled with mass screening and vaccination and treatment of HBV seronegative and positive individuals respectively is therefore advised to mitigate further spread of the disease.

Screening, Vaccination Uptake and Linkage to Care for Hepatitis B Virus among Health Care Workers in Rural Sierra Leone.

This study reports on the prevalence and risk factors of chronic HBV among health care workers (HCWs) in a rural secondary hospital in Sierra Leone. Additionally, data on the uptake of HBV vaccination among negatively tested HCWs and on the linkage to care among positively tested HCWs are presented. In December 2019, 781 HCWs were invited to a screening and vaccination campaign at Koidu Government Hospital in Kono District. For each HCW, demographic information and data on their HBV risk history were captured, followed by a hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) test. HCWs with a negative test result were offered an HBV vaccine on the same day, after one and six months. HCWs that were HBsAg positive were linked to a free HBV clinic. In total, 80% (632) of HCWs were screened. Among the screened, 97% had never received an HBV vaccine and 10.3% (n = 65) had chronic HBV. The following characteristics were associated with being HBsAg positive: aged less than 30 years old (aOR 2.17, CI 1.16–4.03, p = 0.01), male gender (aOR 2.0, CI 1.06–3.78, p = 0.03), working experience of 1–4 years (aOR 3.99, CI 1.15–13.73, p = 0.03) and over 9 years (aOR 6.16, CI 1.41–26.9, p = 0.02). For HBsAg-negative HCWs (n = 567), 99.8% (n = 566), 97.5% (n = 553) and 82.7% (n = 469) received their first, second and third dose of the vaccine, respectively. For HBsAg-positive HCWs (n = 65), 73.9% (n = 48) were successfully linked to an HBV clinic for further care. Most HCWs are unvaccinated for HBV, and the HBV prevalence amongst this at-risk group is high. Uptake of vaccination and linkage to care was successful.

Prevalence of Hepatitis B and C among HIV Infected Patients in Nepal over 1990-2020

Background Hepatitis B and C (HBV and HCV) are viral infections caused by corresponding viruses. Here in this study we planned to conduct this meta-analysis to pool data on the prevalence and risk factors of HBV and/or HCV among HIV patients in Nepal.&#x0D; Method We used MOOSE guideline for the systemic review of available literature. We searched online databases using appropriate keywords. We used CMA-3 for data synthesis. Odds ratio, and proportion were used to estimate the outcome with a 95% confidence interval where appropriate. We assessed the heterogeneity using the I-squared (I2) test.&#x0D; Result We included nine studies for our synthesis. Pooling of data showed HBV in 4.6% (CI: 3.7-5.6), HCV in 19.7% (CI: 10.8-33.0), both HBV and HCV in 1.3% (CI: 0.5-3.7) in HIV affected individuals. Among HBV co-infected HIV positive patients, 59.5% (CI: 25.5-86.3) were male; 76.1% (CI: 30.1-96.0) were married and 43.6% (CI: 3.8-93.8) had a history of intravenous drug use (IVDU). Among HCV co-infected HIV positive individuals 88.3% (CI: 73.6-95.4) were male; 63.6% (CI: 55.4-71.1) were married; 91.5% (CI: 68.6-98.1) were literate; 59.2% (CI: 49.9-67.9) were on ART; and 92.2% (95%CI: 84.9-96.1) had a history of IVDU.&#x0D; Conclusion The pooled prevalence of co-infection with HBV, HCV, and combined HBV and HCV were 4.6%, 19.7% and 1.3% respectively among HIV positive patients. Thus, it is necessary to appropriately screen for HBV and HCV in individuals diagnosed with HIV and high-risk populations. IVDU remains the most common risk factor found in co-infected individuals.

Serological markers and risk factors associated with Hepatitis B virus infection among Federal Capital Territory prison inmates, Nigeria: Should we be concerned?

IntroductionHepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is hyper-endemic in Nigeria. Prisons are high-risk environments for the spread of infectious diseases. Worldwide, seroprevalence of HBV infection is substantially higher among individuals in correctional facilities when compared to general population. We determined the seroprevalence and risk factors associated with HBV infection among Kuje prison inmates, Nigeria.Material and methodsWe conducted a prison facility based cross-sectional study. Interviewer administered questionnaires were used to obtain information on participants socio-demographic characteristics, HBV risk factors, previous HBV test and vaccination history. Blood samples collected from participants were analysed for HBsAg, HBsAb, HBcAb, HBeAg and HBeAb markers using rapid lateral chromatographic immunoassay kit. Univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analysis were performed.ResultsA total of 271 inmates (63 convicts and 208 awaiting trial inmates) were recruited into the study as participants. The mean age of the participants was 32.7 SD±9 years. HBV seroprevalence (HBsAg) of 13.7% (95% CI: 9.8–18.3) was found. 55.4% (95% CI: 49.2–61.4) of inmates were susceptible to HBV infection, 20.7% (95%CI; 16.0–26.0) had past HBV infection while 10.3% (95% CI: 7.0–14.6) had acquired natural or artificial HBV immunity. Factors found to be associated with current HBV infection (HBsAg) include age-group ≤25years (aOR = 8.0,95% CI: 2.9–22.3), being ever married (aOR = 4.2, 95% CI: 1.7–10.4) and history of alcohol consumption (aOR = 3.4, 95% CI: 1.3–8.4).ConclusionThis study reveals a high seroprevalence of HBV infection among Kuje Prison inmates, hence the need to introduce prison-focused health intervention initiatives such as HBV screening, vaccination and care to reduce the transmission of HBV infection among inmates and ultimately the general population.

Seroprevalence of hepatitis B and associated factors among inmates: a cross sectional study in the Douala New Bell Prison, Cameroon.

Introductionin Cameroon, data on viral hepatitis B infection in prison environments is limited. We determined the prevalence of hepatitis B infection (HBV) and correlates among prisoners incarcerated at the Douala New Bell Central Prison in Cameroon.Methodsthis was a cross-sectional study carried out in July 2018 and included 940 randomly selected prisoners. Data were collected using pre-tested questionnaire while blood screening for HBV surface antigen (HBs Ag) used rapid test, with confirmation via Elisa test. Sociodemographic characteristics and risk factors were compared among the three age groups with respect to the prison's partitioning. Factors associated with positive HBs Ag were identified using logistic regression adjusted to age and gender. Confounders were then excluded by logistic multivariate analysis. All p values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.Resultsof the 940 prisoners selected, 94% were male. The mean age of the study population was 33.81 ± 10.35 years. The median duration of incarceration and median number of incarcerations were 12 months (IQR: 5-36) and 1 (IQR: 1-2) respectively. HBV prevalence was 12.9% (95% CI: 10.7-15%). The use of non-injectable illicit drugs (OR: 3.5; 95% CI: 1.9-6.2; P<0.001), sharing of needle or razors (aOR: 24.1; 95% CI: 12.9-45.0; P<0.001), sharing of tooth brushes(aOR: 2.7; 95% CI: 0.9-7.4) (P=0.053), having tattoos or piercings (aOR: 1.9; 95% CI: 1.1-3.1; P=0.01) were significantly associated with HBs Ag seropositivity.Conclusionprisoners in this setting had a high prevalence of HBV and related risk factors. These findings highlight an urgent need to implement control strategies and programs that reach people in detention centers in Cameroon.

Seroprevalence and determination of risk factors of HIV, HBV and syphilis in antenatal cases

Introduction: Aim of the study was to determine the seroprevalance of HIV, HBS and Syphilis co-infection if any present and the associated risk factors in a tertiary care center of Mangaluru. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 500 women attending antenatal checkups at A.J. Institute of Medical Sciences, Mangaluru. They were screened for HIV, HBV and Syphilis and were requested to provide socio-demographic and obstetric data following appropriate counselling and ethical clearance. Results: The seropevalence of HIV, HBV infection and Syphilis were found to be 2.6%, 3.4% and 0.2% respectively. Low literacy levels, early initiation of sexual activity, low per capita income were the most commonly associated risk factors. Conclusion: Sexually transmitted diseases and its complications are a significant part of health challenges the public face today. Most common among the sexually active group, it is a major issue among the reproductive age group as the infection can be transmitted vertically. Keywords: HIV, HBV, Syphilis.

Sero-prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus\u2013hepatitis B virus (HIV\u2013HBV) co-infection among pregnant women attending antenatal care (ANC) in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and the associated risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundThere is plenitude of information on HIV infection among pregnant mothers attending antenatal care (ANC) in sub-Saharan Africa. However, the epidemiology of HBV–HIV co-infections in the same cohort is not clear despite the common route of transmission of both viruses. The aim of our study was to synthesize data on the prevalence of HBV–HIV co-infection among pregnant women attending ANC in Sub-Saharan Africa to assist in the design of public health interventions to mitigate the challenge.MethodsThe study was done in tandem with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) standards and the Cochran’s Q test, I2 statistics for heterogeneity and the prevalence were calculated using commercially available software called MedCalcs (https://www.medcalc.org). A random effect model was used to pool the prevalence since all the heterogeneities were high (≥ 78%) and Phet < 0.05 indicated significant heterogeneities. The risk factors and risk differences for HBV–HIV co-infection were analyzed. Any likely sources of heterogeneity were analyzed through sensitivity analysis, meta-regression and sub-group analysis. All analyses were done at 95% level of significance and a P < 0.05 was considered significant.ResultsThe overall pooled prevalence of HBV–HIV co-infection among pregnant mothers in sub-Saharan Africa was low 3.302% (95%CI = 2.285 to 4.4498%) with heterogeneities (I2) of 97.59% (P > 0.0001). Within regional sub group meta-analyses, West Africa had significantly higher prevalence of 5.155% (95% = 2.671 to 8.392%) with heterogeneity (I2) of 92.25% (P < 0.0001) than any other region (P < 0.001). Articles published from 2004–2010 had significantly higher prevalence of 6.356% (95% = 3.611 to 9.811%) with heterogeneity (I2) 91.15% (P < 0.0001) compared to those published from 2011 to 2019 (P < 0.001). The HIV positive cohort had significantly higher prevalence of HBV–HIV co-infection of 8.312% (95% CI = 5.806 to 11.22%) with heterogeneity (I2)94.90% (P < 0.0001) than the mothers sampled from the general population with a prevalence of 2.152% (95% CI = 1.358 to 3.125%) (P < 0.001). The overall and sub group analyses had high heterogeneities (I2 > 89%, P < 0.0001) but was reduced for South Africa (I2) = 78.4% (P = 0.0314). Age, marital status and employment were independent factors significantly associated with risk of HBV–HIV co-infection (P < 0.001) but not extent of gravidity and education level (P > 0.05). After meta-regression for year of publication and sample size for HBsAg positivity, the results were not significantly associated with HBV pooled prevalence for sample size (P = 0.146) and year of publication (P = 0.560). Following sensitivity analysis, the HBsAg pooled prevalence slightly increased to 3.429% (95% CI = 2.459 to 4.554%) with heterogeneity I2 = 96.59% (95% CI = 95.93 to 97.14%), P < 0.0001ConclusionThere is an urgent need for routine HBV screening among HIV positive pregnant mothers attending antenatal care in sub-Saharan Africa to establish the extent of HBV–HIV co-infection in this cohort. Future studies need to investigate the putative risk factors for HBV–HIV co-infection and prioritize plausible control strategies.