Risk Factors For Domestic Violence Research Articles

Domestic violence among women living with HIV/AIDS in Kano, Northern Nigeria.

Despite the increased risk of domestic violence among women living with HIV/AIDS, its burden has not been adequately explored in many developing countries including Nigeria. Using interviewer administered questionnaires we assessed the prevalence and risk factors for domestic violence among 300 HIV seropositive women attending a teaching hospital in northern Nigeria. Participants have been diagnosed HIV positive for an average of 6.7 years; 66.3% were seroconcordant with their intimate partners while 16.3% were serodiscordant, the rest 17.4% did not know the partner's status; 67.1% had disclosed their status to their partners; and 64(22.1%) [95% CI (17.5% to 27.4%)] had experienced domestic violence following HIV diagnosis. Specifically, 30.0% (n = 19) experienced physical violence (slapping, kicking and punching), 59.3% (n = 38) reported verbal violence (insults, threats) and 10.7% (n = 7) endured emotional violence. None was sexually assaulted. Predictors of domestic violence were the woman's age, marital status, disclosure and partner's educational status. This calls for urgent steps and strategies for prevention, protection and post-test counseling on disclosure to avert this human right infringement.

O2-3.2 Domestic violence against women in Alexandria, Egypt: a developing country perspective

<h3></h3> Domestic violence is the most common form of gender-based violence, considered a major contributor to physical and mental ill health of women. This study aimed at assessing prevalence and risk factors of domestic violence against married working women in Alexandria, Egypt. <h3>Methods</h3> A cross sectional study was conducted among 400 married working women attending Health Insurance Clinics in Alexandria, using a modified FVPF questionnaire. <h3>Results</h3> Overall prevalence of domestic violence was 67%, where psychological abuse was most common (48%) followed by physical violence (40%), sexual abuse (38%), financial abuse (30%). Out of the following studied significant factors (wife education, husband education, number of childern in the family, number of daughters in the family, positive history of cirumcision, wife9s exposure to physical violence during childhood, mother9s wife exposure to domestic violence, alcoholic husband, drug misuser husband, husband9s exposure to physical violence during childhood, easily tempered, depressed/frustrated, jealous husband, husband9s corrupt freinds, psychologically ill and introvert husband), only 4 were found to be positively and significantly related to domestic violence in stepwise logestic regression namely:husband9s exposure to physical violence during childhood (OR 6.1); depressed/frustrated (OR 3.5); positive history of cirumcision (OR 3.2); number of daughters in the family (OR 2.1). <h3>Conclusion</h3> Domestic violence against women is an important neglected public health problem in the Egyptian community that needs multidisciplinary approach to understand its causes and plan effective preventive measures. Healthcare providers can play a crucial role in addressing and treating victims of domestic violence.

Chemical dependency as a risk factor for domestic violence against women

Problem: Domestic violence against women affects their health as a whole. Nurses should be qualified not only to recognize such violence but also care for women affected by it and also identify the risk factors that may trigger it aiming its prevention. Objective: To identify risk factors that trigger domestic violence. Method: This exploratory qualitative study was conducted in a Shelter Facility in Curitiba, PR, Brazil from December 2010 to February 2011 with eight women. Data were collected through recorded semi-structured interviews and the following theme emerged from thematic content analysis: Chemical dependency as risk factor for domestic violence. Results and Discussion: Alcohol or crack addiction of these women’s partners was a risk factor that triggered domestic violence both physical and against property, affected basic human needs, generated fear and disrupted family relationships, which made them to abandon their partners and seek the shelter facility. Final Considerations: The availability of a nurse in this facility is essential because the violence perpetrated against these women affected them in multidimensional terms, which requires the implementation of both technical and expressive care actions related to their subjectivity so to prevent diseases, promote health, and improve quality of life.

Prevalence and risk factors for domestic violence against infertile women in an Iranian setting

Objective To determine the prevalence of and risk factors for domestic violence against women with female factor infertility in an Iranian setting. Methods In this cross-sectional survey conducted from August 1, 2009 to January 31, 2010, 400 women with primary infertility attending Valiasr Reproductive Health Research Center in Tehran, Iran, were interviewed using the Revised Conflict Tactics Scales questionnaire (CTS 2). This instrument was developed to investigate the presence domestic violence. Results A total of 247 women (61.8%) reported having experienced domestic violence because of their infertility. The most common type of violence was psychological (n = 135 [33.8%]), followed by physical (n = 56 [14%]) and sexual (n = 32 [8%]), with 24 women (6%) reporting injuries. All women reported their husbands to be the perpetrators. Conclusion Domestic violence against infertile women is a considerable yet unreported problem. Clinicians should identify the abused women and provide them with medical care and supportive counseling.

Domestic violence during pregnancy reported by women attending a university teaching hospital in Nigeria for antenatal care

This article discusses a study which aimed to determine the prevalence of domestic violence during pregnancy as reported by women attending a university teaching hospital in Nigeria and to assess the types of and risk factors for domestic violence. Copyright © 2010 International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Beliefs About Wife Beating: An Exploratory Study With Lebanese Students

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in understanding the sociocultural contexts and risk factors for domestic violence in the Arab world. This study provides an analysis of the religious, legal, and familial contexts of domestic violence in Lebanon and assesses contemporary attitudes toward women and wife beating in a sample of 206 Lebanese university students. Gender, patriarchal attitudes, religion, childhood experiences with family violence, and mother's employment status were investigated as predictors of attitudes toward wife beating. Consistent with feminist theories of wife abuse, gender and attitudes toward women's roles emerged as the strongest predictors of beliefs about wife beating.

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Domestic Violence among Mongolian Women

The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence and determinants of domestic violence in Mongolian women. The survey was administered to 5500 people in 1000 households randomly selected from two districts of Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. The response rate was 90.3% (total of 4967, and 3338 were women.). About 37.7% of respondents reported that they were affected by some type of domestic violence during the previous 6 months; 17.9% of all respondents reported physical violence, 21.9% reported emotional violence, 10% reported sexual abuse, and 6.9% reported financial violence. Major risk factors for violence against women included having only a primary education or less, low income, living in a rented house, and living with an unemployed partner who uses alcohol. Domestic or intimate partner violence (IPV) is widespread in Mongolia and is usually committed in family circles, often away from public view. This study suggests that increasing employment for men may help reduce poverty and alcohol abuse and, thus, IPV.

Domestic Violence Against Married Women in Edirne

The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence and risk factors of domestic violence against married women in Edirne, Turkey. This is a cross-sectional study which included a representative sample of the married women living in the Provincial Center of Edirne. The total past year prevalence of some forms of physical domestic violence is 34% in the last 12 months. 93% of women reported that they have been experiencing different forms of verbal and psychological domestic violence. The important risk factors for physical domestic violence were being Roma woman (OR = 2.97, 95% CI: 1.44-6.12), living with more than four people in the household (OR = 2.29, 95% CI: 1.21-4.36), being unemployed (OR = 2.15, 95% CI: 1.06-4.37), and got married only with her families' decision (OR = 4.60, 95% CI: 1.42-14.80). Our findings conclude that patriarchal and traditional values, women's lack of financial autonomy, and low socioeconomic status are the risk factors for physical domestic violence.

Men who aggress against women: Effects of feminine gender role violation on physical aggression in hypermasculine men.

Research on gender roles has indicated that men who strongly adhere to traditional masculine norms are more aggressive than their less adherent counterparts. Moreover, these men are particularly aggressive toward individuals who demonstrate gender role violations. However, these role violations have commonly been studied in reference to the masculine gender role and have studied extreme violations (i.e., depictions of homosexual intimate behavior). Less studied are violations of the female gender role and how these violations affect men's aggression toward women. In this study, 64 collegiate men participated in a sham aggression paradigm against a female confederate who portrayed either a hyperfeminine (role-conforming) or a hypofeminine (role-violating) woman. Results indicated that hypermasculine men were more aggressive in general, and in particular toward a female confederate who violated feminine gender role norms. Findings are discussed in the context of risk factors for domestic violence perpetrated by men against women.

Sexual Violence Against Women and Children in Chinese Societies

This article provides a comprehensive overview of the reported patterns of sexual violence against women and children in China. It reviews the prevalence of and risk factors for various types of sexual violence and discusses community knowledge and perceptions of these violent acts. It also critically examines three major problems of sexual violence research in China. First, the diversity of findings and study methods reported by surveys and criminal reports reflects the problems in obtaining accurate figures on the scope of the problem. Second, precautions must be taken in reading studies on Chinese culture-specific risk factors for domestic violence. Third, the study of culture-specific factors should not focus solely on cultural factors in a vacuum but rather, should examine traditional culture in the context of modern societies and consensus international standards of human rights. Recommendations for future research are also discussed.

Domestic Violence: The Untold Story

ABSTRACT This article highlights the problem of domestic violence and explanatory variables heretofore not fully addressed in the literature. It focuses on one urban area Chicago with an identifiable inner-city population. Risk factors for domestic violence are hypothesized. The article presents research involving regression analysis of data for the city of Chicago. Results indicate that domestic violence in this sample is impacted by teen births, demographics such as depopulation of the inner city, patterns of racial and ethnic segregation, but chiefly the effects of concentrated poverty.

Correlates of Domestic Violence against Women in Bahr Dar, Amhara Region, Ethiopia

In many developing countries, domestic violence has recently become not only human rights or public health concern but also a development issue. Studies suggest that Ethiopia has the highest prevalence of domestic violence against women. However, evidence from representative, population-based studies is limited and the factors that contribute to this high level of domestic violence are not well documented. This study, using data collected from a sample of married women aged 15-49, attempted to identify the correlates of domestic violence against women in Bahr Dar, the capital city of Amhara Region. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were used in the data analysis. Findings show that a high proportion of the study population experienced recent threats or physical abuse (58%) and that more than 60% of these women reported three or more specific acts of violence over a period of 12 months. Respondents' age, duration of current marriage, number of children greater than four, household size, education, type of marriage arrangement, type of family, and husbands' alcohol drinking habit emerged as powerful risk factors for domestic violence against women. While age at marriage, work status, attitude towards gender roles and decision making in the conjugal household and respondents' experience of fathers beating mothers were found to be weak predictors of violence against women. Eliminating harmful practices such as arranged marriage or marriage by force, enhancing female education, and improving gender equity are suggested as possible interventions for reducing the prevalence of domestic violence against women. Keywords: intimate partner; women; risk factors; alcohol drinking; policeEthiopian Journal of Development Research Vol. 28 (2) 2006: pp. 31-62

Domestic Violence During Pregnancy: Survey of Patients and Healthcare Providers

Domestic violence is a major public health problem; surveys report that 3%-17% of pregnant women suffer from it during their pregnancy, endangering fetal and maternal health. First, we aim (1) to estimate the prevalence of domestic violence in women who had been admitted to the maternity department of a public hospital that provides healthcare to a multicultural population, (2) to identify risk factors for domestic violence, and (3) to evaluate obstetrical complications. Second, we aim (4) to evaluate the attitude of healthcare providers toward screening for domestic violence. For six consecutive weeks, 200 women were systematically interviewed and screened for domestic violence in the early postpartum; 56 healthcare providers were interviewed. Twenty-two women [11%] were victims of violence during their recent pregnancy. These women have less family and social support than nonabused women, have fewer stable relationships, and suffer more frequently from affective disorders. There were no differences in terms of obstetrical complications. Most healthcare providers do not systematically screen for domestic violence during pregnancy because of language and cultural barriers, fear of shocking the patient, and lack of competence in how to manage the problem. Systematic screening for domestic violence should be recommended during pregnancy, considering its high prevalence.

Factors Associated with Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault Victimization

This study explored factors associated with a lifetime history of domestic violence and sexual assault in a sample of welfare recipients in Illinois. Results indicate that childhood exposure to domestic violence is a risk factor for both sexual assault and domestic violence victimization, but that childhood physical abuse is only a risk factor for domestic violence. Increased education and employment skills and having more children were also risk factors for domestic violence victimization. Domestic violence was significantly associated with depression, while sexual assault was associated with low social support and a greater perceived need for mental health services. Frequent alcohol and drug use were not associated with either type of victimization. Research implications are discussed.

Analysis of demographic features on domestic violence

目的 探讨家庭暴力(DV)的社会人口学特征.方法采取多级分层随机抽样方法,用自编DV综合问卷,对300户有暴力家庭,以及按照家庭结构配对选取的300户无暴力家庭有关成员作调查访谈.结果施暴者与受虐者年龄组构成比均以30～39岁最高(分别为40.3%和27.1%),文化程度构成比均以小学以下为最高(分别为32.2%和43.1%).施暴者男性多于女性(70.1% vs 29.9%),受虐者女性多于男性(67.0% vs. 33.0%),两组性别差异有显著性(P <0.001),成年男性施暴的危险度是女性的5.0倍.成年施暴者受教育年限[(8.9±4.7)年]高于受虐者[(7.5±5.2)年](P <0.01),但低于对照组(P <0.05).成年施暴者月经济收入[(709.7±796.4)元]及其占家庭总收入比例[(24.1±32.2)%]均显著高于受虐组[(477.5±489.1)元和(17.3±26.0)%](P <0.05或P <0.01),但低于施暴对照组(P <0.05或P <0.01).男性自评经济状况差、占家庭经济收入比例低是DV的危险因子.结论家庭暴力高发年龄为以30～39岁,施暴者为男性居多,受虐者大多为女性,施暴者与受虐者的文化程度与经济收入均较低,特别是经济收入占家庭总收入比例低者容易受虐。

A comparison of abused and non-abused women's definitions of domestic violence and attitudes to acceptance of male dominance

Objective : To examine the effects of women's subjective definitions of wife abuse and of their general attitudes to acceptance of male dominance on the occurrence of domestic violence. Study design : A case–control survey was conducted in the public health center of Babol University of Medical Sciences from November 2002 to October 2003. The Abuse Assessment Screen Form was used to identify partner violence, and the Abuse Definition Form and Abuse Attitude Form were applied to measure how the women defined wife abuse and their attitudes to male dominance. Results : Women with positive attitudes to male dominance had experienced more physical and emotional abuse than those with negative attitudes toward male dominance ( p < 0.05). Although living in villages, low level of education, female unemployment, and low family income were important risk factors for domestic violence, the strongest predictor of physical abuse was a positive attitude to male dominance. Discussion : A positive attitude of women to male dominance increases the acceptance and frequency of partner violence. This finding shows the need to raise the educational levels of women and raise their awareness of their rights. This could convert an attitude of male dominance to equality of men and women.

Voicing the Silent Fear: South Asian Women's Experiences of Domestic Violence

Abstract: This article examines the subjective experiences of South Asian women in the United Kingdom who have suffered domestic violence, and identifies some of the risk factors for domestic violence within this community. The study, based on in‐depth interviews with 18 Asian women, describes and analyses several aspects of domestic violence in relation to South Asian women. The guiding research questions are: how do Asian women interpret their experiences of domestic violence, and to whom do they report it? This article presents data that suggest that abusive acts against Asian women arise out of a multiplicity of cultural circumstances influenced by power relations. Abusive acts are not therefore limited to a single characteristic, such as physical abuse, or to a particular relationship. Recurrent themes emerge from the women's accounts, revealing their definitions of domestic violence and showing how some continue to play down the levels of violence they experience.The article voices the concerns of and hardships experienced by victims and survivors of domestic violence, in their own words. Finally, the article offers an analysis of the ways in which notions of honour and shame are used both as tools to constrain women's self‐determination and independence, and as catalysts for domestic violence when these notions of family and community are challenged by women.

The Correlation between Race and Domestic Violence is Confounded with Community Context

Why do African Americans appear to have a higher likelihood of engaging in domestic violence than whites? To address this question, we draw on insights from social disorganization theory and recent research on urban poverty. We argue that the apparent correlation between race and domestic violence is confounded with the different ecological contexts typically occupied by African Americans and whites. Using data from wave 2 of the National Survey of Families and Households and the 1990 U.S. census, we show that: (1) rates of domestic violence for both African Americans and whites vary systematically by type of community; (2) the correlation between race and domestic violence is substantially reduced or disappears altogether when whites are compared to African Americans in similar ecological contexts; and (3) individual-level risk factors for domestic violence appear to operate similarly for both African Americans and whites.

Prevalencia y severidad de la violencia contra mujeres embarazadas, México

To determine whether pregnancy is a risk factor for domestic violence and to compare prevalence and severity of violence reported by women before and during pregnancy. There were interviewed 468 women in the third trimester of pregnancy who were seen during prenatal visits at public clinics in the state of Morelos, Mexico. Emotional, physical and sexual violence were investigated. A severity index was built up. Logistic regression analysis was applied in order to identify the main variables associated to domestic violence during pregnancy. The prevalence of domestic violence did not change significantly before and during pregnancy (32%). The prevalence of each type of violence remained the same. About 27% of women who reported violence during pregnancy did not have experience it before, and a comparable proportion had experienced violence before but not during pregnancy. The severity of emotional violence significantly increased during pregnancy (compared to the previous year) whereas the severity of physical violence decreased. Variables most clearly related to violence during pregnancy were: couple's past history of child abuse; women witnessing domestic violence during childhood; and violence in the year before pregnancy. Several risk scenarios were identified, which could be helpful for health care providers. The results showed that emotional violence is more prevalent than physical and sexual violence, allowing for a better understanding of this phenomenon.

Risk factors for domestic violence: findings from a South African cross-sectional study

In 1998 a cross-sectional study of violence against women was undertaken in three provinces of South Africa. The objectives were to measure the prevalence of physical, sexual and emotional abuse of women, to identify risk factors and associated health problems and health service use. A multi-stage sampling design was used with clusters sampled with probability proportional to number of households and households were randomly selected from within clusters. One randomly selected woman aged 18–49 years was interviewed in each selected home. Interviews were held with a total 1306 women, the response rate was 90.3% of eligible women. For the risk factor analysis, multiple logistic regression models were fitted from a large pool of candidate explanatory variables, while allowing for sampling design and interviewer effects. The lifetime prevalence of experiencing physical violence from a current or ex-husband or boyfriend was 24.6%, and 9.5% had been assaulted in the previous year. Domestic violence was significantly positively associated with violence in her childhood, her having no further education, liberal ideas on women's roles, drinking alcohol, having another partner in the year, having a confidant(e), his boy child preference, conflict over his drinking, either partner financially supporting the home, frequent conflict generally, and living outside the Northern Province. No significant associations were found with partners’ ages, employment, migrant status, financial disparity, cohabitation, household possessions, urbanisation, marital status, crowding, communication, his having other partners, his education, her attitudes towards violence or her perceptions of cultural norms on women's role. The findings suggest that domestic violence is most strongly related to the status of women in a society and to the normative use of violence in conflict situations or as part of the exercise of power. We conclude by discussing implications for developing theory on causal factors in domestic violence.