Intracellular free [Ca] [( Ca]i) and transepithelial sodium transport were measured simultaneously in cultured toad bladder cells grown on collagen-coated filters. [Ca]i was measured with fura-2 and fluorescence microscopy while sodium transport was measured as the short-circuit current (Isc) with a voltage clamp. Following stimulation with vasopressin [Ca]i and Isc rose in parallel to maximal values within 10 min. [Ca]i increased from 65 +/- 5 to 123 +/- 12 nM and Isc, from 11 +/- 3 to 25 +/- 6 microA (n = 4). The vasopressin-induced rise in [Ca]i correlated significantly with the increase in Isc, suggesting that the rise in [Ca]i might be necessary for the increase in Isc. If so, then adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP), which mimics the natriferic action of vasopressin, should also increase [Ca]i. Although cAMP increased [Ca]i to a peak value of 32 +/- 13% (P less than 0.05) above control at 10 min, the rise in Isc did not parallel the increase in [Ca]i. Isc peaked instead at 20 min, rising to 114 +/- 25% (P less than 0.05) over control, during which time [Ca]i returned to base line. This result suggested that a steady state increase in [Ca]i was not necessary for the natriferic action of cAMP. This notion was confirmed in experiments in which the vasopressin-induced increase in [Ca]i was prevented by bathing the tissue in a low-[Ca] buffer. Under these conditions, Isc increased 37 +/- 9% above control (P less than 0.05, n = 4) even though [Ca]i remained largely unchanged. Our results suggest that although vasopressin increases [Ca]i in toad bladder cells, the rise in [Ca]i does not seem to play a role in the natriferic response. These experiments also demonstrate the utility of making simultaneous measurements of ion transport and [Ca]i, which allow direct examination of calcium's role in mediating ion transport.