Riparian Canopy Cover Research Articles

Macrophytes as indicators of stream condition in the wet tropics region, Northern Queensland, Australia

This study investigates the use of aquatic macrophytes as indicators of stream condition in catchments with varied land use and levels of riparian disturbance in the Wet Tropics region of North Queensland (Australia), a region of global significance in terms of faunal and floral diversity. In a paired catchment design spatial variations in macrophyte assemblage structure were characterised using multivariate and univariate techniques. Seven metrics were trialled: total macrophyte cover, species richness, % alien taxa, % native taxa, % submerged taxa, % emergent taxa and % Poaceae. Forty-four macrophyte taxa were recorded from the study area. Poaceae, Cyperaceae and mosses were the most frequently recorded taxa. Upper catchment areas in all tributaries surveyed were dominated by mosses and Cladopus queenslandicus (Domin) C.D.K. Cook (Podestemaceae). This assemblage occurred in areas with intact riparian canopy cover and good overall riparian condition. Macrophyte assemblages in lower catchment areas were distributed along gradients of riparian disturbance. Simultaneous autoregression model coefficients indicated that riparian condition had a negative influence on macrophyte cover, species richness and the proportions of alien taxa, emergent taxa and Poaceae present at sites in the Wet Tropics. Macrophyte metrics were not strongly influenced by the types of land use or water quality. These findings suggest that a riparian condition assessment would provide an adequate first assessment of the state of aquatic macrophyte assemblages in Wet Tropics streams.

Association of reduced riparian vegetation cover in agricultural landscapes with coarse detritus dynamics in lowland streams

Studies were conducted on streams flowing through agricultural floodplains in south-eastern Australia to quantify whether reductions in riparian canopy cover were associated with alterations to the input and benthic standing stocks of coarse allochthonous detritus. Comparisons were made among three farmland reaches and three reaches within reserves with intact cover of remnant overstorey trees. Detritus inputs to these reaches were measured monthly over 2 years using litter traps. Direct inputs to streams within the reserves were relatively high (550–617 g ash free dry weight (AFDW) m–2 year–1), but were lower at farmland reaches with the lowest canopy covers (83–117 gAFDW m–2 year–1). Only a minor fraction of the total allochthonous input (<10%) entered any of the study reaches laterally. The mean amounts of benthic detritus were lowest in the most open farmland reaches. Standing stocks of benthic detritus were found to be highly patchy across a large number of agricultural streams, but were consistently very low where the streamside canopy cover was below ~35%. Canopy cover should be restored along cleared agricultural streams because allochthonous detritus is a major source of food and habitat for aquatic ecosystems. Given the absence of pristine lowland streams in south-eastern Australia, those reaches with the most intact remnant overstorey canopies should be used to guide restoration.

Multiscale effects of flow regime and habitat and their interaction on fish assemblage structure in eastern Australia

We examine the multiscale influence of environmental and hydrological features of the riverine landscape on spatial and temporal variation in fish assemblages in eastern Australia. Multiresponse artificial neural network models provided accurate predictions of fish assemblages in the Mary River based on species presence–absence data (mean Bray–Curtis similarity between predicted and observed composition = 84%) but were less accurate when based on species relative abundance or biomass (mean similarity = 62% and 59%, respectively). Landscape- and local-scale habitat variables (e.g., catchment area and riparian canopy cover) and characteristics of the long-term flow regime (e.g., variability and predictability of flows) were more important predictors of fish assemblages than variables describing the short-term history of hydrological events. The relative importance of these variables was broadly similar for predicting species occurrence, relative abundance, or biomass. The transferability of the Mary River predictive models to the nearby Albert River was high for species presence–absence (i.e., closer match between predicted and observed data) compared with species abundances or biomass. This suggests that the same landscape-scale features are important determinants of distribution of individual species in both rivers but that interactions between landscape, hydrology, and local habitat features that collectively determine abundance and biomass may differ.

Diet partitioning in sympatric Atlantic salmon and brown trout in streams with contrasting riparian vegetation

Prey intake by Atlantic salmon Salmo salar and brown trout Salmo trutta was measured across different riparian vegetation types: grassland, open canopy deciduous and closed canopy deciduous, in upland streams in County Mayo, Western Ireland. Fishes were collected by electrofishing while invertebrates were sampled from the benthos using a Surber sampler and drifting invertebrates collected in drift traps. Aquatic invertebrates dominated prey numbers in the diets of 0+ year Atlantic salmon and brown trout and 1+ year Atlantic salmon, whereas terrestrial invertebrates were of greater importance for diets of 1+ and 2+ year brown trout. Terrestrial prey biomass was generally greater than aquatic prey for 1+ and 2+ year brown trout across seasons and riparian types. Prey intake was greatest in spring and summer and least in autumn apart from 2+ year brown trout that sustained feeding into autumn. Total prey numbers captured tended to be greater for all age classes in streams with deciduous riparian canopy. Atlantic salmon consumed more aquatic prey and brown trout more terrestrial prey with an ontogenetic increase in prey species richness and diversity. Atlantic salmon and brown trout diets were most similar in summer. Terrestrial invertebrates provided an important energy subsidy particularly for brown trout. In grassland streams, each fish age class was strongly associated with aquatic, mainly benthic invertebrates. In streams with deciduous riparian canopy cover, diet composition partitioned between conspecifics with older brown trout associated with surface drifting terrestrial invertebrates and older Atlantic salmon associated with aquatic invertebrates with a high drift propensity in the water column and 0+ year fish feeding on benthic aquatic invertebrates. Deciduous riparian canopy cover may therefore facilitate vertical partitioning of feeding position within the water column between sympatric Atlantic salmon and brown trout. Implications for riparian management are discussed.

Influence of Timber Harvesting on Headwater Peak Stream Temperatures in a Northern Idaho Watershed

Abstract Concerns regarding the impacts of contemporary timber harvest practices on stream water temperature emphasize the need for improved understanding of temperature patterns and changes related to disturbances in headwater catchments. A network of water temperature recorders was installed in the Mica Creek Experimental Watershed in northern Idaho to investigate the relationships among forest treatments, stream temperatures, and riparian cover. Sensors were placed in first-order, nonfish-bearing unimpacted reaches, nonfish-bearing harvested reaches, and downstream into second- and third-order fish-bearing reaches of the stream network. Treated watersheds consisted of 50% canopy removal by contemporary clearcut methods and selective cut practices. Riparian canopy cover in the first-order reaches was measured during the pretreatment and posttreatment periods with a spherical densiometer. Despite estimated increases of up to 3.6°C in the directly impacted nonfish-bearing reaches, there was no significant increase in water temperature maxima at the downstream fish-bearing sites. Results also demonstrate that water temperatures in headwater stream networks can be highly variable and that the potential shade value of understory vegetation in harvested areas should not be overlooked. Continued monitoring at these sites is planned to evaluate peak water temperature trends during canopy regrowth and hydrologic recovery.

Secondary production of Gammarus pulex Linnaeus in small temperate streams that differ in riparian canopy cover

Variation in the amount of riparian canopy cover affects bioenergetic processes in streams. Effects of canopy opening on environmental parameters including water temperature and the quality and quantity of food resources (leaf litter and/or associated biofilm) are likely to influence detritivore production. The objective of this study was to quantify population dynamics of the common shredder Gammarus pulex in three temperate lowland stream reaches that differ in riparian canopy cover. Benthic samples were taken monthly from October 2001 until October 2002, and secondary production was estimated using the size-frequency method. Populations differed in size/age structure, length-weight ratio, mean and maximum amphipod size, which were related to the amount of riparian canopy cover. Population density and secondary production were less clearly associated with canopy cover, which was probably related to a difference in fish predation between sites. Canopy opening was associated with differences in the range of variation in annual thermal conditions and most likely in the nutritional quality (microflora) of the food source, whereas the autumnal pulse of leaf fall lead to oxygen depletion at the heavily shaded woodland reach. Our study demonstrated that moderate differences in riparian canopy cover affect shredder-detritivore population dynamics and suggests that even detrital-based and shredder-dominated food webs can be influenced by the indirect effects of light. The temporal differences in temperature appear biologically less important unlike the effect of increased algal production. Whereas the array of interacting factors (temperature, radiation, leaf processing and microbial colonization) emphasize the complexity of effects associated with canopy opening.

Older is Better: Beaver Ponds on Boreal Streams as Breeding Habitat for the Wood Frog

Succession of stream ponds mediated by beaver (Castor canadensis) damming and foraging in riparian zones may contribute to changes in amphibian populations. Our study examined the use of beaver ponds by the wood frog (Rana sylvatica) in a network of boreal streams in west-central Alberta, Canada. We quantified relations between breeding populations of wood frogs estimated from call surveys and pond age and riparian canopy cover, and we compared an index of juvenile recruitment to metamorphosis estimated with pitfall trap captures between new (<10 yr) and old (>25 yr) beaver ponds. We also conducted an in-pond enclosure experiment to determine if differences in physicochemical conditions of new versus old ponds influenced larval performance. Regression and Akaike's Information Criterion model averaging indicated that both density and calling intensity of male wood frogs at beaver ponds had a negative relationship with percent riparian canopy cover and had a positive relationship with pond age. The best a priori statistical models, however, included riparian canopy cover rather than pond age as a significant covariate. Old ponds had reduced riparian canopy and greater abundance of submergent vegetation, thermal degree-days, and dissolved oxygen concentrations compared to newly formed ponds. While survival of larval wood frogs in enclosures did not differ between pond age classes, growth and development rates in old ponds were greater than in new ponds. In addition to warmer water in old ponds, results from a laboratory experiment suggest that higher concentrations of dissolved oxygen characteristic of old ponds can enhance larval growth rates. Older beaver ponds may support more breeding wood frogs due to adult selection for open-canopy ponds and the associated larval environments favourable for high rates of juvenile recruitment. Forest management that protects beaver and their food supplies may also promote healthy populations of boreal amphibians.

Invasion Patterns along Elevation and Urbanization Gradients in Hawaiian Streams

AbstractHawaii's extreme isolation has resulted in a native stream fauna characterized by high endemism and unusual life history characteristics. With the rapid increase in the human population, the viability of Hawaiian stream ecosystems is threatened by development and the associated habitat alteration. Thirty‐eight sites on three islands (Oahu, Kauai, and Hawaii) were sampled to determine how habitat alteration resulting from urbanization and development was associated with the establishment of introduced species. Undeveloped sites had higher streamflow velocities, more riffles, lower embeddedness, deeper water, larger substrate, and lower water temperature than developed sites. Developed sites additionally had more pools and greater sparseness of riparian canopy cover. Overall, 23 fish species from 11 families and 5 crustacean species from 3 families were collected. Of these, 16 fish species and 3 crustacean species were introduced. Developed sites had on average almost twice as many species as undeveloped sites and were dominated by introduced species. Low‐elevation sites were the most developed and supported the highest number of introduced species. However, species composition at some relatively undeveloped sites was impacted by downstream habitat alteration, since all native species must pass through the lower reaches to complete their life cycles. With increasing urbanization and development, the habitat features required by native species are disappearing and streams are becoming more suitable for generalist introduced species, which are typically better adapted for altered habitats than are native species. As development pressures in tropical island ecosystems increase worldwide, this will become an increasingly important issue globally. An understanding of which habitats are most likely to support nonnative species provides information necessary for developing a management strategy to protect aquatic ecosystems from invasive nonnative species.

Spatial and Seasonal Dynamics of Brook Trout Populations Inhabiting a Central Appalachian Watershed

AbstractWe quantified the watershed‐scale spatial population dynamics of brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis in the Second Fork, a third‐order tributary of Shavers Fork in eastern West Virginia. We used visual surveys, electrofishing, and mark–recapture techniques to quantify brook trout spawning intensity, population density, size structure, and demographic rates (apparent survival and immigration) throughout the watershed. Our analyses produced the following results. Spawning by brook trout was concentrated in streams with small basin areas (i.e., segments draining less than 3 km2), relatively high alkalinity (&gt;10 mg CaCO3/L), and high amounts of instream cover. The spatial distribution of juvenile and small‐adult brook trout within the watershed was relatively stable and was significantly correlated with spawning intensity. However, no such relationship was observed for large adults, which exhibited highly variable distribution patterns related to seasonally important habitat features, including instream cover, stream depth and width, and riparian canopy cover. Brook trout survival and immigration rates varied seasonally, spatially, and among size‐classes. Differential survival and immigration tended to concentrate juveniles and small adults in small, alkaline streams, whereas dispersal tended to redistribute large adults at the watershed scale. Our results suggest that spatial and temporal variations in spawning, survival, and movement interact to determine the distribution, abundance, and size structure of brook trout populations at a watershed scale. These results underscore the importance of small tributaries for the persistence of brook trout in this watershed and the need to consider watershed‐scale processes when designing management plans for Appalachian brook trout populations.

Restoring Stream Ecosystems: Lessons from a Midwestern State

Abstract Reach‐scale stream restorations are becoming a common approach to repair degraded streams, but the effectiveness of these projects is rarely evaluated or reported. We surveyed governmental, private, and nonprofit organizations in the state of Indiana to determine the frequency and nature of reach‐scale stream restorations in this midwestern U.S. state. For 10 attempted restorations in Indiana, questionnaires and on‐site assessments were used to better evaluate current designs for restoring stream ecosystems. At each restoration site, habitat and water quality were evaluated in restored and unrestored reaches. Our surveys identified commonalities across all restorations, including the type of restoration, project goals, structures installed, and level of monitoring conducted. In general, most restorations were described as stream‐relocation projects that combined riparian and in‐stream enhancements. Fewer than half of the restorations conducted pre‐ or post‐restoration monitoring, and most monitoring involved evaluations of riparian vegetation rather than aquatic variables. On‐site assessments revealed that restored reaches had significantly lower stream widths and greater depths than did upstream unrestored reaches, but riparian canopy cover often was lower in restored than in unrestored reaches. This study provides basic information on midwestern restoration strategies, which is needed to identify strengths and weaknesses in current practices and to better inform future stream restorations.

Effects of deforestation on macroinvertebrate diversity and assemblage structure in Ecuadorian Amazon streams

The effects of deforestation on stream macroinvertebrate faunas were studied at twelve sites located in an area of fragmented rainforest in the Ecuadorian Amazon. The most pronounced changes in habitat characteristics with reduced riparian canopy cover were a reduced amount of litter detritus on the streambed and an increased periphyton biomass. Alpha diversity decreased with the degree of deforestation. Beta diversity was also lower in deforested than forested sites, indicating that macroinvertebrate composition among the forested sites were more heterogeneous than among the deforested sites. Total macroinvertebrate density increased with decreasing canopy cover, and with increasing periphyton biomass. The relative density of Ptilodactylidae, Tanypodinae, Euthyplociidae, Libellulidae and Megapodagrionidae were positively related with either canopy cover or litter detritus. A marked effect on the trophic structure of the macroinvertebrate fauna was found. The relative density of collectors decreased with canopy cover and the amount of litter detritus, while the relative density of predators increased. Shredder abundance was low and unrelated with canopy cover. Temporal variability in the macroinvertebrate data were greater in the deforested sites than in the forested sites. Using two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN) and principal components analysis (PCA) riparian canopy cover was found important structuring the macroinvertebrate assemblages. Litter detritus associated with particulate organic material was the main variable related with the PCA ordination axes.

Spatial variation in the distribution and abundance of submersed macrophytes in an Australian subtropical river

Spatial variation in the distribution and abundance of submersed macrophytes in the Mary River, a subtropical Australian river, was examined at 29 sites on four occasions (116 samples) over a 1 year period. Thirteen submersed macrophyte taxa representing seven families were recorded during the study period. Submersed macrophyte cover was generally patchy and mean quadrat cover per sample was below 7% for every recorded taxon. Classification and ordination identified four distinct groups characterised by differences in submersed macrophyte abundance and associated environmental variables. Three of the four groups were characterised by different abundances of three core taxa, Myriophyllum verrucosum, Vallisneria nana and Potamogeton crispus. The distribution of the four sample groups within the Mary River catchment was associated with two environmental gradients, the first gradient representing discharge intensity, discharge variability and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) concentration and the second gradient representing discharge intensity, substrate composition, riparian canopy cover and total phosphorus (TP) concentration. Both environmental gradients were constrained by geomorphology at the catchment as well as the reach scale. Our findings are consistent with a general conceptual model that highlights the importance of major environmental gradients in structuring submersed macrophyte assemblages.

Benthic microbial respiration in Appalachian Mountain, Piedmont, and Coastal Plains streams of the eastern U.S.A.

1. Benthic microbial respiration was measured in 214 streams in the Appalachian Mountain, Piedmont, and Coastal Plains regions of the eastern United States in summer 1997 and 1998.2. Respiration was measured as both O2 consumption in sealed microcosms and as dehydrogenase activity (DHA) of the sediments contained within the microcosms.3. Benthic microbial respiration in streams of the eastern U.S., as O2 consumption, was 0.37 ± 0.03 mg O2 m–2 day–1. Respiration as DHA averaged 1.21 ± 0.08 mg O2 m–2 day–14. No significant differences in O2 consumption or DHA were found among geographical provinces or stream size classes, nor among catchment basins for O2 consumption, but DHA was significantly higher in the other Atlantic (non‐Chesapeake Bay) catchment basins.5. Canonical correlation analyses generated two environmental axes. The stronger canonical axis (W1) represented a chemical disturbance gradient that was negatively correlated with signatures of anthropogenic impacts (ANC, Cl–, pH, SO42), and positively correlated with riparian canopy cover and stream water dissolved organic carbon concentration (DOC). A weaker canonical axis (W2) was postively correlated with pH, riparian zone agriculture, and stream depth, and negatively correlated with DOC and elevation of the stream. Oxygen consumption was significantly correlated with W2 whereas DHA was significantly correlated with W1.6. The strengths of the correlations of DHA with environmental variables, particularly those that are proven indicators of catchment disturbances and with the canonical axis, suggest that DHA is a more responsive measure of benthic microbial activity than is O2 consumption.

Watershed-Scale Comparisons of Algal Biodiversity in High-Quality Proximate Hawaiian Stream Ecosystems

The stream macroalgal floras of two proximate, high-quality stream valleys (Hanakapi'ai and Limahuli) located on the northern quadrant of the Hawaiian island of Kaua'i were inventoried and compared on a watershed scale, providing interesting insight into Hawai'iOs potential taxonomic diversity and the influential role played by physical factors in shaping community characteristics. A total of 26 species of macroalgae (five Cyanophyta, 18 Chlorophyta, one Rhodophyta, and two Chromophyta) was identified, of which only eight were common to both streams. Chlorophyta composed the majority of macroalgal taxa identified (63.2% in Hanakapo'ai Stream and 66.7% in Limahuli Stream). Three macroalgal species are new records for Hawai'i and one (Chamaesiphon curvatus var. elongatum Nordst.) is a Hawaiian endemic. Significant differences in the macroalgal densities between Hanakapo'ai and Limahuli Streams (Chlorophyta versus Chromophyta, respectively) were attributed to measured differences in riparian canopy cover (34.8% versus 70.0% closed, respectively). Significantly lower densities of macroalgal species in riffle-run habitats in Hanakapi'ai as compared with Limahuli Stream were potentially explainable by top-down control by robust populations of native herbivorous fish species.

The relative importance of shading and nutrients on algal production in subtropical streams

1. We used artificial substrata in forested and open streams in South‐East Queensland, Australia, to determine the relative importance of shading from riparian vegetation and of nutrients on periphyton growth, and whether nitrogen and/or phosphorus limited algal productivity.2. Nutrient‐diffusing substrata consisting of agar enriched with N, P and N + P, and controls without nutrients, were deployed in duplicate at 15 sites in headwater streams with riparian canopy cover ranging from 0 to 88%.3. Shading was the over‐riding factor controlling periphyton biomass accrual on the artificial substrata, with nutrients playing a relatively minor role. Microscopic examination of periphyton scrapings taken after 7 weeks revealed that diatoms dominated on the artificial substrata in shaded streams, whereas filamentous green algae dominated the algal assemblage in the more open canopy streams.4. Whilst nutrients had little effect on the accrual of algal biomass compared with riparian shading, there was evidence that nitrogen, and not phosphorus, stimulated periphyton production in streams with sufficient light.

Ecosystem measures of river health and their response to riparian and catchment degradation

Summary1. Measurements of ecological patterns are often used as primary biological indicators of river health. However, these patterns provide little information about important stream ecosystem processes (e.g. the sources and fate of energy and nutrients). The direct measurement of these processes is considered fundamental to the determination of the health of stream and river ecosystems.2. In this paper we used two basic approaches to assess stream ecosystem response to catchment disturbance and, particularly, to the loss of riparian vegetation in different forested biomes across Australia. Benthic gross primary production (GPP) and respiration (R24) provided measures of the amounts of organic carbon produced and consumed within the system, respectively. Stable isotope analysis was used to trace the fate of terrestrial and instream sources of organic matter in the aquatic food web. In a focal catchment in SE Queensland, additional measurements were taken of riparian attributes, catchment features and water quality.3. Baseline measurements of GPP and R24 from undisturbed forest streams provided reference values for healthy streams for comparison with sites where the catchment or riparian vegetation had been disturbed. These values of metabolism were low by world standards in all biomes examined. Preliminary data from the Mary River catchment in SE Queensland indicated that these parameters were sensitive to variations in riparian canopy cover and, to a lesser extent, catchment clearing, and predictive models were developed. The ratio P : R (GPP : R24) was used to determine whether sites were net consumers (P &lt; R) or producers (P &gt; R) of carbon but this was not considered a reliable indicator of stream health on its own.4. Although forest streams were typically net consumers of carbon (P &lt; &lt; R), stable isotope analysis of metazoan food webs indicated a high dependence on inconspicuous epilithic algae in some biomes.5. A dramatic decline in the health of forest streams was observed when GPP substantially exceeded R24, especially when instream primary producers shifted from palatable unicellular algae to prolific filamentous green algae and macrophytes. These sources of instream production do not appear to enter aquatic food webs, either directly through grazing or indirectly through a detrital loop. Accumulation of these plants has led to changes in channel morphology, loss of aquatic habitat and often a major decline in water quality in some of the streams studied.

Organic Matter Dynamics in the West Fork of Walker Branch, Tennessee, USA

Previous articleNext article No AccessStream Organic Matter BudgetsOrganic Matter Dynamics in the West Fork of Walker Branch, Tennessee, USAP. J. MulhollandP. J. Mulholland Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Volume 16, Number 1Mar., 1997 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2307/1468235 Views: 7Total views on this site Citations: 17Citations are reported from Crossref Journal History This article was published in the Journal of the North American Benthological Society (1986-2011), which is continued by Freshwater Science (2012-present). Copyright 1997 The North American Benthological SocietyPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:J. David Allan, Maria M. Castillo, Krista A. Capps Detrital Energy and the Decomposition of Organic Matter, (Mar 2021): 177–224.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61286-3_7Florian Caillon, Jakob Schelker Dynamic transfer of soil bacteria and dissolved organic carbon into small streams during hydrological events, Aquatic Sciences 82, no.22 (Mar 2020).https://doi.org/10.1007/s00027-020-0714-4Jesús Pozo, Arturo Elosegi Coarse Benthic Organic Matter, (Jul 2020): 29–35.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30515-4_4Astrid Harjung, Elisabet Ejarque, Tom Battin, Andrea Butturini, Francesc Sabater, Masumi Stadler, Jakob Schelker Experimental evidence reveals impact of drought periods on dissolved organic matter quality and ecosystem metabolism in subalpine streams, Limnology and Oceanography 64, no.11 (Aug 2018): 46–60.https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.11018Ryan A. McManamay, Matthew J. Troia, Christopher R. DeRolph, Arlene Olivero Sheldon, Analie R. Barnett, Shih-Chieh Kao, Mark G. Anderson, Steven Arthur Loiselle A stream classification system to explore the physical habitat diversity and anthropogenic impacts in riverscapes of the eastern United States, PLOS ONE 13, no.66 (Jun 2018): e0198439.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0198439Jeremy M. Alberts, Jake J. Beaulieu, Ishi Buffam Watershed Land Use and Seasonal Variation Constrain the Influence of Riparian Canopy Cover on Stream Ecosystem Metabolism, Ecosystems 20, no.33 (Sep 2016): 553–567.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-016-0040-9Scott C. Brooks, Craig C. Brandt, Natalie A. Griffiths Estimating uncertainty in ambient and saturation nutrient uptake metrics from nutrient pulse releases in stream ecosystems, Limnology and Oceanography: Methods 15, no.11 (Oct 2016): 22–37.https://doi.org/10.1002/lom3.10139Natalie A. Griffiths and Scott D. Tiegs Organic-matter decomposition along a temperature gradient in a forested headwater stream, Freshwater Science 35, no.22 (Feb 2016): 518–533.https://doi.org/10.1086/685657Natalie A. Griffiths, Jennifer L. Tank, Todd V. Royer, Thomas J. Warrner, Therese C. Frauendorf, Emma J. Rosi-Marshall, Matt R. Whiles Temporal variation in organic carbon spiraling in Midwestern agricultural streams, Biogeochemistry 108, no.1-31-3 (Mar 2011): 149–169.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-011-9585-zE. S. Kane, E. F. Betts, A. J. Burgin, H. M. Clilverd, C. L. Crenshaw, J. B. Fellman, I. H. Myers-Smith, J. A. O'Donnell, D. J. Sobota, W. J. Van Verseveld, J. B. Jones Precipitation control over inorganic nitrogen import-export budgets across watersheds: a synthesis of long-term ecological research, Ecohydrology 1, no.22 (Jan 2008): 105–117.https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.10HOLLY L. MENNINGER, MARGARET A. PALMER Herbs and grasses as an allochthonous resource in open-canopy headwater streams, Freshwater Biology 52, no.99 (Sep 2007): 1689–1699.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2007.01797.xVicenç Acuña,* Adonis Giorgi,† Isabel Muñoz,‡ Francesc Sabater,§ and Sergi Sabater∥ Meteorological and riparian influences on organic matter dynamics in a forested Mediterranean stream, Journal of the North American Benthological Society 26, no.11 (Jul 2015): 54–69.https://doi.org/10.1899/0887-3593(2007)26[54:MARIOO]2.0.CO;2Salvador Mollá, Santiago Robles, Carmen Casado Seasonal Variability of Particulate Organic Matter in a Mountain Stream in Central Spain, International Review of Hydrobiology 91, no.55 (Oct 2006): 406–422.https://doi.org/10.1002/iroh.200510857Mark S. Johnson, Johannes Lehmann, Evandro Carlos Selva, Mara Abdo, Susan Riha, Eduardo Guimarães Couto Organic carbon fluxes within and streamwater exports from headwater catchments in the southern Amazon, Hydrological Processes 20, no.1212 (Jan 2006): 2599–2614.https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.6218Jon Molinero, Jesus Pozo Impact of a eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus Labill.) plantation on the nutrient content and dynamics of coarse particulate organic matter (CPOM) in a small stream, Hydrobiologia 528, no.1-31-3 (Oct 2004): 143–165.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-004-2338-4Lara A. Martin,* Patrick J. Mulholland, Jackson R. Webster, and H. Maurice Valett Denitrification potential in sediments of headwater streams in the southern Appalachian Mountains, USA, Journal of the North American Benthological Society 20, no.44 (Jul 2015): 505–519.https://doi.org/10.2307/1468084John F. McCarthy, George R. Southworth, Kenneth D. Ham, Jennifer A. Palmer Time-integrated, flux-based monitoring using semipermeable membrane devices to estimate the contribution of industrial facilities to regional polychlorinated biphenyl budgets, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 19, no.22 (Feb 2000): 352–359.https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620190215

Large-Scale Trends for Stream Benthic Respiration

Large-Scale Trends for Stream Benthic Respiration