Ring Patch Research Articles

ON THE USE OF TERMS «RING» AND «PAD» FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF SEPARATE KNOTS OF STRUCTURES IN THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY

Scientific knowledge and the emergence of new concepts are components of the development of the potential of science and technology. Systematization and assignment of a clear function to each term are important tasks in conducting any scientific research and study of the material. Strengthening the holes in the pressure vessels and strengthening the branches of pipeline T-joints with reinforcing elements are similar processes in their technological principle. The work analyzes such generally accepted terms of these reinforcing elements as: «patch ring» and «reinforcement ring» related to pressure vessels and «reinforcement pad», «pad», «strengthening pad» and «collar» relating to the pipeline transportation system. These parts are similar in design, assembly technology, and welding and technical purpose. In regulatory documents and scientific literature, these terms often replace each other. The analysis was carried out not only for domestic sources but also for English regulatory documents. After analyzing various sources, it was found out that the term «ring» was entrenched behind the branch of vessels and devices operating under pressure, and «pad» - in the pipeline transportation system. In the scientific community, there is no clear answer to the question of why such similar reinforcing elements of units for the technological process of welding and assembling have adopted different names. The analysis of terminology showed that the term «patch ring» has a clear fixed content, most accurately describes the purpose of the reinforcing element and its geometric shape, meets all the norms and rules of the Russian language and has all the necessary and sufficient features.

Miniaturised wideband antenna with low profile based on dual‐layer metasurface

A novel miniaturised wideband antenna based on dual-layer metasurface (MS) is proposed in this study. It is composed of three metallic and two substrate layers. The top metallic layer is the MS whose unit is a square patch etched four interlaced quarter arc-shaped slots (PQAS). The middle metallic layer is a circular ring patch. The bottom metallic layer is the MS formed by the square metal ring (SMR). The top MS with PQAS and the bottom MS with SMR are combined which serve as a radiator and ground plane of the antenna directly, not a reflector. Thus, avoiding air layer, a low profile of 0.014 λ 0 (λ 0 is the guided wavelength at 2.57 GHz) is realised. Meanwhile, the impedance bandwidth and gain of the antenna are improved. The measured results show that the −10-dB impedance bandwidth of the proposed MS antenna is from 2.57 to 4.12 GHz (the relative bandwidth is 46.3%). Furthermore, the maximum gain reaches 4.17 dBi.

Design, simulation and measurement of triple band annular ring microstrip antenna based on shape of crescent moon

In this paper a novel structure of an annular ring patch microstrip antenna based on Shape of Crescents Moon (SCMs) is designed, simulated and measured to operating with multiband applications. It is different parameters such as input impedance, return loss, gain, surface currents and radiation patterns were studying. This design consists of five SCMs in different sizes. Three of SCMs are arranged inside the annular ring patch and the others two are located outside. It is found that the proposed antenna possess triple band frequency which signify the multiband and compactness of antenna. The fabricated antenna is resonating at threefrequencies11.30, 18.07 and 20.72 GHz. This design is simulated using Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) and it compared with the obtained measurement data. Interestingly, the comparison results are in good agreement. The bandwidths of measured return loss at −10 dB corresponding with the X-, Ku- and K-bands frequencies which are 474, 620 and 810 MHz, respectively. Also, the antenna designed is useful for many services operations at these bands frequency and it is applications.

Design a compact square ring patch antenna with AMC for SAR reduction in WBAN applications

In this paper presents a compact square ring patch antenna with miniaturized AMC structure at 5.8 GHz for WBAN applications. To minimize detuning, keeping its radiation efficiency high and acceptable gain while keeping the SAR levels low for safety is a challenging task. One of the critical issues in WBAN antenna design is the size of the antenna for portable devices, because the size affects the gain and bandwidth. The AMC configuration decreases the back radiation and the effect frequency detuning results from the high loss in the human body. Furthermore, the AMC also increases the front-to-back ratio (FBR) of 15.3 dB. The proposed antenna has dimensions of 15.27×15.27×2.2 mm3 and provides a 404 MHz impedance bandwidth, with a gain improvement of 8.69 dBi and a 93.7% reduction of the initial SAR value. For this reason, the antenna is suitable for WBAN application in various fields, particularly in medical technology.

Electrically small, planar, wideband filtering antenna with dual ring patches

A simple, planar, electrically small antenna with both wide bandwidth and good out-of-band filtering selectivity is presented. The proposed filtering antenna is mainly composed of a small driven patch and a slotted ground plane. Two slots are etched in the ground plane to form two square ring patches that can generate a new resonant mode and two radiation zeros, and a T-shaped stub is loaded not only to enhance the impedance bandwidth but also to increase the out-of-band rejection level. A prototype is fabricated and measured. The measured -10 dB fractional impedance bandwidth is 23.05% (2.61-3.29 GHz) centred at 2.95 GHz with the realised gain values 2.95 ± 0.34 dBi in the operational band, with two radiation zeros located at 2.27 and 3.62 GHz, respectively, even with electrically small size ka = 0.98. The experimental results are in good agreement with the simulated values.

A Mode Reconfigurable Orbital Angular Momentum Water Antenna

In this paper, a water antenna has been designed to generate tunable orbital angular momentum (OAM) vortex wave. With a revisiting theoretical analysis about radiation characteristic of the shorted ring patch fed by two probes, a frequency dependent single shorted ring water antenna is designed. With the increase of the operating frequency, the single-ring water antenna can radiate the OAM waves with the changeable modes. Furthermore, a dual shorted ring water antenna is proposed. With a tunable feeding network, the OAM waves with the reconfigurable modes including the l = 1, l = 2 and mixed modes can be radiated by adjusting ON/OFF states of the PIN diode. The prototype of the dual-ring water antenna is fabricated and measured. Good agreement between the simulation and the measurement demonstrates that the overlapped bandwidth for three states covers 2.35~2.55 GHz with a good mode purity.

A 320 GHz Octagonal Shorted Annular Ring On-Chip Antenna Array

In this paper, an octagonal shorted annular ring (OSAR) antenna array is presented based on 130-nm SiGe BiCMOS technology without any post-processes. The OSAR antenna consists of annular ring patch, an array of shorted pins and ground which is formed a cavity to enhance the gain and reduce surface waves. The 1 x 2 OSAR antenna array is designed and fabricated with the die area of 550 x 1100μm 2 . The measured -10-dB impedance bandwidth is more than 17 GHz (303-320 GHz). The proposed on-chip antenna array is achieved a measurement perk gain of 4.1 dBi at 320 GHz and the simulated radiation efficiency of 38 %.

A Compact Hybrid Ring Patch Antenna For Fixed Communication Applications

A minimal double recurrence hybrid ring patch antenna intended to operate for the fixed correspondence applications in the Ku band with a working recurrence of 12.77GHz and 17.88GHz is presented. The radiator has been considered as hydrid ring to get the essential recurrence of activity. Fire resistant Glass epoxy substrate with a 50ω microstrip line is utilized to energize the antenna. Opened fix alongside stub method has been actualized to accomplish the double recurrence of activity. Proposed antenna in as two radiators of which one is external border of patch and the other is the internal edge. The general component of the radio wire is 14.3mm×14.3mm×2mm which is 0.61λ×0.61λ making the it a minimized one. It is having double recurrence of activity at the frequencies of 12.77GHz and 17.88GHz with an gain of 2.80dB and 3.31dB. Industrially accessible 3D test system Ansys HFSS programming has been utilized to structure the proposed antenna.

L/S Multiband Frequency-Reconfigurable Antenna for Satellite Applications

A novel multiband frequency-reconfigurable antenna is presented. The designed antenna can realize L-band single-frequency operation and S-band dual-frequency operation through electronic tuning. Annular ring and sawtooth patches are used as radiators for L/S-band operation and are excited by a broadband reconfigurable orthogonal network through the coupling of a T-shaped slot and a ring slot in the ground plane, respectively. By changing the bias of the p-i-n diodes loaded on the feed network, the operating frequency can be switched between the navigation state and the satellite link receiving state. A high tuning frequency ratio (1.64:1) is obtained. The simulated and measured results show good agreement. Good impedance matching (VSWR <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$&lt; $</tex-math></inline-formula> 1.3) and circular polarization characteristics (AR <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$&lt; $</tex-math></inline-formula> 3) are obtained in all three operating bands. Achievement of a highly reconfigurable frequency ratio of a circularly polarized antenna provides solutions for multifunction CP antenna aperture sharing.

Multi-beam collimating meta-corners

We demonstrate the generation of multiple highly directive beams in an angular range larger than 180-degrees from meta-surfaces formed of -shaped corners. More specifically, the meta-reflecting-corner and the meta-transmitting-corner are devised respectively to create well-collimated beams as a corner-reflector and a corner-lens through properly arranged sub-wavelength ring patches on the meta-surfaces. The corner-reflector requires a single layered meta-surface to accomplish the beam collimation, while the corner-lens applies multi-layered meta-surfaces to obtain the desired phase coverage with satisfactory transmittance. We continue to integrate the meta-mirror and the meta-lens into a single meta-corner, and generate multiple highly directive beams radiating forwards and backwards in the 360-degree universal angular scope rather than a half-space merely in the reflecting spectrum or solely in the transmitting regime. Finally, we fabricate such meta-corners and demonstrate the perfect generation of multiple highly directive beams.

Integration of Microstrip Patch Antenna with Flexible Thin Film Solar Cell

The implementation of flexible Dual band rectangular ring patch antenna combined with a thin film solar cell is reported. The multiple layers in the encapsulation of the thin film solar cell are used as substrate for the antenna design. The measured impedance bandwidth of the proposed solar antenna are 1.82 GHz-1.87 GHz (2.71%) centered at 1.85 GHz and 2.38 GHz-2.48 GHz (4.11%) at 2.45 GHz .The measured gain at 1.85 and 2.45 GHz are 4.47 dBi and 4.16 dBi respectively. The flexibility of the antenna is also tested by bending radius of 6cm was used and antenna performed well in bent Condition too. This antenna is suitable for applications like wearable Radio Frequency energy harvesting, to powering the implanted electronics or sensors.

Design Analysis and Performance Evaluation of Annulus Patch Antennas

The paper presents a detailed investigation of various types of circular ring patch antennas and their importance in Wireless Communications, especially under satellite Frequency Applications. The main focus is considered on the typical resonant frequencies, design parameters, theoretical foundations on the shape, equivalent circuits and various applications of the ring patch antennas. Design, simulation and comparison of different structures of patches with annulus patch were also presented to justify the investigation.

A Compact Single-Feed Patch Antenna with Frequency and Polarization Diversity

A new compact single feed square ring patch antenna using meandered 4λ transformer is designed, for frequency and polarization diversity. The proposed antenna is constructed from a square ring patch antenna, and two orthogonal meandered cascaded 4λ transformer (OMCT), incorporated with six switches for frequency and polarization reconfiguration purposes. The OMCT with switches is necessary to get good impedance bandwidth (BW) and axial ratio bandwidth (ARBW) for circular polarization state. In addition, it utilized to excite the antenna at two orthogonal locations, with equal magnitude and quadratic in phase, for achieving circular polarization mode at resonant frequencies 2.44GHz, 4.7GHz, and 5.6GHz. Moreover, it can excite the antenna as non-orthogonal modes for various other frequency bands, such as 2.89 GHz, 3.49 GHz, 4.9 GHz, 5.2GHz, 5.49GHz, 6.16GHz and 3.1GHz as linear polarization (LP) state. The proposed antenna has a compact low profile planar structure with area equal to 23mm2. Simulation and measured results show that the proposed antenna demonstrates a reasonable impedance bandwidth, and axial ratio in the circularly polarized state. Simulation results have been obtained from commercial CST-2014 Microwave Studio. The proposed antenna is fabricated for simulation result verification, and the implemented antenna is tested using R&S ZVL13 Vector Network Analyzer. The experimental confirms the simulation results.

A compact quad-band ring string-shaped antenna

In this article, a novel microstrip antenna offering four operation bands to WiMAX (3.3–3.7 GHz), INST (4.5–4.8 GHz), downlink of X-band satellite communication (7.25–7.75 GHz) and X-band (8–12 GHz) is studied. The ring string-shaped radiator in the antenna consists of a circular ring patch and three elliptical rings of different sizes contributing to quad-band characteristics. The proposed antenna is fabricated on a FR-4 substrate with volume of 16 × 24 × 0.8 mm3. The measured reflection coefficient is lower than −20 dB and the peak gains are higher than 1.58 dBi at the center frequency of each operating bands. There is a high consistency between the measured results and the simulation results. It indicates that the idea of this antenna is correct and the proposed antenna can suit for the four desired operating bands.

A New Compact, Stable, and Dual-Band Active Frequency Selective Surface with Closely Spaced Resonances for Wireless Applications at 2.4 and 2.9 GHz

This paper presents a dual-band active frequency selective surface (AFSS) with closely spaced bands and angular stability for wireless applications at 2.4 and 2.9 GHz. The proposed AFSS element geometry is composed of a slotted cross dipole combined with four ring patches, where the diameter of the ring patches at the top of the geometry is 1.618 times greater than the diameter of the ones at the bottom. The choice of this multiplying factor, used to define the geometry of the proposed patch element, is based on the Fibonacci sequence of numbers. In addition, to perform frequency reconfiguration, two p-i-n diode switches are used, which are placed at the input of the ring patches placed at the top of the AFSS element geometry. The AFSS simulation is performed using Ansoft HFSS software and using generalization of the WCIP, i.e., GWCIP, method. The simulated results are compared with the experimental ones for validation purpose. A very good agreement is observed between the simulated and measured results.

2.4 GHz SQUARE RING PATCH WITH RING SLOT ANTENNA FOR SELF INJECTION LOCKED RADAR

Abstract: The radar network system requires high-cost frequency, the complex configuration component of the electromagnetic feeding network circuit to make four output antenna with the same power and different phase output specifically for SIL (Self Injection Locked) Radar, and inexpensive material, especially for the electromagnetic component. 2.4 GHz Square Ring Patch with Ring Slot Microstrip Antenna with four output that has the same power using power divider and 90-degree phase different output for SIL Radar. this is the novel shaped microstrip Antenna with the free frequency, more unassuming configuration, and inexpensive material at the 2.4 GHz for SIL Radar. This system is an important part component of SIL Radar that is package consists of a 2.4 GHz Microstrip antenna with the Square Ring Patch with Ring Slot, double power divider which is double input with quad output with the same power and directional coupler 90-degree phase difference with two input and two output. The Antenna has single band and narrow bandwidth with the frequency is 2.38 GHz until 2.43 GHz under -10dB S parameter and frequency resonance 2.4 GHz, the radiation pattern is directional and the gain is 8.37 dBi, The Power divider has S parameter 2 port output of one part under -20dB at 2.4 GHz and isolation above -4dB that is all good agreement. The 90-degree hybrid coupler has S35 of -35.95dB, S46 of 35.09, S53 of -3.47, and S64 of -3.39 that all is qualified good operation. And overall size of the proposed antenna system is 100 mm times 55.7 mm with FR4 (Phenolic White Paper) with a dielectric constant is 4.4 that has 50ohm. DOI : https://doi.org/10.26905/jeemecs.v2i2.3253

Research on a wide-beam-layered printed antenna for aerocraft telemetry system

ABSTRACTA wide-beam linear polarization antenna with circular patch, ring, microstrip line, and electromagnetically coupled patch is presented in this paper. This antenna was used in missile telemetry system. Circular patch is fed by a coaxial probe directly, and the regular patch is excited by the coupling energy. In order to broaden the antenna beamwidth, the ring and regular patch were added to change the distribution of electromagnetic field. Four microstrip lines were used to obtain a wide impedance-matching bandwidth. This antenna is simulated and optimized by using the full wave electromagnetic simulation technique. It can achieve an impedance bandwidth (S11<-10 dB) of 2.36–2.38 GHz. The simulated results showed a linear polarization radiation with a wide half-power beamwidth (>71.9°) and a high radiation gain (>6.2 dB) within the operational bandwidth. The proposed antenna is fabricated and measured. Measured results show that the proposed antenna achieves the expected radiation performance and validates the effectiveness of the dual polarized antenna design. The wide-beam antenna studied in this paper is suitable for missile telemetry system. The research results have laid a technical foundation for its practical engineering application.

Dual‐band, dual‐polarized microstrip array for applications of WLAN base stations

AbstractA dual‐band, dual‐polarized microstrip array with high isolation is presented. The array element is a compact ring patch antenna, and all of the radiating patches are fabricated on the same substrate. A horizontal coaxial balun is used to excite the compact element so that the isolation between two orthogonal polarizations and the coupling between two adjacent elements are reduced. A prototype of the proposed array is constructed. The measured results show that the prototype can be operated at two frequency bands, including 2.4 to 2.48 GHz and 5.15 to 5.875 GHz. Within the operation bandwidths, the array has a gain of about 12 dBi and a cross‐polarization level of less than −25 dB; in addition, the isolation levels between input ports are smaller than −35 dB.

First Report of Dollar Spot Caused by Clarireedia jacksonii and Brown Ring Patch Caused by Waitea circinata var. circinata on Agrostis stolonifera in Spain

First Report of Dollar Spot Caused by <i>Clarireedia jacksonii</i> and Brown Ring Patch Caused by <i>Waitea circinata</i> var. <i>circinata</i> on <i>Agrostis stolonifera</i> in Spain

Enhancement of Gain with Coplanar Concentric Ring Patch Antenna

In this article, a compact coplanar concentric ring patch (CCRP) antenna is designed to operate at Ku-band applications. Two concentric rings have considered on the radiating patch, this proposed antenna is work at two resonance frequencies 13.9 GHz and 16.25 GHz with 8.39 dBi and 8.23 dBi gain respectively. The E and H planes of proposed CCRP antenna radiation characteristic is presented with measured and simulated results.