Consumer Rights Research Articles

Implementation of Consumer Protection Act in the Digital Era

The development of information and communication technology has changed the global economic landscape, encouraging the emergence of a digital economy. Ecommerce has become the core of transactions, offering convenience and competitive prices. However, this convenience also opens up risks for consumers, especially in terms of consumer rights, product quality, privacy, data security, and dispute resolution. Consumer protection in online transactions in Indonesia is regulated by the Consumer Protection Act and Electronic Information and Transactions Act. These two laws provide sufficient legal protection, covering consumer rights and obligations as well as dispute resolution mechanisms. However, this legal protection is considered inadequate, especially for digital products. The gap between law and practice, lack of consumer knowledge, and weak supervision are challenges. Therefore, strengthening consumer protection mechanisms, especially in the context of international platforms, is crucial to ensure safety and fairness in e-commerce transactions.

气相色谱-串联质谱法测定食用油中角鲨烯和氧化角鲨烯及角鲨烯热稳定性评价

基于QuEChERS-气相色谱-串联质谱建立了食用油中角鲨烯和氧化角鲨烯的含量测定方法。采用正己烷提取食用油样品，使用乙二胺-N-丙基硅烷化硅胶（PSA）与硅胶（CNW BOND Si）的混合吸附剂进行净化处理。通过TG-5ms色谱柱（30 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm）进行分离，并以角鲨烷作为内标物，在选择反应监测（SRM）模式下应用内标法进行定量分析。实验对色谱柱和吸附剂的选择分别进行了优化。在优化的实验条件下经方法学验证表明，角鲨烯和氧化角鲨烯分别在0.03~0.4 mg/L和0.29~3.80 mg/L范围内线性关系良好，相关系数均≥0.992。角鲨烯和氧化角鲨烯的检出限（LOD，S/N=3）分别为0.4 mg/kg和4.0 mg/kg，定量限（LOQ，S/N=10）分别为1.2 mg/kg和12 mg/kg。在3种不同类型的食用油中分别进行加标回收试验，在低、中、高3个加标水平下，角鲨烯和氧化角鲨烯的回收率分别为81.9%~102.5%和89.4%~116.1%，相对标准偏差（RSD， n=6）分别为3.5%~6.8%和3.2%~7.4%。该方法具有操作简便、稳定可靠、LOD低等优势，适用于食用油中角鲨烯和氧化角鲨烯的检测。利用该方法评价了花生油中角鲨烯的热稳定性，结果发现，当温度低于120 ℃时，角鲨烯未发生转化为氧化角鲨烯的现象；然而，当温度超过120 ℃后，角鲨烯的峰面积出现断崖式下降，且可明显检测到氧化角鲨烯的生成。利用该方法对菜籽油、花生油、大豆油和玉米油4类食用油进行检测，结果显示，所有样品均检出角鲨烯，而氧化角鲨烯未在任何样品中检出。该方法旨在为食用油的储存管理以及品质快速鉴别提供新的思路。

Legal Responsibility of Unlabeled Cosmetics Business Actors from the Perspective of Consumer Protection Law

The circulation of unlabeled cosmetics in Indonesia has become an important issue that threatens the protection of consumer rights. Cosmetics that are not clearly labeled omit crucial and important information for consumers, such as ingredient composition, distribution license, and product expiration date. This risks jeopardizing the health and resulting in financial losses for consumers who are not adequately informed about the products they consume. In this context, the perspective of legal protection of consumers emphasizes that consumers have the right to obtain honest, clear and correct information about the products they buy. According to Law Number 8 Year 1999 on Consumer Protection (UUPK), business actors are required to provide complete and safe information about the products they distribute, in accordance with Article 4 and Article 7 of the UUPK. However, in reality, the circulation of unlabeled cosmetics indicates non-compliance with these provisions, leading to violations of consumer rights. This practice not only harms consumers but also creates legal uncertainty, as it is difficult to claim liability in the event of loss due to the product. Based on the perspective of legal protection of consumers, stricter supervision and strict law enforcement are necessary to ensure that existing regulations are effectively implemented. This aims to protect consumer rights, create legal certainty, and prevent the circulation of unlabeled cosmetics that could potentially harm consumers.

Legal Protection for Users of Crypto Assets in Futures Exchange Transactions

This study aims to understand the form and effectiveness of legal protection for consumers of crypto assets before and after the enactment of Law Number 4 of 2023 concerning the Development and Strengthening of the Financial Sector (PPSK Law) and Financial Services Authority Regulations (POJK) Number 27 of 2024 and POJK Number 3 of 2024. The method used is normative legal research with a legislative approach and qualitative descriptive analysis techniques. This approach was chosen to explore the substance of legal norms and assess the practical implications of regulatory changes on the rights of consumers who use crypto assets. The novelty of this research lies in its critical analysis of the changes in the supervisory regime from the perspective of legal protection for digital asset consumers, which has not been comprehensively discussed before. This research is relevant amid the dynamic development of the rapidly evolving and complex digital financial sector, particularly following the enactment of the PPSK Law and the OJK's derivative regulations. The results of the study indicate that prior to the implementation of the latest regulations, legal protection for consumers of crypto assets was minimal and sectoral in nature, with a focus on commodity aspects by BAPPEBTI. This resulted in weak protection against risks such as value fluctuations, fraud, and threats to digital transaction security. However, after being transferred to the OJK, the protection approach became more integrated through the regulation of business licenses, clearing systems, digital asset storage governance, and more adequate dispute resolution mechanisms. In conclusion, the transfer of regulatory authority to the OJK significantly strengthens legal protection for cryptocurrency consumers in Indonesia. The new regulations enhance legal certainty and increase user confidence, while also fostering the development of a more transparent, accountable, and consumer-oriented digital asset ecosystem.

Halal Certification Reform under the Job Creation Law: Issues of Certificate Validity Period and Implications for Muslim Consumer Protection

Legal reform through Law Number 6 of 2023 concerning Job Creation has brought significant implications for the halal product assurance system in Indonesia. One of the key changes is found in Article 42, paragraph (1), which stipulates that a halal certificate remains valid indefinitely, provided there is no change in the composition of ingredients or other provisions requiring renewal. While this provision aims to streamline administrative processes and foster a conducive investment climate, it raises serious concerns from the perspective of consumer protection, particularly for Muslim consumers. This article examines the issues surrounding the validity period of halal certificates within the framework of a rule of law state that upholds the principles of justice and consumer rights protection. Through a normative approach and critical analysis of the relevant regulations, it is found that the removal of a fixed validity period without periodic evaluation potentially undermines accountability, opens the door to substantive violations of product halalness, and weakens consumer trust in the halal assurance system. The provision also appears to neglect the need for data updates and re-verification, which are essential to ensure the quality and validity of certification. Therefore, this article recommends policy revisions mandating periodic audits or renewals of halal certificates. The reform of the halal certification system should not merely pursue procedural efficiency but must also uphold the right to information, a sense of security, and the religious convictions of Muslim consumers as integral aspects of legal protection within the framework of a Pancasila based rule of law state.

Virtual world with real-world risks: the cruel fate of in-game purchases in the age of cloud gaming

As cloud gaming redefines how users access and interact with videogames, it also introduces complex challenges around digital ownership and consumer rights – particularly in relation to in-game purchases. Unlike traditional gaming models, cloud-based platforms operate on multi-layered licensing agreements that restrict users’ ability to retain access to purchased digital goods when a game or platform becomes unavailable. This article examines the legal architecture of cloud gaming, focusing on the licensing models that govern user access to virtual assets. It identifies the inherent risks posed by platform dependency and the structural imbalance created by End-User License Agreements (EULAs), which routinely place users in a vulnerable position. The article critically evaluates the current consumer protection frameworks under UK and EU law, including the Consumer Rights Act 2015, the Unfair Contract Terms Directive, and the upcoming EU Data Act, and questions whether these regimes are adequate to safeguard consumers from sudden loss of access to in-game purchases. Arguing that enforcement gaps persist despite existing protections, this article calls for a standardization of EULA terms that better reflect consumer rights, drawing on recent industry developments – such as Epic Games’ refund policies – as a potential model for reform. In doing so, it advocates for an ecosystem where digital entertainment and consumer protection coexist sustainably.

A customized image editing framework for diverse prohibited and restricted products in illegal online transactions

The circulation of prohibited and restricted goods in online transactions seriously violates consumer rights and threatens public safety. However, the lack of a dataset for prohibited and restricted goods makes it difficult to regulate such illegal online transactions. Therefore, a multimodal dataset for prohibited and restricted goods is proposed, including 38,513 images and 77,026 texts. Nevertheless, because of the diversity and potential adversarial modifications of prohibited and restricted goods, intelligent recognition of such items still faces significant challenges. Thus, an image editing framework for prohibited and restricted goods in online transactions is proposed. This framework integrates three novel components: (1) a PR-adapter that optimizes image prompts through image augmentation and compression representation techniques; (2) a text description generator combining the CLIP model and a multimodal large language model (MobileVLM) to generate more precise textual descriptions of images; and (3) an image generator, including a new loss function designed to fine-tune the stable diffusion model, enabling a better understanding of text semantics and generating images that more closely align with the textual descriptions. Experimental results show that this framework can generate diverse and accurate images of prohibited and restricted goods, effectively enhancing the development of intelligent supervision for online transactions.

TANGGUNG JAWAB HUKUM PELAKU USAHA ATAS PRODUK CACAT TERSEMBUNYI

Business actors, as parties with stronger bargaining positions, ethically have the obligation to ensure that the products they manufacture and distribute are safe for use. Moral responsibility should drive business actors to actively ensure product quality and refrain from concealing defects or hidden faults that may harm consumers. Therefore, it is important to examine how the Consumer Protection Law regulates the legal responsibilities of business actors for hidden defective products, and how moral responsibility can strengthen their commitment to upholding consumer rights. This study employs normative legal research methods. Based on the findings, the legal responsibility of business actors for hidden defective products, as governed by Law No. 8 of 1999 on Consumer Protection, serves as a concrete form of consumer rights protection. A hidden defective product is one that appears normal at the time of purchase but contains a defect that is not immediately visible and only causes damage or harm after use. The Consumer Protection Law requires business actors to be fully responsible for the products they produce or trade, including their quality, safety, and the accuracy of the information provided to consumers. Article 19 of Law No. 8 of 1999 stipulates that business actors must provide compensation for damages caused by defective products, including physical harm, contamination, or financial losses. This form of liability is strict, meaning that even if the business actor was unaware of the defect, they are still held accountable for introducing a defective product into the market. This obligation reflects the principle of due diligence in business and reinforces protection for consumers, who are generally in a weaker position in legal and commercial relationships. The legal consequences faced by business actors who neglect or evade this responsibility are also regulated by the Consumer Protection Law.

SOME ISSUES OF CONSUMER PROTECTION IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF CROSS-BORDER ELECTRONIC COMMERCE WITHIN THE EAEU

A special feature of e-commerce is the mechanism of its implementation, that is, it is carried out through Internet resources. The complexity of this factor is in constant change and development. The object of regulation of the studied legal relations are legal relations that are related to the exercise of consumer rights in the Internet space, using the capabilities of digital technologies. Therefore, the second characteristic feature of electronic commerce is cross-border, when the process extends to consumers-citizens of different states, regardless of the relevant local, as well as legal, differences. Therefore, in order to protect the rights of consumers located and residing in the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan, it became necessary to collectively study this issue and take legislative measures. In this regard, the EAEU has the opportunity to collectively find solutions, search for common approaches and standards to resolve disputes and prevent them in the future, develop the internal market within the union and meet the needs of consumers, as well as competition between entrepreneurs, manufacturers of goods and services. The paper considers the main international documents adopted in the EAEU in the field of consumer law. In this regard, it is determined that it is necessary to adopt principles of consumer protection that will establish equal opportunities and conditions for consumers, regardless of the country of citizenship or arrival. Consumer protection and increased consumer activity require the creation of conditions not only within the Union, in terms of individual states, but directly in the provisions of the national legislation of the EAEU member states. The scientific article contains statistical materials on consumer complaints regarding non-compliance with the provisions of legislation in the field under study.

COMPETITION LAW IN THE DIGITAL ERA: LEGAL AND JURISPRUDENTIAL CHALLENGES IN DIGITAL MARKETS

The accelerated transformations of the digital environment have profoundly reshaped the structure of the global economy, generating remarkable opportunities as well as significant challenges for the effective enforcement of competition rules. This article provides a detailed analysis of sophisticated anticompetitive practices within the online sphere, addressing issues such as the abuse of dominant position by digital platforms, algorithmic collusion, and the strategic impact of economic concentrations in digital markets. It thoroughly examines legislative and judicial responses at both the European and national levels, with special emphasis on relevant Romanian case law. The discussion is extended through a comparative analysis of strategies adopted in other major jurisdictions, thereby contributing to a deeper understanding of international trends in the enforcement of competition law in the digital context. The paper explores in detail key doctrinal debates in both Romanian and international legal literature, offering a critical reflection on current challenges. The necessity of implementing flexible legal mechanisms and strengthening cross-border cooperation is highlighted as a response to the rapidly evolving dynamics of digital markets, in order to ensure effective protection of competition and consumer rights. Within a multidisciplinary framework that integrates legal, economic, and technological perspectives, the article proposes coherent solutions aimed at fostering a competitive and fair digital ecosystem.

Legal Protection for Consumers in Electronic Transactions E-Commerce Shopee

The rapid development of digital has driven the growth of electronic transactions through e-commerce platforms, one of which is Shopee. This platform offers convenience and speed in online buying and selling. However, behind this convenience, there is a potential risk of loss for consumers, such as goods that are not in accordance, late delivery, to fraud by sellers. This raises the issue of the extent of legal protection provided to consumers in electronic transactions on the Shopee platform. This study aims to examine the form of legal protection for consumers in electronic transactions on Shopee and how the dispute resolution mechanism is in legal protection for consumers in Shopee E-commerce transactions and How the Principles of Islamic Law Legal Protection for Consumers in Shopee E-Commerce Transactions. This study uses a normative juridical method, with a statutory approach and literature studies as the main data sources. The analysis was carried out qualitatively by examining laws and regulations, Shopee policies, and case studies related to consumer protection. The results of the study show that Shopee has implemented several consumer protection mechanisms such as an escrow system, a refund service, and a complaint channel. However, there are still shortcomings in the implementation of consumer rights, especially in terms of information transparency and ineffective dispute resolution. The conclusion of this study is that legal protection for consumers in Shopee has a fairly strong basis, but its implementation is not yet optimal. Additional regulations are needed that specifically regulate e-commerce transactions and increase supervision of digital business actors.

Strategi Perancangan Klausul dalam Kontrak E-Commerce untuk Mencegah Sengketa Daring (Online Dispute)

This study examines the strategic formulation of clauses in electronic contracts as a preventive effort against the rising number of disputes in e-commerce transactions, with the backdrop of increasing consumer complaints to the Indonesian Ministry of Trade, which reached 20,942 cases as of March 2025—92.7% of which originated from online transactions. The core issue lies in the weak legal protection stemming from unilaterally drafted contracts by business actors, which tend to disadvantage consumers. The objective of this research is to formulate a model of adaptive and equitable digital contract clauses to minimize dispute risks. This study employs a normative legal research method with a conceptual and statutory approach, using primary and secondary legal sources selected through purposive sampling. The findings indicate that the most effective clauses in preventing disputes include provisions on consumer rights and obligations, intellectual property protection, payment terms, product return policies, exoneration clauses, and dispute resolution mechanisms. However, shortcomings persist, such as the unilateral drafting of clauses, lack of transparency, and limited consumer access to justice mechanisms. Therefore, the design of electronic contracts must adhere to the principle of balanced interests between parties, align with the legal requirements of valid agreements under the Indonesian Civil Code (KUHPerdata), the Electronic Information and Transactions Law (UU ITE), and Government Regulation No. 71 of 2019, and incorporate fair, transparent, and accessible dispute resolution systems. The study concludes that an inclusive and proportional digital contract clause model is essential for strengthening consumer legal protection in e-commerce transactions.

Analysis of Compensation Mechanisms as Business Actor Liability for Overclaim in Azarine Skincare Products

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the compensation mechanism as a form of business actor's accountability for overclaim practices in skincare product promotions, focusing on a case study of the Azarine product. Overclaim is an action by business actors in providing excessive information or claims regarding the benefits of a product without adequate scientific evidence. This practice not only violates the principles of transparency and honesty in promotion but also has the potential to mislead and harm consumers. This study uses an empirical legal method with a statutory approach and a case approach. The results of the study show that overclaims carried out by business actors violate the provisions of Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection and BPOM Regulation Number 3 of 2022 concerning Cosmetic Claims. Business actors who are proven to have committed overclaims are obliged to be responsible for providing compensation to consumers in the form of a refund, product exchange, or other compensation in accordance with the losses experienced. This shows the importance of business actors' responsibility to ensure that consumer rights are fulfilled

ДОЛЬЩИКИ КАК СЛАБАЯ СТОРОНА ДОГОВОРА ДОЛЕВОГО СТРОИТЕЛЬСТВА

"The article is devoted to the analysis of legal mechanisms for protecting a shareholder as a weak party in a shared construction agreement. The object of the research is the civil law relations arising between the developer and the shareholder, and the subject is the methods of legal protection of the latter’s interests in conditions of contractual inequality. Within the framework of this study, legal norms and theoretical views of domestic and foreign lawyers on the issue of protecting the rights of participants in shared housing construction were used. The comparative legal method, analysis and synthesis, observation, generalization, induction, and deduction methods were also applied. The work emphasizes the signs of contractual vulnerability of shared construction participants: increased interest in concluding a contract, information asymmetry, limited negotiation opportunities, and lack of professional knowledge of the shareholders in the construction of apartment buildings. The novelty of the research lies in the proposal of specific legislative changes aimed at eliminating abuses by developers and strengthening the legal protection of shareholders. In particular, the author proposes to equate shareholders with persons subject to protection in accordance with the legislation on the protection of consumer rights, to introduce an open register of shared construction contracts for all, as well as to establish the collateral rights of shareholders to the housing and land plots being built. "

ЭЛЕКТРОННАЯ КОММЕРЦИЯ И ЛОГИСТИКА: ВОПРОСЫ ПРАВОВОГО ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЯ

The article examines the specifics of legal regulation of e-commerce in the Republic of Uzbekistan. The current legislation, including the Civil Code, the Law “On Electronic Commerce,” and other regulatory documents governing the field of online commerce, is analyzed. Special attention is paid to the issues of identifying the parties to electronic transactions, the legal force of electronic documents, as well as measures to ensure the safety and protection of consumer rights. International experience in regulating e-commerce is considered, and ways to improve national legislation are proposed, taking into account modern challenges of the digital economy. The need to create a favorable legal environment for the development of e-commerce, the introduction of digital identification systems, and the improvement of infrastructure is emphasized. The author notes the importance of interaction between government bodies, the private sector, and international organizations to develop unified standards. Specific proposals for improving law enforcement practice and raising the level of legal culture of e-commerce participants were presented. The article may be of interest to specialists in commercial, civil, and information law, as well as practitioners and researchers engaged in the digitalization of the economy and the legal support of electronic activities.

Legal Reconstruction of Subsidized Products from the Perspective of Consumer Protection

The Consumer Protection Law in Indonesia has so far focused more on transactions between consumers and business actors without distinguishing between commercial products and subsidized products . In fact, subsidized products such as clean water from PDAM, subsidized electricity, and subsidized fuel have different legal characteristics because The price is set by the government and monitored by certain bodies . This difference has implications for price transparency, service quality standards, and dispute resolution mechanisms which is not fully regulated in the UUPK. This article aims to analyze the incompleteness of consumer protection regulations for subsidized products and propose a fairer and more effective legal reconstruction . By using normative approach , this research to study national regulations, WTO principles related to subsidies, and comparative studies with other countries . The results of the study indicate that consumer protection for subsidized products requires a more specific legal framework. to guarantee consumer rights without ignoring the interests of the government as a regulator and service provider as a special business actor . Therefore, it is necessary regulatory reconstruction that accommodates price transparency, improved service quality, and clearer dispute resolution mechanisms for consumers of subsidized products

An Assessment of the Effectiveness of the Federal Competition and Consumer Protection Commission (FCCPC) on Consumer Rights Protection in E-Commerce Transactions in Nigeria

There are several conversations concerning business and technological advancements and their effect on information technology. One of such technological advancement is the Internet, which has enabled electronic commerce transaction, also known as online shopping, the leading choice for business transactions, particularly in the retail sector. However, the advent of e-commerce has introduced entirely new dynamics that have made many existing legal standards outdated and insufficient. In response, the Federal Competition and Consumer Protection Commission (FCCPC) was established in 2018 by the FCCP Act as the apex institution for consumer protection in Nigeria with the mandate to eliminate anti-competitive agreements, and misleading, unfair, deceptive, or unconscionable marketing, trading, and business practices. Despite its activities, most Nigerians are skeptical towards the entire process, particularly in the light of evolving market dynamics, technological advancement, and corporate consolidation. Hence, this study examined the effectiveness of the Federal Competition and Consumer Protection Commission (FCCPC) on consumer rights protection in e-commerce transactions in Nigeria and scrutinize the inherent challenges in the judicial processes for resolving disputes surrounding consumer right protection in e-commerce transactions in Nigeria. through a comparative study of the US Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and the South African National Consumer Commission (NCC) among some others. The study found that the FCCPC’s effectiveness in safeguarding consumer rights during e-commerce transactions in Nigeria is significantly inadequate, as various fragmented legal and institutional frameworks oversee the multiple facets involved.

Legal Frameworks for Consumer Protection in Digital Sharia Banking

This study aims to examines and compares the legal frameworks for consumer protection in Indonesia and Malaysia, as well as Islamic digital banking. The rapid development of digital financial services brings opportunities and legal risks, especially in safeguarding consumer rights related to transparency, personal data, and dispute resolution. The study reviews relevant regulations in both countries by applying a normative-comparative legal method. Findings reveal that Malaysia, through Bank Negara Malaysia (BNM), offers a more unified and comprehensive regulatory system, while Indonesia's model involves multiple institutions with overlapping mandates. This article contributes to understanding the legal challenges of digital Sharia banking and proposes regulatory harmonization, stronger digital safeguards, and a greater role for Sharia supervisory bodies. The study is limited to legal documents; future research may include an empirical assessment of consumer protection outcomes.

Assess The Impact of Social Responsibility on Customer Trust and Commitment

Introduction: Corporate Social responsibility (CSR) is one of the issues that businesses today pay attention to and implement to ensure sustainable development. This study was conducted to assess the impact of corporate responsibility on customers’ trust and commitment to them. Caroll’s pyramid model of the 4 components of social responsibility is inherited as the basis for building a research model. The regression analysis was carried out on data obtained from a sample of 212 customers in North, Vietnam surveyed using questionnaires between March and May 2024. The results show that businesses that perform well in social responsibility will increase customer trust and thereby lead to increased customer engagement with the business. In particular, all four components of social responsibility have a positive and statistically significant impact on customer trust, thereby affecting customer commitment in descending order: liability, moral responsibility, economic responsibility, and charitable responsibility. Therefore, implementing CSR is also a factor that strengthens consumer trust - an important variable in creating and maintaining good and long-term relationships between the company and customers. Objectives: Firstly, the topic focuses on assessing the impact of Social Responsibility on customer trust and commitment. Secondly, it proposes some recommendations to improve and enhance the quality of CSR implementation activities to strengthen customer trust and commitment to the enterprise. Methods: The study employs a mixed-methods research approach, incorporating both qualitative and quantitative methods. In the qualitative phase, the author interacted with focus groups and the Company's personnel to gather multi-faceted and objective information. This information was used to refine the measurement scales and the research model. The quantitative method involved collecting data through an online survey distributed to all Company personnel, resulting in a total of 212 valid responses collected for analysis. The study identified a total of 23 observed variables for the independent variable, 4 variables for the dependent variable, and 4 observed variables for the mediating variable. Results: Drawing upon the Carroll pyramid model, studies have consistently indicated a significant influence of corporate social responsibility (CSR) implementation on fostering customer trust and commitment. Findings reveal that customer trust is a direct outcome of a company's commitment to social responsibility. As customers perceive a business as actively engaging in socially responsible practices, their trust deepens, leading to increased affinity and long-term loyalty towards the brand. Businesses must prioritize the four dimensions of CSR – economic, legal, ethical, and environmental responsibilities. Beyond product quality, the social image cultivated by a company significantly shapes customer perceptions and choices. Consequently, CSR transcends being merely a long-term development strategy; it represents a crucial sustainable development objective for all businesses. In an era where corporate image heavily sways consumer decisions regarding long-term engagement, a robust CSR implementation yields benefits not only for the company but also for the local community and broader society. Conclusions: To address the research question, CSR is understood to extend beyond mere legal compliance and profit generation for shareholders. It encompasses a company's ethical conduct, active engagement in social initiatives, environmental stewardship, and community support. Furthermore, CSR entails a company's respect for human rights, labor standards, environmental protection, and consumer rights.

Legal Frameworks for Consumer Protection in Digital Sharia Banking

This study aims to examines and compares the legal frameworks for consumer protection in Indonesia and Malaysia, as well as Islamic digital banking. The rapid development of digital financial services brings opportunities and legal risks, especially in safeguarding consumer rights related to transparency, personal data, and dispute resolution. The study reviews relevant regulations in both countries by applying a normative-comparative legal method. Findings reveal that Malaysia, through Bank Negara Malaysia (BNM), offers a more unified and comprehensive regulatory system, while Indonesia's model involves multiple institutions with overlapping mandates. This article contributes to understanding the legal challenges of digital Sharia banking and proposes regulatory harmonization, stronger digital safeguards, and a greater role for Sharia supervisory bodies. The study is limited to legal documents; future research may include an empirical assessment of consumer protection outcomes.