Rider's Body Research Articles

SMART JACKET PROTOTYPE FOR ONLINE OJEK DRIVERS BASED ON THE INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT) IN SURABAYA CITY

The research aims to design an automatic cooling jacket based on the Internet of Things (smart jacket) that can be used when riding motorbikes, including online motorcycle taxis. The methods used in this research include user needs analysis, system design, prototypes, and fan speed performance testing. In the user needs analysis stage, a survey was conducted among motorcyclists to identify problems faced when riding in hot weather conditions. Next, a system design consisting of a temperature sensor and an IoT communication module was carried out. After designing the system, an automatic cooling jacket prototype was developed. This prototype is equipped with a temperature sensor that will detect the rider's body temperature level, and an IoT communication module to allow users to control the jacket via an application on a smartphone. The results of this research show that an IoT-based automatic cooling jacket can effectively reduce the body temperature of motorcyclists when riding in hot weather. In speed performance testing, this jacket succeeded in reducing the rider's body temperature efficiently. This research is expected to contribute to the development of wearable technology that can increase comfort and safety for motorcyclists. Apart from that, this research can also be the basis for developing IoT-based automatic cooling jacket products that can be mass-produced and sold on the market. Keywords: jacket, fan cooling, IOT, motorbike, temperature sensor.

Qualification process of additive manufactured attachment Supports for the Space Rider Body Flap Assembly

The paper describes the progress in the development, manufacturing and qualification of the Support Attachments of the Body Flaps Assembly (BFA) of the ESA funded SPACE RIDER re-entry vehicle, involving innovative Additive Layer Manufacturing (ALM) techniques.The SPACE RIDER program aims to define and to develop an affordable reusable European space transportation system to be launched by the ESA VEGA-C launcher and able to perform experimentation and demonstration of multiple future application missions in low Earth orbit. The proposed BFA design is based on a hybrid approach: Ceramic Matrix Composite (CMC) control surfaces capable to withstand the harsh environment of re-entry combined with high temperature metallic components allowing the connection of the control surfaces to the cold structure.In particular, these support attachments have been designed as Ti6Al4V components and due to their geometrical complexity manufactured by using ALM technique.The paper describes the ALM technology used, that is the Electron Beam Melting (EBM) process, and it is focused on the development activities for the qualification of ALM process and of the components for space applications according to ESA ECSS standards.

Overview of musculoskeletal pain complains in motorcycles and car drivers

Background: Motorcycle and car riders in Indonesia have a very high population. This results in the rider's body being in a prolonged static position every day while driving. Motorcycle and car riders are forced to drive a vehicle for at least 1 – 2 hours a day. Prolonged sitting positions can result in some musculoskeletal pain. This study aims to analyze the use of vehicles, both motorcycles and cars, in terms of driving duration and determine the incidence of musculoskeletal pain. Methods: This research uses a descriptive research design with a cross-sectional analysis. The data source for this research is primary data obtained by interviewing and using a questionnaire that refers to the Nordic Body Map to map musculoskeletal pain complaints felt by participants while driving. Results: The total population was 124 people, however, only 88 samples were willing to be research subjects in this study. The results shown that more than 60 percent of respondents felt musculoskeletal pain in their bodies because of driving. Driving for more than 3 hours a day is one of the factor causing the musculoskeletal pain. From the data that has been obtained, it can be seen that musculoskeletal pain is felt in almost all parts of the body. Furthermore, pain in the lower back and neck was the most painful area of the body that felt by the most respondents. The upper back/shoulder is also a part of the body that feels pain almost the same as the neck. Conclusion: Vehicle drivers, both motorcycles and cars, have quite a large percentage of experiencing musculoskeletal pain complaints. The parts of the body that experience the most of musculoskeletal pain complaints are the low back, neck and upper back or shoulders.

Horse-Rider Pairing Perception by Dressage Judges and Equestrian Coaches.

The ideal equestrian body image (BI) is a smaller physique and riders feel body shape (BS) influences subjective judge scoring within dressage competitions. The aims were to identify perceptions of equestrian coaches and dressage judges of rider body shape (BS), identify perceptions of appropriate horse-rider matching and establish the impact of BS on perceived rider ability. An online survey (GoogleFormsTM) was shared, respondents (n=265, coaches=174 judges=91) viewed images of twelve riders of different BS (Ectomorph, Mesomorph, and Endomorph) mounted on three horses of different breeds/types and asked to indicate the best horse-rider match. Judges were asked if body shape or inappropriate horse-rider matching influenced scores given, this was used to identify any bias from judges. A significant perception for horse rider matching identified the cob as the most appropriate for the Endomorph physique (P < .001). Ectomorph was the most chosen as the ideal BS on all horses. Both coaches and judges identified the ideal physique as a smaller image from the BI scale. Both coaches and judges individually perceive that BS impacts rider ability (P < .001). These findings of BS perceived as linked to rider skill potentially identifies an issue and may correspond to the smaller physique being idealistic. Future research into physique related bias from judges is required to further identify the impact of BS on subjective judging within equestrian sport.

25 The potential impact of female body shape on rider posture and scores received from dressage judges

The ideal female body image in equestrianism has been perceived as a slighter physique, resulting in riders and coaches perceiving that dressage judges have a preferred bias toward smaller riders, impacting the overall competition scores. This research aimed to identify certain aspects of rider body shape (BS) that enhance rider posture both physically and subjectively via dressage judge scoring, also to identify if judge bias was present toward rider physique. Aspects of rider posture were measured, including upper body position, rein tension, stirrup force and weight distribution. Measurements of rider volunteers (n = 20) were taken including height, weight, torso height, arm and leg length, reflective markers were used for postural analysis. Riders rode an equine simulator for 30 s in walk, trot and canter left and were recorded on video. Dressage judges (list 1–5, n = 11) were asked to score riders on a scale of one (very bad) to 10 (excellent) for different postural aspects. Kendall's Coefficient of Concordance assessed level of agreement among judges scores, and Regression Analysis made comparisons between BS aspects, judge scores and quantifiable data of rider posture. The results indicated that body mass index (BMI), height, or rider confidence was not related to judges’ scores. There was a moderate agreement overall for all thejudges (Kendall's Coef = 0.466195), higher-level judges showed a substantial agreement (Kendall's Coef = 0.672543) compared with lower-level judges who showed a moderate agreement (Kendall's Coef = 0.476772). A relationship between torso height and judge score indicated that riders with a shorter torso scored higher for upper body position (DF = 1; R-sq(adj) = 22.66%; F-Value = 5.52; P = 0.034); no relationship was found between rider posture (the range around the vertical) and torso height. Riders with longer legs in proportion to their height scored higher from judges for lower leg security (DF = 1; R-sq(adj) = 19.52%; F-Value = 5.61; P = 0.029). Rider leg length was significantly related to stirrup force, indicating that riders with longer legs produced greater force onto the stirrups (DF = 1; R-sq(adj) = 21.04%; F-Value = 6.06; P = 0.023). This identified that judges appeared not to have a rider size bias, contradicting previous rider perceptions. Certain aspects of rider BS were suggested to impact rider ability from the scores received by judges, such as a shorter torso enhancing upper body posture and leg length enhancing the security of the lower leg. Future research investigating further performance indicators or limiters is needed to identify aspects that may enhance rider performance.

Risk of Musculoskeletal Disorder in the Working Posture of Online Motorcycle Drivers (Case Study: Drivers at Malang District)

Variations in the dimensions of each type of motorcycle and variations in the anthropometry of the rider's body often cause complaints of discomfort in the body which can eventually lead to musculoskeletal disorders. The purpose of this study is to determine the value of the driver's body point complaints using Nordic body maps, determine the improvement of body posture in terms of the risk level of the driver's musculoskeletal disorders using the integration of rapid upper limb assessment and rapid whole body assessment. The research methodology uses a sample of 30 respondents, with 3 types of motorcycles. Stages of data analysis using Nordic body maps, RULA, REBA and Body Mass Index. The results of the study stated that there were 7 points of complaints of musculoskeletal disorders with the role of repetitive static activities. The working posture condition of the integration of RULA and REBA is stated that there is an improvement in body posture in the dimensions of RULA and REBA with the achievement of the need for the role of changing the dimensions of the motorcycle seat and handlebar as a development to suppress the occurrence of musculoskeletal disorders.

Sensibilization of a motorcycle simulator to the effects of the roll motion: Modelling and experimental validation

When riding a motorcycle, the applied steering torque and the lateral rider body movement influence its trajectory. Reproducing the effect of body and motorcycle roll on a simulator would improve its realism. However, this goal is still challenging, especially on low-complexity simulators such as the MOVING simulator of the University of Florence. In order to achieve this result, this study defined a control logic to introduce steering effects linked with the mockup passive inclination operated by the rider. The logic computed a roll-related steering input consisting of equivalent steering torque. This contribution was added to that the rider exerted on the handlebar. A validation test with participants revealed improvements over the baseline, roll-insensitive approach, especially in stationary and medium-high speed manoeuvres. Interestingly, the riders unconsciously tended to use larger mockup roll angles as the roll sensitivity increased. The logic was optimised for stationary manoeuvres; however, the subjective feedback provided by the participants indicated a good level of riding realism also during transients. This simple and effective logic opens the way for new methodologies to improve the realism of motorcycle simulators, encouraging their development and use.

Development of a video analysis protocol and assessment of fall characteristics in equestrian cross-country eventing.

Cross-country eventing is one of the highest-risk sporting activities for serious injury outcomes. This study investigated relationships between fall characteristics and high-risk falls at jumps in cross-country eventing. A video analysis protocol was systematically developed to analyze 87 video recordings of high-risk rider falls; defined as when the rider's head impacted the ground and/or where there was potential horse impact with the rider. Falls were classified according to competition type, jump type, horse-related, and rider-related factors. At least one high-risk fall characteristic was observed in 45 of 87 examined falls. Multivariable best subsets regression identified five independent variables explaining 38.4% of the variance in the number of high-risk falls. Increased likelihood of high-risk falls was associated with continuation of horse direction or speed upon rider ground impact, higher jump approach speed, changes in rider body posture upon landing, rider air jacket usage, and reduced rider fall time. The Eventing Fall Assessment Instrument (EFAI) video analysis protocol (attached as supplementary material) facilitated systematic examination of multiple characteristics associated with high-risk falls and identified likely influential characteristics. Based on EFAI and subsequent data analyses, findings suggest optimized approach speed for correct striding and take-off; jump design to enable run-out; and rider training could help reduce the occurrence of high-risk falls. Air jacket usage and their design characteristics warrant further investigation.

Relationship between pelvic tilt control, horse-rider synchronisation, and rider position in sitting trot

Investigation of dressage riders suggests that the performance outcomes of riding can be enhanced by a rider correctly adapting the motion of their pelvis. The pelvis has been identified as an important component of the physical connection of the horse and the rider. This preliminary study aimed to assess whether riders with better control of their pelvic movement, had increased postural stability and horse-rider synchronicity. Twenty-six amateur riders competing in Novice to Grand Prix level dressage rode 35 mixed breed horses in active dressage training which they were used to riding. Riders were divided into two groups according to their ability to perform posterior pelvic tilt whilst sat on a Swiss ball. High-speed motion-capture was captured from the left and right sides and used to assess rider body position, angular measurements and horse-rider synchronicity whilst riding a pre-defined test at collected trot on an artificial surface. Appropriate statistical analyses were used to compare variables between groups. Differences between groups were compared using one-way ANOVA or independent samples t-tests; the significance level was set at P&lt;0.05. No riders in the study were able to perform anterior or posterior pelvic tilt whilst seated on a ball without demonstrating mild or major compensations; the most common of these were inclusion of the lumbar spine or leaning forwards or backwards. The results suggest that riders who could not perform pelvic tilt without major compensations had a more leaning forward posture, were more asymmetrical between the left and right sides and more phase shifted during the swing and stance phases than riders who could perform pelvic tilt with mild compensations.

Distribution of Superficial Body Temperature in Horses Ridden by Two Riders with Varied Body Weights

Simple SummaryLeisure horse riding is becoming an increasingly popular activity, but often the regard for the welfare of recreational horses is insufficient. Most often, this situation is associated with workload or insufficient knowledge of the owners. Another problem may be overloading the animals with excessive weight of the rider, because the problem of obesity affects more and more societies. Carrying heavy loads significantly reduces horse comfort and affects movement mechanics. Prolonged use of the horse in this way may translate into health and lameness issues in the back and limbs. There are currently no strict weight limits for riders. However, we believe that horse users should pay more attention to this problem. As shown in this study, a horse’s load above 20% of his body weight, even with little effort, affects changes in surface temperature and the activity of the autonomic nervous system.It was assumed that a horse with its rider body weight found in the upper limit may negatively impact the horse’s welfare. The objective of this paper was to analyze the differences in body temperature and selected heart rate parameters in horses in response to physical exercise accompanied by various rider’s body weight loads. The study was carried out on 12 leisure, 10–15-year-old warmblood geldings. The horses were ridden by two equally qualified riders whose body weights were about 20% and 10% of the average body weight (BW) of the animals (about 470 kg). Each rider rode each of the 12 horses for 13 min walking and 20 min of trotting. Images of the horse at rest, after physical exercise directly after unsaddling, and during the recovery phase (10 min after unsaddling) were taken with an infrared thermography camera. For analysis, the temperatures of selected body parts were measured on the surface of the head, neck, front, middle, and back (croup) parts of the trunk, forelimb, and hind limb. Immediately after the infrared thermography images were taken, the rectal temperature of the horse was measured. The heart rate parameters were measured at rest for 10 min directly before, during, and 10 min following the end of a training session. A multivariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) for repeated measurements was performed. Statistical significance was accepted for p < 0.05. A rider BW load on a horse of approximately 20% of the horse’s BW led to a substantial increase in the superficial temperatures of the neck, front, middle, and back parts of the trunk in relation to these body parts’ average temperatures when the load was about 10% BW. The head and limb average temperatures were not significantly affected by the load of the exercised horse. A horse’s load above 20% of his body weight, even with little effort, affects changes in surface temperature and the activity of the autonomic nervous system.

A Motorcycle Driving Simulator Based on BikeSim

To satisfy the requirements of the motorcycle rider training and motorcycle dynamic research, a kind of motorcycle driving simulator based on BikeSim is presented in this paper. In order to simulate the vehicle dynamic of the motorcycle, a motorcycle dynamic model is constructed. The rider’s body gesture is tracked by a camera for simulating the influence of the rider's body posture on the motorcycle. For the purpose of enhancing the sense of reality, a 7 degree-of-freedom motion platform is used. In order to simulate the traffic environment of the city, the virtual scene is built using the OpenSceneGraph and the urban traffic flow is generated. Practice shows that this simulator can simulate the motorcycle dynamics realistically and achieve the purpose of teaching and training

Real-Time Human Body and Brain Monitoring During Horseback Riding Simulator by Means of Inertial Motion Capture and EEG Systems

One type of effective muscular disorders therapy is horseback riding. The main objective of the present study is developing a physiotherapeutic simulator (concept proof) instead of a real horse though employing the Electroencephalography (EEG) amplifier and inertial motion capture system (IMCS). In the experiment, the professional and non-professional rider's body movements and brain-behaviors monitored during the horseback riding simulator. The computational analysis for identifying the alterations of the pelvic area activity among two group riders were considered based on the IMCS. The EEG system was used for investigating the brain signals of the experienced horseback rider who had never experienced using horse simulator. For this purpose, the following experiments were handled, representing body and brain-behavior. As a result, it was concluded, that inexperienced horseback riders tend to make movement mistakes while riding a simulator, which may cause asymmetry shift in external hip and back regions. The study of EEG shows that the frontal lobes, which are responsible for intelligence and concentration were activated. Also, the temporal and the parietal areas of the brain which are responsible for movements and vision were activated significantly, respectively.

Influence of Functional Rider and Horse Asymmetries on Saddle Force Distribution During Stance and in Sitting Trot

Asymmetric forces exerted on the horse's back during riding are assumed to have a negative effect on rider–horse interaction, athletic performance, and health of the horse. Visualized on a saddle pressure mat, they are initially blamed on a nonfitting saddle. The contribution of horse and rider to an asymmetric loading pattern, however, is not well understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of horse and rider asymmetries during stance and in sitting trot on the force distribution on the horse's back using a saddle pressure mat and motion capture analysis simultaneously. Data of 80 horse–rider pairs (HRP) were collected and analyzed using linear (mixed) models to determine the influence of rider and horse variables on asymmetric force distribution. Results showed high variation between HRP. Both rider and horse variables revealed significant relationships to asymmetric saddle force distribution (P < .001). During sitting trot, the collapse of the rider in one hip increased the force on the contralateral side, and the tilt of the rider's upper body to one side led to more force on the same side of the pressure mat. Analyzing different subsets of data revealed that rider posture as well as horse movements and conformation can cause an asymmetric force distribution. Because neither horse nor rider movement can be assessed independently during riding, the interpretation of an asymmetric force distribution on the saddle pressure mat remains challenging, and all contributing factors (horse, rider, saddle) need to be considered.

Stability of coupled human and stand-up paddle board

This study investigates the rider stability on a stand-up paddle board (SUP) based on board dimensions, rider body parameters, and skill level using a buoyant body dynamics approach. For this study, the system of a rider standing on an SUP is modeled as a planar motion of a rectangular cross-sectional buoyant body with an added mass attached at a fixed height. A stability map is developed to visualize stability regions for various system parameters. The result shows that eigenvalue contours are in good agreement with qualitative terms, such as beginner and professional. A new approach of describing rider skill level is proposed. Wave tank experiments are conducted to verify the analytic equations. Analytical results of the rectangular board show the same trend as the experimental results from a real SUP product.

Assessment of Saddle Fit in Racehorses Using Infrared Thermography

The aim of this study was to assess the influence of horse, saddle, and rider on saddle fit in racehorses by detecting pressure distribution using infrared thermography. In this study, 22 saddles used on 65 racing horses ridden by 21 riders were used. Data from horses including gender, breed, age, training intensity, and level of performance were collected. Type and mass of the saddle were also obtained, along with information about the rider's body mass and riding skills. Thermographic images of the saddle's panels were captured immediately after untacking the horse at each thermographic examination. On each thermographic image of the saddle panels, six regions of interest (ROIs) were marked, with mean temperature calculated within each ROI to indicate pressure distribution. Saddle fit was evaluated for right/left panel pressure, bridging/rocking pressure, and front/back pressure according to horse's: gender, breed, age, training intensity, level of conditioning, rider's skills, and load (saddle plus rider mass). There were statistically significant relationships (P < .05) between left/right asymmetry and age, training, intensity and load. In front/back pressure, there was a statistically significant relationship (P < .05) for load. No statistically significant relationships were observed between bridging/rocking pressure and the rest of the aforementioned variables. The study indicated that load, horse age, and training intensity influence pressure distribution in racing saddles. Therefore, animal age and load have to be considered in saddle fit. Infrared thermography has been confirmed as a useful tool in the evaluation of saddle fit in racing horses.

Transit Rider Body Mass Index Before and After Completion of Street Light-Rail Line in Utah.

To determine whether 2012 to 2015 (times 1-3) ridership changes correlated with body mass index (BMI) changes after transit line completion in Salt Lake City, Utah. We used Global Positioning System/accelerometry-measured transit ridership measures in 2012 to 2013 (times 1-2) to compare objective and self-reported ridership. Regression models related changes in objectively measured ridership (times 1-2) and self-reported ridership (times 1-2 and times 1-3) to BMI changes, adjusting for control variables. Objective and self-reported ridership measures were consistent. From time 1 to 2 (P = .021) or to 3 (P = .015), BMI increased among self-reported former riders and decreased among new riders (P = .09 for both times 1-2 and times 1-3), although the latter was nonsignificant. Time 3 attrition adjustment had no effect on results. Adjusting for baseline BMI, the nonsignificant effect for new riders remained nonsignificant, indicating no BMI change; the BMI increase after discontinuing transit remained significant. Observed BMI increases subsequent to stopping transit ridership persisted for more than 2 years (postintervention). These results suggest that transit ridership protects against BMI gains and support the need to provide convenient transit for public health.

The influence of an 8-week rider core fitness program on the equine back at sitting trot

In horseback riding, the physical influence of the rider is increasingly being recognized as an important contributor to equine back pain. Asymmetrical loading, in particular, can be detrimental to performance. The aim of this study was to investigate the left-to-right differences in mean pressure distribution, and other parameters, on the equine back at Week 0 and Week 8 of an unmounted equestrian core fitness program. Ten healthy dressage horse and rider pairs (horse age 12.30 ± 4.64 years, rider age 41.5 ± 14.83 years) performed two ridden tests at sitting trot, before and after participating in an 8-week program. The regime was a sport-specific, 20-minute core fitness program, performed three times weekly. Horses and riders each wore four reflective markers. A Pliance™ electronic saddle mat (60Hz sampling rate) and Casio™ high speed camera (240 frames per second) with Quintic™ biomechanical software were used to record all trials. All subjects (n=10) showed a significant decrease in left-right mean pressure differential of 0.368 ± 0.361kPa. Maximum overall force (F = ma) had a non-significant increase of 2.36 ± 3.36N/kg (p=0.05), normalized to rider body mass. Mean stride length (m) increased by 8.4%. This study demonstrates that participating in a rider core fitness program can have a significant effect on rider symmetry and consequently provide an important method for reducing asymmetrical loading and improving both human and equine performance.

Three Wheel Bike as Physical Therapy Equipment for Post-Stroke Patient

Three wheel bike as a physical therapy equipment for post-stroke patients was designed with length of 1937 mm, 1010 mm in width and height of 905 mm. The bike is designd ergonomic and can be driven by rider foot or hand simultaneously. By using CATIA software the strength of material bike frame was analyst to support 100 kg of load. The design is realized into a prototype. The performance of bike prototype is tested, and the result sows that the function of bike mechanisme is fulfilled. By 10 respondents, who have a standard body mass index, the pedal test was conducted, and the result indicates that, the higher the speed of the pedal, the higher the energy consumption to pedaling. Leg tension muscles is measured by leg-dynamometer before and after pedaling, and the result shows the tension muscle is proportional to the increase of pedal speed. In order to evaluate the ergonomic aspect of bike design, the risk angle of extrem position of body during cycling are measured by goneo-set. By RULA method the risk of injury value of rider body is calculated while pedaling, and the result showed that 70% of respondents have a value of risk injury 2, while 30% had a value of 3. It means that, the bike design is ergonomic and comfortable to ride. In oder to evaluate the benefits of disigned bike, the pedal test is conducted by 4 post-stroke patients for 30 days periodical once every 3 days. The result shows that during 1 month exercise, the average number of cycling to pedal increase up to 100%. This means that the ability of post-stroke patients to pedal the bike increase significantly. That result showed that the bike design is useful as a tool for physical therapy post-stroke patients.

Differences in rider movement pattern between different degrees of collection at the trot in high-level dressage horses ridden on a treadmill

Collection is a central term in equine dressage, defined as a shortening of the horse’s stride length with retained energy and hind limb activity. How collection is induced by the rider has yet not been investigated objectively. The aim of this study was therefore to compare the movement pattern of high-level dressage riders between free trot (loose reins), passage and a range of three speeds in collected trot.Both at higher speed in collected trot and in passage, the rider’s pelvis became more caudally rotated and the rider’s lumbar back became more flexed. However, in passage there was also a decrease in phase-shift between horse and rider movements, suggesting that the rider used the seat more actively. In free trot, the rider’s pelvis was more cranially rotated, the lumbar back was more extended, the rider’s body inclined more forwards, and the phase-shift between horse and rider was increased, compared to collected trot. The observed changes were partly explainable from changes in the horse’s movement pattern. However, most differences in rider body position seemed unrelated to the horse’s movements, but were in accordance with instructions in equestrian texts, suggesting that those changes were voluntarily adopted by the riders.

Intelligent Adaptive Motion Control Using Fuzzy Basis Function Networks for Electric Unicycle

AbstractThis paper presents two intelligent adaptive controllers, called self‐balancing and speed controllers, for self‐balancing and motion control, respectively, of an electric unicycle using fuzzy basis function networks (FBFN), which are employed to approximate model uncertainties and unknown friction between the wheel and the terrain surface. Both controllers are established based on the linearized model of the vehicle whose model uncertainties and parameter variations are caused by different riders and terrain. An adaptive backstepping controller together with online learning FBFN and sensing information of the rider's body inclination then is presented to achieve self‐balancing motion control. By adding an electronic throttle as the input device of speed commands, a decoupling sliding‐mode controller with online learning FBFN is proposed to accomplish self‐balancing and speed control. The performance and merit of the two proposed control methods are exemplified by conducting four simulations and three experiments on a laboratory‐built electric unicycle.