Rich Water Research Articles

Large-Scale Model Test on Water Pressure Resistance of Lining Structure of Water-Rich Tunnel

In order to solve the problem of testing the water pressure resistance of lining structures of water-rich tunnels and the difficulty of implementing the existing model tests, a large-scale model test method was proposed relying on the New Yuanliangshan Tunnel threatened by high pressure and rich water. This method creatively transformed the external water pressure of the lining structure into internal water pressure, and the conversion coefficient of water resistance of lining under different sizes and loading modes was obtained by numerical calculation. Results showed that the ultimate water pressure resistance of the lining structure under an external uniformly distributed water pressure and local water pressure was 1.44 and 0.67 times of that obtained from the large-scale model tests, respectively. By conducting the large-scale model tests and combining with the conversion coefficient, the water pressure resistance of the actual tunnel lining could be obtained. Research indicated that water pressure resistance of K2.0 (bearing water pressure of 2.0 MPa) type lining at the transition section of karst caves and K3.0 (bearing water pressure of 3.0 MPa) type lining at the section of karst caves of the New Yuanliangshan Tunnel was 3.33 MPa and not less than 4.36 MPa, respectively, and the high reliability of the large-scale model tests was verified by numerical calculation, implying that the model test method could be extended to similar tunnel projects.

Stability of surrounding rock in broken zone of the tunnel in rich water and mountains

Stability of surrounding rock in broken zone of the tunnel in rich water and mountains

Geological faulting a possible trigger for brine-induced reef mortality at East Flower Garden Bank, NW Gulf of Mexico

Localized mortality within reef crest depressions in Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary in 2016 may have resulted from inundation by brine that erupted when reef rock collapsed into a solution cavern in the salt dome below the bank. This mechanism offers an alternative explanation of mortality that has previously been attributed to hypoxia caused by either offshore movement of brackish, organically rich flood waters, upwelling, or both. Faults at the mortality site, discovered previously, and field observations of water conditions and mortality patterns during the event suggest that salt dissolution, undermining, and collapse may have driven a brine eruption. Elsewhere on the bank, anoxic, sulfurous brine flows have been found adjacent to areas of seafloor collapse, producing localized, brine-induced stress and mortality, but evidence of acute, lethal brine eruptions caused by active faulting would be novel for this system.

On the issue of air pollution in the Krasnoyarsk Territory

This article presents the results of the study of problems of air pollution in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The study determines the factors and conditions affecting the state of local atmospheric air, provides a list of key pollutants detected in the air of the territory and their percentage established during environmental screening. The paper outlines the main issues associated with environmental screening of the state of atmospheric air in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, presents data of dynamic observations of air quality in large urban agglomerations of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, emission volumes, and other indicators of air purity. Moreover, the author draws considerable attention to the list of economic spheres of regional development that are responsible for the greatest anthropogenic impact on the atmospheric environment. The study also provides a list of specific enterprises and organizations that are responsible for the largest amount of atmospheric emissions in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The reasons for the growing anthropogenic influence on the state and quality of atmospheric air of the Krasnoyarsk Territory are determined: in particular, due to the local rich natural resources, water and forest resources, the extraction and processing of which is a priority component of the economy of the Krasnoyarsk Territory.

Direct evidence of hydrogen absorption from the skin – a pig study

IntroductionIt has not been experimentally proven whether hydrogen gas (H2) is absorbed into the body through the skin by hydrogen-rich hot-water bathing.Material and methodsIn this study, Hairless mini pigs, whose skin closely resembles that of humans, were bathed in hydrogen (H2)-rich hot water to assess the absorption of H2 through the skin. An H2-rich water generation line was developed to maintain a high concentration of H2 via the circulation of hot water in an 80-litre bathtub. Two hairless mini pigs (14.2 ±1.4 kg, 60 days old, 1 male and 1 female) were first placed in the H2-dissolved bath. After a washout period, one pig was bathed in an H2-dissolved bath and the other in a bath containing no H2 for 20 min. During the experiment, blood was collected from the pigs’ jugular vein, carotid artery, inferior vena cava (IVCs), and portal vein to measure the blood H2 concentration.ResultsThe H2 concentration at the IVC of the pig in the H2-dissolved bath increased from 0.733 ±0.636 ppb (w/w) to 16.9 ±4.46 ppb (w/w) after 2 min, 37.2 ±13.8 ppb (w/w) after 10 min, and 45.7 ±7.73 ppb (w/w) (H2 saturation level: 3%) after 20 min. The blood H2 concentration levels of the pig in the non-H2 bath remained below the detection limit of 0.3 ppb.ConclusionsBathing in water with a high concentration of dissolved hydrogen was considered an effective means of supplying H2 to skin tissues and beyond.

Influence of groundwater level change on deep foundation pit and its control technology

During the construction of deep foundation pits with rich water straight grooves, instability of deep foundation pits due to groundwater frequently occurs, posing a huge challenge to construction safety and economy. Based on the deep foundation pit of the intercity connecting line of Beijing New Airport, the technical method of combining theoretical analysis and on-site monitoring is adopted to analyze the influencing factors of groundwater on the retaining structure of deep foundation pit, and control and analyze the influencing factors. The deformation control technology for deep foundation pit is proposed. The following conclusions are obtained: (1) Based on the on-site geological conditions and the mechanism of groundwater level change, the deformation and failure forms and precipitation forms of deep foundation pits are obtained through theoretical analysis. (2) Based on the Deformation monitoring technology of deep foundation pit, the change of groundwater level and Deformation monitoring of retaining structure are carried out. (3) Combining on-site monitoring with theoretical calculation, conducting comparative analysis of data, summarizing the influencing factors of deep foundation pit damage, obtaining targeted deformation control technology for deep foundation pit, guiding the construction of practical projects, and providing reference for similar projects.

A preliminary investigation of the impact of artificially carbonated water bathing on canine skin physiological and barrier function.

The effect of carbon dioxide (CO2 )-rich water bathing on the skin has been studied extensively in humans. However, there have been few studies evaluating the impact of CO2 -rich water bathing on canine skin physiology and barrier functions. To evaluate the impact of artificially carbonated water (ACW) bathing on skin parameters in healthy beagles. Six healthy beagles with no history of skin disease. Body temperature, skin temperature, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin hydration and skin blood flow were evaluated before and after single ACW bathing (37°C, 20 min) with a CO2 concentration of >1000 ppm. After ACW bathing, skin blood flow significantly increased (p < 0.0001), yet there were no significant changes in body temperature (p=0.3124), skin temperature (p=0.4911), TEWL (p=0.5167) or skin hydration (p=0.3084). There were no adverse events during the trials. Artificially carbonated water water bathing could potentially increase skin blood flow without affecting skin temperature, body temperature and skin barrier function in dogs, similar to its effects in humans.

Genomics, Origin and Selection Signals of Loudi Cattle in Central Hunan.

Due to the geographical, cultural and environmental variability in Xiangxi, China, distinctive indigenous cattle populations have formed. Among them, Loudi cattle and Xiangxi cattle are the local cattle in Hunan, and the environment in Loudi is relatively more enclosed and humid than that in Xiangxi. To study the genome and origin of Loudi cattle in hot and humid environments, 29 individuals were collected and sequenced by whole-genome resequencing. In addition, genomic data were obtained from public databases for 96 individuals representing different cattle breeds worldwide, including 23 Xiangxi cattle from western Hunan. Genetic analysis indicated that the genetic diversity of Loudi cattle was close to that of Chinese cattle and higher than that of other breeds. Population structure and ancestral origin analysis indicated the relationship between Loudi cattle and other breeds. Loudi has four distinctive seasons, with a stereoscopic climate and extremely rich water resources. Selective sweep analysis revealed candidate genes and pathways associated with environmental adaptation and homeostasis. Our findings provide a valuable source of information on the genetic diversity of Loudi cattle and ideas for population conservation and genome-associated breeding of local cattle in today's extreme climate environment.

Growth characteristics of shallots and absorption of Mg ions dissolved from serpentinites

Magnesium (Mg)-rich water or food is highly beneficial to human health. Shallots are used in cooking, have simple growth conditions and have a short growth cycle. In this study, natural serpentinite was ground into powder (particle size: 50–200 nm), heated at high temperatures (400 and 800°C) and then dissolved in water of different temperatures (25, 60 and 100°C) to prepare natural magnesium-containing water. The experimental results indicated that natural serpentine minerals contain magnesium silicate, which has ionic properties and a high electrical conductivity. The dissolution of magnesium ions increased with the temperature of the distilled water. The heat-treated powder displayed higher crystallinity. However, the dissolution of magnesium was lower for the solution containing the powder heated to 800°C than for the solution containing the powder heated to 400°C. The 400°C powder exhibited favorable crystallinity and a low level of impurities, and its interlayer spacing did not change. The shallots grown with natural magnesium-containing water (magnesium shallots) had a high concentration of magnesium ions in their white and green parts. Such shallots can be provided by food platforms, and eating such shallots can help one meet the daily magnesium intake requirement of 300 mg/l for humans.

Assessment of temporal and spatial variability of irrigation groundwater quality on the flanks of Mount Meru, northern Tanzania

The study focuses on assessing the suitability of groundwaters used for irrigation on the flanks of Mount Meru in Northern Tanzania and providing a map showing the spatial variability of irrigation water quality for proper irrigation and crop management in the area. Results of irrigation water quality index (IWQI) show that the groundwaters (F⁻-rich NaHCO3 alkaline waters) used for irrigation on the eastern, northern, western, and south-western flanks of Mount Meru are not suitable for irrigation; only 1% (n = 1) of the inventoried groundwater points (n = 76) is classified as good for irrigation use, while 99% (n = 75) of the points are classified as poor to unsuitable for irrigation use. Hence, the study recommends the treatment of groundwaters used for irrigation in the study area by reducing the Na+ concentration and Total Alkalinity (HCO3⁻ + CO32⁻) using appropriate quantities of amendments. This study would be helpful for water resources management in other similar geological settings.

Study on structural mechanical characteristics and safety warning of NATM tunnel in aquifer

With sustainable developments in transportation facilities, the construction of the undersea tunnel has become inevitable. Controlling the construction and operation of the undersea tunnel structures dynamically and ensuring their safety is of primary concern. Therefore, using the rich water mountain section of the Lujiazhi subsea tunnel constructed by NATM (New Austrian Tunnelling Method) as a case study, an intelligent real-time tunnel health monitoring system integrating tunnel monitoring, wireless transmission and safety assessment was developed. The monitoring results show that the surrounding rock water pressure, earth pressure and stress of the secondary lining structure experienced stages of rapid change, continuous change and stability. The tunnel substructure is relatively weak as a whole, and the left invert is the weakest part of the whole structure. It was suggested to optimize and reinforce the tunnel substructure accordingly. The rationality of the tunnel drainage system and reliability of field test data are verified by numerical simulation. Finally, the real-time fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model of tunnel operation safety conditions based on online monitoring data is established to realise the real-time evaluation and early warning of Lujiazhi tunnel structures’ health conditions. HIGHLIGHTS An intelligent real-time tunnel health monitoring system is developed. The deformation characteristics of submarine tunnel are revealed. The submarine tunnel drainage system rationality of lining structure are proved. The safety evaluation model of submarine tunnel structure is proposed.

Wetland plant development overrides nitrogen effects on initial methane emissions after peat rewetting

Growing productive wetland species on rewetted peatland (paludiculture) is a promising solution to offset carbon loss from drained peatlands. The inlet of nitrogen (N) rich surface water, a proposed method to improve productivity of vegetation, may affect methane (CH4) emissions. This study aims to compare initial CH4 emissions from newly rewetted peat with different types of vegetation and N loading simulating diffuse N inlet. Diffusive CH4 emissions were measured in peat mesocosms during one growing season. Peat cores were either planted with Typha latifolia or Phragmites australis or they were left bare. Mesocosms received 0, 50, 150 or 450 kg ha−1 year−1 N. Plants affected CH4 emissions from rewetted peat soil, leading to stable fluxes over time of 133 mg m−2 day−1 CH4 at 20 °C. Biomass harvesting lead to a 153% increase of CH4 emissions. With increasing N load, CH4 emissions from mesocosms with Typha and Phragmites decreased up to a load of 150 kg ha−1 N, but this was only significant for the Phragmites treatment. Emissions of unvegetated mesocosms increased with increasing N load but not significantly. In conclusion, our mesocosm study suggests that vegetation can reduce or prevent an increase in CH4 emissions from rewetted peatlands compared to only rewetting, possibly due to an increased oxygenation of the sediments by macrophyte roots preventing excessive CH4 formation, while added N does not provoke great changes in emissions at N concentrations up to 150 kg ha−1.

Alleviating effects of hydrogen on hyperhomocysteinemia and fatty liver induced by high-methionine diet

Objective: To investigate the alleviating effect of hydrogen (H2) on homocysteine (Hcy) levels and non alcoholic fatty liver in rats with hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy). Methods: After one week of adaptive feeding, Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups: the general diet group (CHOW), the high methionine group (HMD), and the high methionine plus hydrogen rich water group (HMD+HRW), with 8 rats in each group. The CHOW group was fed with AIN-93G feed, while the HMD and HMD+HRW groups were fed with AIN-93G+2% methionine feed to construct an HHcy model. The HMD+HRW group was also gavaged with hydrogen rich water (3 ml/animal, twice a day, with a hydrogen concentration of 0.8 mmol/L), and body weight data were recorded. After 6 weeks of feeding, the plasma and liver samples were processed and collected. The plasma homocysteine (Hcy) and lipid contents of each group were measured, and the histological morphology of the liver was observed. The activities of key enzymes in the Hcy metabolism pathway and mRNA expression were detected in the liver. Results: Compared with the CHOW group rats, the Hcy level in the blood of HMD rats was significantly increased significantly (P＜0.05). Pathological tissue sections showed liver enlargement, injury, and fatty liver in the rats; Compared with the HMD group rats, the HMD+HRW group rats showed a significant decrease in Hcy in the blood, reduced liver damage, and increased Hcy metabolism key enzyme activity and mRNA expression in the liver, with statistical differences (P＜0.05). Conclusion: Hydrogen has a significant improvement effect on liver injury induced by HMD diet in HHcy rats, possibly by enhancing the three metabolic pathways of Hcy to reduce excessive Hcy in the body, thereby improving liver metabolic function and symptoms of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Evaluation of Landslide Susceptibility Based on CF-SVM in Nujiang Prefecture.

At present, landslide susceptibility assessment (LSA) based on landslide characteristics in different areas is an effective measure for landslide management. Nujiang Prefecture in China has steep mountain slopes, a large amount of water and loose soil, and frequent landslide disasters, which have caused a large number of casualties and economic losses. This paper aims to understand the characteristics and formation mechanism of regional landslides through the evaluation of landslide susceptibility so as to provide relevant references and suggestions for spatial planning and disaster prevention and mitigation in Nujiang Prefecture. Based on the grid cell, this study selected 10 parameters, namely elevation, slope, aspect, lithology, proximity to faults, proximity to road, proximity to rivers, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), land-use type, and precipitation. Support vector machine (SVM), certainty factor method (CF), and deterministic coefficient method-support vector machine (CF-SVM) were used to evaluate the landslide susceptibility in Nujiang Prefecture. According to these three models, the study area was divided into five landslide susceptibility grades, including extremely high susceptibility, high susceptibility, moderate susceptibility, low susceptibility, and very low susceptibility. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was applied to verify the accuracy of the model. The results showed that CF model (ROC = 0.865), SVM model (ROC = 0.892), CF-SVM model (ROC = 0.925), and CF-SVM model showed better performance. Therefore, CF-SVM model results were selected for analysis. The study found that the characteristics of high and extremely high landslide-prone areas in Nujiang Prefecture have the following characteristics: intense human activities, large density of buildings and arable land, rich water resources, good economic development, perfect transportation facilities, and complex topography and landform. In addition, there is a finding inconsistent with our common sense that the distribution of landslide disasters in the study area does not decrease with the increase of NDVI value. This is because the Nujiang River basin is a high mountain canyon area with low rock strength, barren soil, and underdeveloped vegetation and root system. In an area with large slope, the probability of landslide disaster will increase with the increase of NDVI. The CF-SVM coupling model adopted in this study is a good first attempt in the study of landslide hazard susceptibility in Nujiang Prefecture.

A phytoplankton time series in the Northwestern Adriatic Sea: Structure and dynamics of the assemblages in a coastal ecosystem

Phytoplankton assemblage structure was analyzed based on time series data (2008–2019) together with environmental variables in two coastal sites in the Northwestern Adriatic Sea. The main component of phytoplankton assemblage was the diatom group. Distinct seasonal and inter annual variations in the presence of taxa were observed within the phytoplankton assemblage over the study period. Mainly four taxa showed a non-random pattern in the binary time series, such as three diatoms Skeletonema marinoi, Thalassionema nitzschioides and Dactyliosolen fragilissimus, and undetermined Dinophyceae. S. marinoi was more frequent in winter and early spring, whereas T. nitzschioides showed an opposite pattern, being more frequent in late spring and summer. In both cases, deviation from randomness was caused by a clear and almost stationary annual cycle. On the contrary, deviation from randomness depended on the long-term trend of D. fragilissimus time series, as this diatom showed an increasing frequency of occurrence since 2016. A clear phytoplankton assemblage structure affected by seasonal and environmental factors was observed. This was very evident for representative specie (i.e., S. marinoi associated with colder and rich nutrient waters or Heterocapsa niei and T. nitzschioides associated with high temperature and low nutrient conditions) and other species associated with various environmental parameters. Furthermore, the analysis of the association among phytoplankton taxa showed a partial and varied pattern. Our results highlight that phytoplankton time series showed changes in assemblage structure exhibiting a regular 12-month period affected by environmental factors. The long time series observations are important to understand the phytoplankton assemblage structure in relation to environmental changes and human pressures, crucial to achieving the Good Environmental Status in compliance to environmental directives.

Determination of the Potassium Content in Fruit Samples by Gamma Spectrometry to Emphasize its Health Implications

In this study, the activity concentration of 40K and its’ concentrations in 24 different types of fruits were determined using high purity germanium (HPGe) and sodium iodide scintillation (NaI) detectors. The results of the two measurements are consistent. The Maximum and minimum activities of 40K in dry samples were 750.61 ± 11.88 and 15.64 ± 0.86 Bq kg−1 in apricot and olive, respectively, while in fresh samples they were 152.27 ± 2.12 and 1.99 ± 0.11 Bq kg−1 in dates and olive, respectively. The highest and lowest potassium contents were 489.81 and 6.42 mg/100gm in fresh dates and olives, respectively. Drupe and Tropical fruits, as a fruit family, typically had the highest level of 40K activity and potassium concentration, whereas pome fruits showed the lowest levels. Many of these commonly consumed fresh fruits with rich potassium and water contents are lowering hypertension and improving the hydration status (HS) in people's nutrition. The rate of potassium-40 and total potassium concentration intake for a single unit or portion of the fruits was calculated.

Accurate Estimation of Chlorophyll-a Concentration in the Coastal Areas of the Ebro Delta (NW Mediterranean) Using Sentinel-2 and Its Application in the Selection of Areas for Mussel Aquaculture

Multispectral satellite remote sensing imagery, together with appropriate modeling, have been proven to provide chlorophyll-a maps that are useful to evaluate the suitability of coastal areas for carrying out shellfish aquaculture. However, current approaches used for chlorophyll-a estimation in very shallow coastal areas often fail in their accuracy. To overcome this limitation, an algorithm that provides an accurate estimation of chlorophyll-a concentration in the coastal areas of the Ebro delta (North Western Mediterranean) using atmospherically corrected Sentinel 2 (S2) remote sensing reflectances (Rrs) has been calibrated and validated. The derived chlorophyll-a maps created have been used in a dynamic carrying capacity model that covers areas from very rich waters inside the embayment to the more oligotrophic waters in the open sea. The use of carrying capacity models is recommended to evaluate the potential of marine coastal areas for bivalve mollusk aquaculture. In this context, the depletion of chlorophyll-a is an indicator of negative environmental impact and thus a continuous monitoring of chlorophyll-a is key. The proposed methodology allows estimation of chlorophyll-a concentration from Sentinel-2 with an accuracy higher than 70% in most cases. The carrying capacity and the suitability of the external areas of the Ebro delta have been determined. The results show that these areas can hold a significant mussel production. The methodology presented in this study aims to provide a tool to the shellfish aquaculture industry.

Hydrochemistry of an ancient traditional irrigation reservoir in Padaviya, Sri Lanka

Padaviya Wewa Reservoir constructed in 2nd century BC is an important traditional reservoir in Sri Lanka. The construction and the use of these traditional Sri Lankan reservoirs are different from modern large-scale hydroelectric and multi-purpose reservoirs in Sri Lanka and the rest of the world. The hydrochemistry of these unique water bodies has been rarely studied and understood. In this study, depth-wise distribution of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cd, and As and their correlation with pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, temperature, BOD, COD, and total phosphate were investigated to identify the mechanisms that drive the water quality in Padaviya Wewa Reservoir. There is a well distinguishable chemical gradient from the surface to the bottom of the water column suggesting that Padaviya is not a well-mixed water body even though the maximum water depth during the study period was 4.75 m. There was a strong negative correlation between Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cd and DO in both surface and bottom waters. In addition, a strong positive correlation between Fe, Mn, Zn, Cd, and As, and total phosphate was observed in bottom waters. The suggested driving force behind the depth-wise distribution of chemical species is intense biological activities in the reservoir. The weak thermal stratification is strengthened by photosynthesis at the surface waters and organic matter degradation at bottom of the reservoir. The end-result of these biological activities are oxygen rich surface waters with low concentrations of nutrients and metal ions and oxygen depleted bottom waters with higher concentrations of nutrients and metal ions.

Relationship between Water Use and Energy Generation from Different Power Generation Types in a Megacity Facing Water Shortages: A Case Study in Shenzhen

Using less water to generate more power is a goal of the worldwide power industry, but this is difficult to achieve because of the lack of long-term, operational data-based studies. This challenge is especially severe for megacities facing water shortages. This study used long-term data (2005–2015) from Shenzhen, a megacity of over 20 million people that faces severe water shortages, to determine the relationship between water and energy for different types of power generation. It was found that power generation consumed huge amounts of water and that cooling water was the biggest water use category. Smaller power plants, such as the Yueliangwan power plant, which uses the closed cooling method, consume 2.36 million m3 of tap water per year, equivalent to the water supply of a small reservoir. However, larger power plants, such as the Mawan power plant and Dayawan nuclear power plant (using the open cooling method), use 0.92 and 3.42 billion m3 of seawater for cooling every year, respectively, equivalent to about 60% and 200% of the total annual water supply in Shenzhen, respectively. Therefore, large thermal power plants and nuclear power plants should be built in coastal areas with rich water resources rather than in arid or semi-arid areas. Additionally, the water use efficiency of nuclear power plants was found to be 0.22 m3/kWh, which was significantly lower than that of coal-fired power plants (0.10 m3/kWh) and gas-fired power plants (0.09 m3/kWh). Third, the water use efficiency of the closed cooling method was ten times higher than that of the open cooling method. Therefore, the closed cooling method is suitable for power plants constructed in areas without rich water resources. These results are useful for balancing the water and energy demands in the changing world.

Evaluating water resources carrying capacity of Pearl River Delta by entropy weight-TOPSIS model

To understand the spatio-temporal changes in the water resources carrying capacity (WRCC) of Pearl River Delta (PRD), 19 indicators were selected from three subsystems (water resources, socio-economic, and eco-environment), and the entropy weight-TOPSIS model was employed to analyze the WRCC of each cities in PRD from 2015 to 2020. As the result shows, the water resources subsystem (WRS) had the largest weight in the evaluation system, followed by the socio-economic subsystem (SES), and the eco-environmental subsystem (EES); among these indicators, economic density, water resources per capita, annual precipitation, and new soil erosion treatment area had the highest weights; the PRD had a low WRCC score overall, with considerable regional differences; the capacity score changed with time, but the ranking of cities remained largely the same, with Shenzhen, Zhaoqing, and Huizhou marking higher scores, whereas Zhongshan, Foshan, and Zhuhai achieving lower scores. It was also found that Shenzhen had a high score for SES, which made up for the shortage of natural water resources there; cities like Huizhou, Jiangmen, and Zhaoqing which boast rich water resources and extensive development achieved high scores for WRS and EES. As the PRD develops, it is important to optimize dispatch of water resources, boost green economy, and promote ecological wellbeing.