Rich Amino Acid Research Articles

Extended photoperiods enhance the production and water treatment performance of algal-bacterial bioflocs from aquaculture wastewater

Reducing pollution and converting wastewater nutrients into useful biomass are major challenges of intensive aquaculture. We investigated the nitrogen and phosphorus metabolism, nutrient composition, and microbial community of algal-bacterial bioflocs (ABBs) produced under glucose addition and different photoperiods. This biomass was used for aquaculture wastewater treatment for 18 days. ABBs produced under longer photoperiods were smaller and more numerous, which facilitated nitrogen recovery and reduced nitrogen loss. Additionally, nitrogen and phosphorus-metabolizing enzyme activities, as well as the activity of overall microorganisms were positively correlated with the light duration. The removal rates of COD (96.89 %), DTN (93.57 %), and DTP (93.67 %) from wastewater by ABBs were highest when the photoperiod was 16L:8D during the production period. Moreover, the crude protein content (41.77 ± 0.11 %) was highest under a photoperiod of 12L:12D, and the rich amino acid and fatty acid profile of the ABB under this photoperiod enhanced its utility as a feed additive for aquaculture species. The high-throughput sequencing analysis revealed a high abundance of Hydrogenophaga at the genus level, highlighting its denitrification capacity of ABBs under the 16L:8D photoperiod. Redundancy analysis (RDA) demonstrated that photoperiod, as a key driver in the formation of microbial communities in ABBs, exerted a direct influence on water treatment efficiency and nutrient accumulation. This study provides new insights into the effects of photoperiod on the properties of ABBs, which has implications for the treatment and subsequent application of aquaculture wastewater.

Iodine deficiency in Russia: Current state of the problem, global practice and new approaches to therapy

Iodine performs a number of important functions in the body, participating in the synthesis of thyroid hormones, which creates the need for constant replenishment of the element in adequate amounts. Continuous monitoring of micronutrient deficiency in the Russian Federation reveals low average daily iodine intake and an increase in the number of cases of thyroid diseases in the period from 2010 to 2020. This actualizes the need to develop new therapeutic and preventive approaches to replenish iodine deficiency. The aim of the review is to analyze the problem of iodine deficiency in Russia and existing practices of its leveling in order to develop a new approach to the prevention and treatment of iodine deficiency conditions. The sample includes publications in Russian and English in the period from 2002 to 2023, using the resources of scientific metric databases Elibrary, Google Scholar, CyberLeninka, PubMed and ScienceDirect. The research work showed that the common practice of eliminating iodine deficiency is to increase the level of consumption of the trace element in the diet, the consequence of which is the availability of a wide range of iodized food supplements and products on the market. However, the analysis of the current functional nutrition sector has revealed a number of drawbacks associated with low bioavailability of the element and its resistance to technological factors in the production of food products. The article presents the key factors influencing the effectiveness of nutritional supplements being developed for nutritional correction of iodine deficiency. They are based on the evaluation of existing means of prevention. The study proposes the development of the technology of whey hydrolysates enriched with iodine and zinc. Application in food production of a food additive based on protein components of milk whey opens new opportunities for processing of secondary dairy raw materials and for full utilization of all milk components. The rich amino acid composition of the additive helps to increase the concentration of essential trace elements in products, as amino acid residues are able to bind iodine and chelate zinc.

Effect of quince seed gum (QSG) on the performance of injectable hyaluronic acid hydrogels in terms of the rheological, morphological, and mechanical aspect.

Injectable hydrogels play an important role in tissue engineering as a filling and repairing material. This study aimed to develop a new injectable hydrogel based on hyaluronic acid (HA) and quince seed gum (QSG) and investigate the effect of QSG on hydrogel performance. The amount of unreacted 1,4-Butanediol diglycidyl ether is maintained at an undetectable level for HA-QSG hydrogels. Amino acid analysis showed that the HA-QSG hydrogel had rich amino acid concentrations of leucine, arginine, and valine. After thermal sterilization, the elastic modulus of HA-QSG gels for dermal and intraarticular filler applications is 63 Pa and 92 Pa, respectively. Pore size was found below 200 μm and the dense homogeneous pore structure was observed.

Nutritional Profiling of Underutilised Citrullus Lanatus Mucosospermus Seed Flour

The seed of Citrullus lanatus mucosospermus, known as egusi, is versatile and explored for its oil and flour functionality. Raw flour can be used as a raw material in a nutritional program due to its oil-rich, remarkably high protein content, and richness in omega-6 fatty acids. There is a need to explore eco-friendly defatting methods using the supercritical CO2 extraction method (SFECO2) to preserve this seed’s generic richness and to control the flour–oil ratio in processing formulations. The supercritical fluid extraction method uses temperature, pressure, and CO2 flow rate to determine the best yield and extraction parameters. Defatted egusi flour (DEF) was extracted using three runs. Firstly, at 60 °C, 30 g/h, and 450 bar (DEF1); secondly, at 55 °C, 30 g/h, and 600 bar (DEF2); and thirdly, extraction was performed at 75 °C, 30 g/h and 600 bar (DEF3). Trace and major elements were analysed using Agilent 7700 quadruple ICP-MS (Agilent Technologies Network, Palo Alto, CA, USA) and Thermo Cap 6200 ICP-AES (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA), respectively. The sugar was separated on a gas chromatograph coupled to a Mass Selective Detector (MSD). The fundamental pasting property measurements were performed using a Rapid Visco Analyser RVA 4500 Perten instrument Sin 214 31208-45 Australia. Data analysis was conducted using IBM SPSS version 29 software (v. 2022). The protein content of defatted egusi flour ranged from 48.4 for DEF2 to 60.4% w/w for DEF1 and differed significantly, with a rich amino acid high in glutamine ranging from 9.8 to 12.9 g/100 g). DEF2 (512.0 cP) showed the highest peak viscosity and was the most viscous among the samples. Defatted flour with lower temperature and lower pressure (60 °C and 450 bar) offered the best nutritional properties, proffering defatted egusi flour from SFECO2, a novel flour for dietary programs.

Constructing amidoxime adsorption sites on the core-shell structured natural silk protein for uranium capture

Amidoxime-based fiber adsorbents hold significant promise for uranium extraction. However, a notable issue is that these adsorbents primarily originate from synthetic polymer materials, which, aside from providing good mechanical support, have no other functions. In recent study, we shifted our focus to silk fiber (SF), a natural protein fiber known for its unique core-shell structure and rich amino acids. The shell layer, due to its abundant functional groups, makes it easily modifiable, while the core layer provides excellent mechanical strength. Leveraging these inherent properties, an amidoxime-based fiber adsorbent was developed. This adsorbent utilizes amino and carboxyl groups for enhanced performance synergistically. This method involves establishing uranium affinity sites on the outer sericin layer of SF via chemical initiation of graft polymerization (CIGP) and amidoximation (SF-g-PAO). The water absorption ratio of SF-g-PAO is as high as 601.16 % (DG = 97.17 %). Besides, SF-g-PAO demonstrates an exceptional adsorption capacity of 15.69 mg/g in simulated seawater, achieving a remarkable removal rate of uranyl ions at 95.06 %. It can withstand a minimum of five adsorption-elution cycles. Over a 4-week period in natural seawater, SF-g-PAO displayed an adsorption capacity of 4.95 mg/g. Furthermore, SF-g-PAO also exhibits impressive uranium removal efficiency in real nuclear wastewater, with a removal rate of 63 % in just 15 min and a final removal rate of 90 %. It is hoped that this SF-g-PAO, prepared through this straightforward method and characterized by the synergistic action of amino and carboxyl groups, can offer innovative insights into the development of uranium extraction adsorbents.

XCAPT5: protein–protein interaction prediction using deep and wide multi-kernel pooling convolutional neural networks with protein language model

BackgroundPredicting protein–protein interactions (PPIs) from sequence data is a key challenge in computational biology. While various computational methods have been proposed, the utilization of sequence embeddings from protein language models, which contain diverse information, including structural, evolutionary, and functional aspects, has not been fully exploited. Additionally, there is a significant need for a comprehensive neural network capable of efficiently extracting these multifaceted representations.ResultsAddressing this gap, we propose xCAPT5, a novel hybrid classifier that uniquely leverages the T5-XL-UniRef50 protein large language model for generating rich amino acid embeddings from protein sequences. The core of xCAPT5 is a multi-kernel deep convolutional siamese neural network, which effectively captures intricate interaction features at both micro and macro levels, integrated with the XGBoost algorithm, enhancing PPIs classification performance. By concatenating max and average pooling features in a depth-wise manner, xCAPT5 effectively learns crucial features with low computational cost.ConclusionThis study represents one of the initial efforts to extract informative amino acid embeddings from a large protein language model using a deep and wide convolutional network. Experimental results show that xCAPT5 outperforms recent state-of-the-art methods in binary PPI prediction, excelling in cross-validation on several benchmark datasets and demonstrating robust generalization across intra-species, cross-species, inter-species, and stringent similarity contexts.

Effect of ultrasound-assisted Maillard reaction on glycosylation of goat whey protein: Structure and functional properties

Goat whey protein (GWP) has a rich amino acid profile and good techno-functional attributes but still has limited functional performance for certain applications. This study introduces an innovative ultrasound-assisted Maillard reaction to enhance GWP's functional properties by conjugating it with either gum Arabic (GA) or citrus pectin (CP). Sonication accelerated the Maillard reaction, and the glycosylation of GWP was significantly enhanced after optimization of the conjugation conditions. Gel electrophoresis examination verified the creation of GWP-polysaccharide conjugates, while scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed structural modifications caused by polysaccharide grafting and sonication. The use of ultrasound in the Maillard reaction notably enhanced the solubility, foaming capacity, and emulsifying attributes of the GWPs. Among the conjugates, the GWP-GA ones exhibited the best functional properties. Our findings suggest that this approach can notably improve the functional attributes of GWPs, thus broadening their potential uses in the food sector and beyond.

Amino acid and acetone fluorescence sensors based on a stable light-emitting Cd(II) metal-organic framework with derivatives of isonicotinic acid

As one of the most promising category of functional materials, luminescent metal–organic frameworks (LMOFs) have been widely investigated as fluorescence chemical sensors which can offer a reliable diagnostic tools in biomedical research. Herein, a luminescent Cd-MOF [Cd2(L)2(H2O)]n (Cd-MOF) (H2L = 3-(3-carboxylphenyl) isonicotinic acid), was synthesized by and characterized in detail. Single-crystal structure determination reveals that Cd-MOF crystalizes in the monoclinic crystal system with C2/c space group. Experimental results show that Cd-MOF is a highly selective and sensitive luminescent sensor for rapidly detecting acetone, l-Tryptophane (L-Trp) and l- Aspartic acid (L-Asp) in water. It can significantly test acetone in common solvents, selectively identify l-Trp-and l-Asp-in 12 amino acid aqueous solutions, and enhance the fluorescence signal of Tryptophan and quench l-Asp-with the detection limit of 17.6 μM and 68.8 μM respectively. However, upon the interaction with electron rich amino acid (L-Trp), the Cd-MOF shows the selective “Turn-On” behavior, which may also be supported by the DFT studies.

Potential Benefits of Egg White Proteins and Their Derived Peptides in the Regulation of the Intestinal Barrier and Gut Microbiota: A Comprehensive Review.

Impaired intestinal barrier function can impede the digestion and absorption of nutrients and cause a range of metabolic disorders, which are the main causes of intestinal disease. Evidence suggests that proper dietary protein intake can prevent and alleviate intestinal diseases. Egg white protein (EWP) has received considerable attention, because of its high protein digestibility and rich amino acid composition. Furthermore, bioactive peptides may have an increased repair effect due to their high degradation efficiency in the gut. In this study, we aimed to review the effects of EWP and its bioactive peptides on intestinal structural repair. The potential modulation mechanisms by which EWP and their peptides regulate the gut microbiota and intestinal barrier can be summarized as follows: (1) restoring the structure of the intestinal barrier to its intact form, (2) enhancing the intestinal immune system and alleviating the inflammatory response and oxidative damage, and (3) increasing the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria and metabolites. Further in-depth analysis of the coregulation of multiple signaling pathways by EWP is required, and the combined effects of these multiple mechanisms requires further evaluation in experimental models. Human trials can be considered to understand new directions for development.

Mycoprotein Production by Submerged Fermentation of the Edible Mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus in a Batch Stirred Tank Bioreactor Using Agro-Industrial Hydrolysate.

The demand for cheap, healthy, and sustainable alternative protein sources has turned research interest into microbial proteins. Mycoproteins prevail due to their quite balanced amino acid profile, low carbon footprint and high sustainability potential. The goal of this research was to investigate the capability of Pleurotus ostreatus to metabolize the main sugars of agro-industrial side streams, such as aspen wood chips hydrolysate, to produce high-value protein with low cost. Our results indicate that P. ostreatus LGAM 1123 could be cultivated both in a C-6 (glucose)- and C-5(xylose)-sugar-containing medium for mycoprotein production. A mixture of glucose and xylose was found to be ideal for biomass production with high protein content and rich amino acid profile. P. ostreatus LGAM 1123 cultivation in a 4 L stirred-tank bioreactor using aspen hydrolysate was achieved with 25.0 ± 3.4 g L-1 biomass production, 1.8 ± 0.4 d-1 specific growth rate and a protein yield of 54.5 ± 0.5% (g/100 g sugars). PCA analysis of the amino acids revealed a strong correlation between the amino acid composition of the protein produced and the ratios of glucose and xylose in the culture medium. The production of high-nutrient mycoprotein by submerged fermentation of the edible fungus P. ostreatus using agro-industrial hydrolysates is a promising bioprocess in the food and feed industry.

Study of Physicochemical and Gelation Properties of Fish Gelatin from Different Sources

Fish gelatin has been increasingly used as a safe alternative to cattle and pig gelatin due to its similar structure, avoiding the health and socio-cultural issues associated with the use of materials of mammalian origin. Fish gelatin can be produced from processed fish products to achieve a high yield at a low cost. Recent studies show that although fish gelatin comes from a wide range of sources, the protein content and amino acid composition of fish gelatin from different sources are different, and some fish gelatin is soft and unstable transglutaminase (TGase) can catalyze the γ-amide group of glutamine residues and the ε-amino group of lysine residues in proteins to form covalent bonds to form a stable protein network structure, improve the strength of the gel so that it can be applied in a more special environment. In this experiment, after screening the raw materials of cold-water fish gelatin M06 and M08, warm-water fish gelatin M03 and M04, a strong fish gelatin was successfully prepared by catalytic modification of cold-water fish gelatin by transglutaminase (TGase), and the excellent performance of TG enzyme-catalyzed modified gelatin was proved through the application effect of chicken salt soluble protein. In this experiment, the protein content of cold-water fish M08 was the highest, which was up to 99.9%, 1.09 times that of warm-water fish. The gelatin content of cold-water fish M08 was the highest of the four kinds of fish gelatin, with a wide proportion of components and rich amino acid composition. Cold-water fish M08 gelatin-derived gel had the highest strength of 253 ± 1 g/cm at 4 °C. It was found that fish gelatin with protein molecular weight distribution and rich amino acid composition had higher gel strength. M08 gelatin is cross-linked by transglutaminase (TGase), which increases the strength of enzyme gels by approximately 200% compared to self-assembled gels. Fish gelatin catalyzed by the TG enzyme improves the gel strength of raw material and makes it more applicable. M08 gelatin also showed good application performance at low temperatures in compound chicken salt-soluble protein gel, with a water retention rate of 95.84% and gel strength of 198.5 g/cm. This study expanded the application range of fish gelatin by TG enzyme and improved the application potential of fish gelatin.

Enhancing the Stability of Cu‐BTC Metal‐Organic Framework via the Formation of Cu‐BTC@Cu3(PO4)2 MOF Core‐Shell Nanoflower Hierarchical Hybrid Composites

AbstractHybrid organic‐inorganic nanoflowers (NFs) have recently emerged as a critical tool in enhancing the stability and activity of biomolecules due to their expansive surface area and porosity. The delicate petal‐like features of NFs offer innumerable sites for biomolecule adsorption, including but not limited to proteins, amino acids, and enzymes. Cu‐BTC, a copper‐based Metal‐Organic Framework (MOF) has been hindered in its potential for diverse applications by its instability in humid and aqueous conditions. To overcome this limitation, this study explores the stabilization of Cu‐BTC via the mineralization of its surface with the formation of copper phosphate nanoflowers (NFs). To initiate the mineralization process and provide a template for the growth of the NFs, a physiologically rich amino acid medium is employed. The inclusion of amino acids in the RPMI medium played a crucial role in the preservation of the Cu‐BTC hierarchical structure by facilitating the self‐assembly of copper phosphate nanoflowers on its surface, thereby producing a Cu‐BTC@Cu3(PO4)2 core‐shell structure. The innovative mechanism behind the formation of copper phosphate nanoflowers in this study and its consequential stabilization of the Cu‐BTC MOF structure underscore its novel nature.

Studying the Thermophysical Characteristics of the Muscle Mass of the Black Soldier Fly Larvaes (Hermetia Illucens) as a Drying Object

Introduction. The main component of the compound feedstuff is fish meal, which has unstable quality and high price. Fish and meat-and-bone meals are replaced with protein concentrates and higher quality larvae proteins. The source of feed protein is the biomass of the black soldier flies (Hermetia illucens), which have a rich amino acid composition and also process food waste. The aim of the work is to study the thermal-physical characteristics of the muscle mass of the black soldier fly larvaes (Hermetia illucens). Материалы и методы. The study focused on the muscle mass of black soldier fly larvaes (Hermetia illucens). The subject of the study is thermal-physical regularities during the drying process. The studies were conducted on the basis of Don State Technical University. The article describes determination of thermal-physical characteristics such as specific heat, thermal conductivity, moisture of the raw material, and oiliness. Results. Heat conductivity coefficient of water 0.555 W/(m∙K) for food and feed products from 0.25 to 0.40 W/(m∙K) black Soldier Fly larvae have a heat conductivity equal to 0.144 W/(m∙K), which is lower than conventional feedstuff components. The humidity of the examined raw material is 45% or higher while the heat conductivity remains linear and practically does not increase. Discussion and Conclusion. The results obtained during the work can be used for parameter determination and design of various types of dryers, and for mathematical description of the dynamics and kinetics of drying.

Co-Fermentation of Edible Mushroom By-Products with Soybeans Enhances Nutritional Values, Isoflavone Aglycones, and Antioxidant Capacity of Douchi Koji

Douchi is a traditional salt-fermented soybean food with various bioactivities, such as anti-oxidation, anti-diabetes, and anti-hypertension, which are greatly affected by the activities of protease and β-glucosidase during koji production. Edible mushroom by-products are ideal ingredients for enhancing food flavor and nutritional quality due to their unique nutritional characteristics of high protein, rich amino acids, and low calories. However, there is no research on the preparation of Douchi by the mixed fermentation of edible mushroom by-products and soybeans. In this study, response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the fermentation conditions of edible mushroom by-product Douchi koji (EMDK) with protease and β-glucosidase activities as indicators, and the changes in the main bioactive compounds and antioxidant activities of unfermented raw samples (URS), Douchi koji without edible mushroom by-product (DKWE), and EMDK were compared. The results of single-factor tests and RSM showed that the optimal fermentation conditions of EMDK were the Aspergillus oryzae to Mucor racemosus ratio of 1:1, inoculation amount of 6%, edible mushroom amount of 21%, and fermentation time of 63 h, and the activities of protease and β-glucosidase under these conditions were 796.03 ± 15.01 U/g and 1175.40 ± 36.98 U/g, respectively. Additionally, compared with URS and DKWE, the contents of total isoflavones and β-glucoside isoflavones in EMDK were notably decreased, while the contents of amino nitrogen, total phenolics, total flavonoids, and aglycone isoflavone, as well as the antioxidant capacity were significantly increased. Furthermore, significant correlations were found between the above components and antioxidant capacity. These results showed that edible mushroom by-product could be incorporated into soybeans for co-fermentation, conferring higher nutritional value to and antioxidant capacity of Douchi koji.

Keratin as a sustainable biopolymer for waste water treatment

Keratin is one of the most abundant natural polymers with potential application in various fields but is usually seen discarded as waste generated from poultry farms along roadsides and landfills. These are indeed the cheapest source of keratin protein which could be used for various applications. Owing to the structural properties, keratinous materials are now being exploited in wastewater treatment systems as adsorbents. The rich amino acid content having hydroxyl, carboxyl and amino groups has been found to be beneficial in removing contaminants from waste waters like heavy metals and dyes. Research based on this idea has received peak attention to a point where formulations of different adsorbent materials like nanofibre, biofilms and biocomposite from keratinous raw materials are now available for commercial use. This review summarises the application of keratin as an efficient adsorbent for waste water treatment providing an insight into its structure, forms of keratin used for treatments and mechanism of adsorption of different components in waste water.

Nutritional Components and Quality Evaluation of Coilia nasus Muscle from Offshore of the Yangtze Estuary

Background: Coilia nasus was one of the important economic fish in the Yangtze Estuary. The meat of C. nasus is tender and delicious, which is deeply loved by people. With the ban on fishing in the Yangtze River, a large number of “C. nasus from the sea” have appeared in the market. At present, the nutritional status and its true source are not clear. Therefore, the nutritional composition and quality of offshore C. nasus were analyzed to identify its source and evaluate its development and utilization potential according to its nutritional quality in the future. Methods: The muscle nutritional components and quality of offshore C. nasus were analyzed according to the methods of national standards of China. Result: The content of essential amino acids (EAA) in dry sample was 57.06%±7.39%. The first limited amino acid was tryptophan (Trp), the essential amino acids index (EAAI) was 83.05 and the F-value was 2.37. The total content of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in fatty acids were 10.67%±0.46%, the ratio of DHA/EPA was 1.74%±0.05%. This investigation indicates that the muscle of C. nasus from offshore of the Yangtze Estuary contained rich amino acid such as glutamate (Glu) and lysine (Lys) and sufficient polyunsaturated fatty acids such as DHA and EPA.

Compensatory Mechanism of Diet Containing Sulphur-Rich Amino Acids in Restoring Neurotoxico-Nutritional Deficits in Konzo Disease Rat Model

Introduction: The present study is aimed at assessing the effect of bitter cassava on blood biochemical parameters of konzo disease induced Wistar rats. Nutritional modification with suphur rich amino acids was used as a measure to correct the impact in rats induced konzo disease. Method: 25 adult male wistar rats were assigned to 5 experimental groups (i) Control n=5, (ii) cassava only n=5, (iii) cassava + animal feed n=5, (iv) cassava + Eggshell + Brown beans n=5, (v) Eggshell + Brown Beans only n=5. The bitter cassava foods were taken by oral ingestion for a period of 4 weeks. The weights of the rats were checked through the experiment and blood samples were taken from each group into EDTA-lined containers and analyses for blood cyanide, methionine and cysteine levels.
 Results: There was significant difference in weight and there was a progressive increase in their success rate as against the cassava only group which decreased in their success rate, hence, differs statistically and significantly (p˂0.05) from the control group. It was observed that the cassava fed group had higher blood level of cyanide far above the normal blood reference range (2.60 – 2.90µg/ml) for cyanides, hence, was seen to be statistically significant as compared to that of the control group. The eggshell and brown beans only group showed high blood levels of methionine that statistically differ significantly (p<0.05) from both the control group and the cassava only group. Blood level of cysteine in the cassava plus eggshell and brown beans group differed significant statistically from the control group.
 Conclusion: Sulphur amino acids such as methionine and cysteine are essential for detoxification of the residual cyanogens remaining in insufficiently processed cassava roots. Foods such as cereals and legumes as source of sulphur amino acids should be promoted to prevent paralytic neurotoxico-nutritional disease such as konzo among the poor population.

A new phosphonate based Mn-MOF in recognising arginine over lysine in aqueous medium and other bio-fluids with “Sepsis” disease remediation

Selective detection of a particular amino acid in aqueous medium by using suitable solid state fluorescence sensor can offer a reliable diagnostic tool in biomedical research. Herein, we report a tetratopic phosphonate ligand (H8L) based MnII-MOF (H8L-Mn-MOF) [a = 28.211(8) Å, b = 12.265(3) Å, c = 10.535(3) Å, α = 90°, β = 99.295° (14), γ = 90° and CCDC no. −1922966] for selective recognition of L-arginine (Arg) over L-lysine (Lys) and other amino acids with detection limit of 7.1 ppm. Primarily the MOF remains in fluorescent quenched state in aqueous medium due to the presence of paramagnetic metal centres (MnII). However, upon interaction with electron rich amino acid (Arg), the MOF showed selective “Turn-On” behaviour, which was also supported from the DFT studies. In addition, the MOF material showed equal responsive behaviour in different bio-fluids such as fatal bovine serum and human urine suggesting its bio-applicability. Thus, the detection of this biomarker (L-Arg) from serum and human urine would help immensely towards preparing a paediatric reference range for clinical use. As an artefact, the patients with “Sepsis” disease will be detected with an ease using this tetraphosphonate based Mn-MOF.

Influence of Dietary Molecules on Human Health: Whey Proteins

Whey protein is one of the major sources of essential proteins which is being used widely now days for maintaining a healthy life style and to meet the daily protein requirement. In order to maintain a healthy body weight, regular exercise accompanied with a healthy diet is very important, and whey protein is a perfect source of fulfilling the protein requirements of the body. Whey is obtained majorly from milk which is formed by the production of cheese. Milk is the major source of whey as it comprises 20% of the total constituent of milk. Whey protein is a high-quality protein with a rich amino acid profile. It contains the broad spectrum of amino acids that includes essential amino acids (EAAs) and branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) which are important in the growth and repair of tissues. Leucine, Isoleucine and Valine are the amino acids that play a major role in BCAA in protein synthesis and has recently been identified as playing role in muscle building and increase in the hormonal growth. It is easy to digest as compared to other components of milk like casein and has no fat content in it which makes it possible to help in gaining lean muscle mass in the body. These are one of the many advantages of consuming whey for which its demand in the market is rising. .Despite numerous advantages it can show some side effects like kidney problems, indigestion, bloating, etc. So it is advisable to consume it after consulting with a physician or some health expert in a specific dosage for a period of time. This review article gives a brief explanation of the role of whey proteins present in milk.

Revealing the features of the composition of the walnut shell from the point of view of the possibility of its use in the food industry

This paper considers ways of using walnut shells for food products. The study is based on three varieties of walnut as raw materials. Such physicochemical indicators as the shape, mass, thickness, kernel yield, fat, protein, ash, vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and bioflavonoids have been investigated. The results showed that the walnut shell has a large, rounded, and round-ovoid shape. The weight of the shell ranges from 11.7 to 14.1 g, the thickness ‒ from 1.5 to 1.6 mm, the kernel yield ‒ from 45.7 to 48.8 %. The fat content ranges from 0.7 to 0.9 %, the protein content ‒ 2.4 to 2.5 %, the ash content ‒ from 1.6 to 1.7 %. The study of vitamins in the walnut shell showed that vitamin A is absent in the shell of all varieties of walnut. The content of the vitamin E ranges from 8.59 mg to 9.53 mg, the content of the vitamin C ‒ from 9.31 mg to 15.0 mg, and the content of β, carotene, ‒ from 0.053 to 0.070 mg. The studies have also shown a fairly rich amino acid composition of walnut shells. The results demonstrated that the shell of walnut contains a sufficient amount of daily intake of vitamins. The results of investigating mineral substances showed that the iodine content ranges from 5.52 μg to 14.81 μg, iron ‒ from 3.33 mg to 7.39 mg, and zinc ‒ from 3.1 mg to 6.9 mg. The content of quercetin in the shell of a walnut ranges from 0.945 mg to 1.51 mg, catechin ‒ from 2.46 mg to 12.07 mg, tannins ‒ from 611.32 mg to 805.62 mg. Based on the results of the analysis, it is planned in the future to devise technology for obtaining an extract that could be used as a food additive in a soft drink, enriching it with the missing nutritional components.