Root Development In Rice Research Articles

Effects of Rice Root Development and Rhizosphere Soil on Methane Emission in Paddy Fields.

Paddy fields are important anthropogenic emission sources of methane (CH4). However, it is not clear how rice root development and rhizosphere soil properties affect CH4 emissions. Therefore, we selected rice varieties with similar growth periods but different root traits in the local area. We measured CH4 emission fluxes, cumulative CH4 emissions, root dry weight, root length, and the dissolved organic carbon (DOC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), redox potential (Eh), ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N), and nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N) contents in rhizosphere soil. Methanogens and methanotrophs are crucial factors influencing CH4 emissions; thus, their abundance and community composition were also assessed. The result showed that CH4 fluxes of each rice variety reached the peak at tillering stage and jointing-booting stage. The CH4 emissions in tillering stage were the largest in each growth period. CH4 emissions had negative correlations with root length, root dry weight, Eh NO3--N, methanotroph abundance, and the pmoA/mcrA ratio, and positive correlations with NH4+-N, MBC, DOC, and methanogen abundance. Path analysis confirmed methanogens and methanotrophs as direct influences on CH4 emissions. Root development and rhizosphere soil properties affect CH4 emissions indirectly through these microbes. This study suggests that choosing rice varieties with good root systems and managing the rhizosphere soil can effectively reduce CH4 emissions.

Mitochondrial AOX1a and an H2O2 feed-forward signalling loop regulate flooding tolerance in rice.

Flooding is a widespread natural disaster that causes tremendous yield losses of global food production. Rice is the only cereal capable of growing in aquatic environments. Direct seeding by which seedlings grow underwater is an important cultivation method for reducing rice production cost. Hypoxic germination tolerance and root growth in waterlogged soil are key traits for rice adaptability to flooded environments. Alternative oxidase (AOX) is a non-ATP-producing terminal oxidase in the plant mitochondrial electron transport chain, but its role in hypoxia tolerance had been unclear. We have discovered that AOX1a is necessary and sufficient to promote germination/coleoptile elongation and root development in rice under flooding/hypoxia. Hypoxia enhances endogenous H2O2 accumulation, and H2O2 in turn activates an ensemble of regulatory genes including AOX1a to facilitate the conversion of deleterious reactive oxygen species to H2O2 in rice under hypoxia. We show that AOX1a and H2O2 act interdependently to coordinate three key downstream events, that is, glycolysis/fermentation for minimal ATP production, root aerenchyma development and lateral root emergence under hypoxia. Moreover, we reveal that ectopic AOX1a expression promotes vigorous root and plant growth, and increases grain yield under regular irrigation conditions. Our discoveries provide new insights into a unique sensor-second messenger pair in which AOX1a acts as the sensor perceiving low oxygen tension, while H2O2 accumulation serves as the second messenger triggering downstream root development in rice against hypoxia stress. This work also reveals AOX1a genetic manipulation and H2O2 pretreatment as potential targets for improving flooding tolerance in rice and other crops.

Modeling Root Development of Rice (Oryza sativa L) under Varying Drought Stress

In the current era, where drought occurrences are frequent and devastating, extensive study on drought tolerance mechanisms is imperative. Root growth under water stress is a key indicator of drought tolerance. Modeling a crop's root-length under such conditions aids in predicting seminal root length (SRL) and, consequently, its tolerance level. Under consecutive stress using Poly-ethylene-glycol (PEG), root length of a landrace originating from the drought-prone area of West Bengal, India was measured through image analysis and then mathematically modulated using an equation. The highest root length under stress was predicted at 6% PEG stress which aligned with the experimental readings. On the 15th day of stress, predicted SRL values were 104.67mm and experimental values were 90.00mm. Despite some over and underestimations with a low root mean square error of 14.68 mm, the equation provides insight into root elongation trends under various stress levels, offering a basis for predicting SRL and yield capabilities under water stress for diverse crop species.

The role of OsDGD1 in phosphate starvation: how lipid remodeling regulates jasmonic acid and root development in rice.

The role of OsDGD1 in phosphate starvation: how lipid remodeling regulates jasmonic acid and root development in rice.

A nitrogen-responsive cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase regulates root response to high ammonium in rice.

Plant root system is significantly influenced by high soil levels of ammonium nitrogen, leading to reduced root elongation and enhanced lateral root branching. In Arabidopsis, these processes have been reported to be mediated by phytohormones and their downstream signaling pathways, while the controlling mechanisms remain elusive in crops. Through a transcriptome analysis of roots subjected to high/low ammonium treatments, we identified a cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase encoding gene, CKX3, whose expression is induced by high ammonium. Knocking out CKX3 and its homologue CKX8 results in shorter seminal roots, fewer lateral roots, and reduced sensitivity to high ammonium. Endogenous cytokinin levels are elevated by high ammonium or in ckx3 mutants. Cytokinin application results in shorter seminal roots and fewer lateral roots in wild-type, mimicking the root responses of ckx3 mutants to high ammonium. Furthermore, CKX3 is transcriptionally activated by type-B RR25 and RR26, and ckx3 mutants have reduced auxin content and signaling in roots under low ammonium. This study identified RR25/26-CKX3-cytokinin as a signal module that mediates root responses to external ammonium by modulating of auxin signaling in the root meristem and lateral root primordium. This highlights the critical role of cytokinin metabolism in regulating rice root development in response to ammonium.

The OsNAC41-RoLe1-OsAGAP module promotes root development and drought resistance in upland rice

Drought is a major environmental stress limiting crop yields worldwide. Upland rice (Oryza sativa) has evolved complex genetic mechanisms for adaptative growth under drought stress. However, few genetic variants that mediate drought resistance in upland rice have been identified, and little is known about the evolution of this trait during rice domestication. In this study, using a genome-wide association study we identified ROOT LENGTH 1 (RoLe1) that controls rice root length and drought resistance. We found that a G-to-T polymorphism in the RoLe1 promoter causes increased binding of the transcription factor OsNAC41 and thereby enhanced expression of RoLe1. We further showed that RoLe1 interacts with OsAGAP, an ARF-GTPase activating protein involved in auxin-dependent root development, and interferes with its function to modulate root development. Interestingly, RoLe1 could enhance crop yield by increasing the seed-setting rate under moderate drought conditions. Genomic evolutionary analysis revealed that a newly arisen favorable allelic variant, proRoLe1−526T, originated from the midwest Asia and was retained in upland rice during domestication. Collectively, our study identifies an OsNAC41-RoLe1-OsAGAP module that promotes upland rice root development and drought resistance, providing promising genetic targets for molecular breeding of drought-resistant rice varieties.

Polypeptide urea increases rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency through root growth improvement

ContextElucidating rice root growth and development characteristics is essential for improving nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and grain yield (GY) of crops, particularly in light of innovations such as polyaspartic acid (PASP)–urea formulations. However, the effectiveness of PASP–urea on the morphological properties of rice roots is insufficiently explored. ObjectiveWe aimed to examine the effect of PASP–urea on root morphology properties, NUE, and grain yield of mid-season rice in southwest China. MethodsIn 2016 and 2017, a two-factor randomized block design experiment was conducted in Sichuan, China, during the rice planting season. Three N treatments: no N (control), conventional urea [CU], and polyaspartic acid–urea [PU] were administered to two rice varieties: Yixiangyou 2115 and Fyou 498. ResultsOur findings showed that grain yield and nitrogen recovery efficiency (NRE) of rice were closely related to the root surface area density (RSAD), root length density (RLD), and root volume density (RVD) of rice. Compared to the CU treatment, the PU application significantly boosted the root dry matter weight, RLD, RVD, and RSAD of both varieties by 12.00–16.87 %, 0.16–28.98 %, 12.41–37.06 %, and 8.14–33.66 % at the jointing, heading, and maturity stages, respectively. This contributed to a 0.37–15.63 % and 23.45–48.12 % increase in grain yield and NRE, respectively, in both years, and a 12.26–15.69 % increase in N partial productivity efficiency (NPPE) in 2017 by improving the effective panicle number per unit area, spikelets per panicle, and N uptake. ConclusionNRE and grain yield of rice were significantly increased by PU application by improving the rice root system. ImplicationsThe study findings offer insight on how PASP–urea application influences the root morphology of rice and its relationship with grain yield and NRE while offering novel strategies and concepts for optimizing N use in rice cultivation.

RL99 Was Essential for High Yield Formation by Regulating Leaf Morphogenesis and Root Development in Rice

RL99 Was Essential for High Yield Formation by Regulating Leaf Morphogenesis and Root Development in Rice

Biochar Application Combined with Water-Saving Irrigation Enhances Rice Root Growth and Nitrogen Utilization in Paddy Fields

To improve nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) during rice cultivation, it is essential to comprehend the morphological and physiological traits of rice roots. However, in high-fertility black soil regions of Northeast China, the effects of combining biochar application with water-saving irrigation (WSI) conditions on rice root development and nitrogen utilization are still unknown. To address this knowledge gap, a combination of field experiments and 15N tracer micro-area investigations was conducted in this study. Four treatments were implemented: (i) controlled irrigation without biochar application (CB0); (ii) controlled irrigation with 2.5 t ha−1 biochar application (CB1); (iii) controlled irrigation with 12.5 t ha−1 biochar application (CB2); and (iv) controlled irrigation with 25 t ha–1 biochar application (CB3). Flooded irrigation conditions without biochar treatment (FB0) were used as the control. The primary objective of this research was to identify the mechanisms by which combined WSI conditions and biochar application affect rice root development and nitrogen utilization. Biochar application enhanced rice root morphological and physiological characteristics. Optimal biochar application increased the longest root length (RL), root volume (RV), root fresh weight (RFW), root active absorption area, root bleeding intensity, and root activity (RA) of rice while also optimizing the root–shoot ratio and facilitating nitrogen absorption by roots. These changes in root morphological and physiological characteristics facilitated the absorption of fertilizer-15N and soil nitrogen by rice roots, ultimately leading to improvements in rice yields and NUEs. Notably, the rice yields, NUE, nitrogen agronomic efficiency (NAE), and nitrogen partial factor productivity (NPFP) of CB2 plants were 16.45%, 39.42%, 24.48%, and 16.45% higher than those of FB0 plants, respectively. These results highlight the effectiveness of biochar application as a strategy to ensure food security and enhance NUE under WSI conditions. Furthermore, this study suggests that the recommended optimal application amount of biochar for the black soil area of Northeast China is 12.5 t ha−1.

OsEXO70L2 is required for large lateral root formation and arbuscular mycorrhiza establishment in rice

As a major subunit of the exocyst complex, members of the EXO70 family have mainly been shown to play roles in cell polarity and morphogenesis in Arabidopsis, but their roles in plant endosymbiosis, such as with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), have rarely been reported. Here, using knockout and overexpression lines, we show that OsEXO70L2, which encodes a divergent EXO70 protein in rice, controls the number of primary roots and is essential for large lateral root formation. Furthermore, the OsEXO70L2 mutant sr1 displayed rare internal AMF hyphae and no arbuscules. We also found that AMF sporulation can occur in roots despite low colonization and that AMF colonization and sporulation are modulated by photoperiod and co-culture with clover. Finally, genes related to auxin homeostasis were found to be affected in the OsEXO70L2 knockout or overexpression lines, suggesting that auxin is at least partly responsible for the phenotypes. This study provides new perspectives on the role of the exocyst complex during root development and AM in rice.

Ethylene Modulates Rice Root Plasticity under Abiotic Stresses

Plants live in constantly changing environments that are often unfavorable or stressful. Root development strongly affects plant growth and productivity, and the developmental plasticity of roots helps plants to survive under abiotic stress conditions. This review summarizes the progress being made in understanding the regulation of the phtyohormone ethylene in rice root development in response to abiotic stresses, highlighting the complexity associated with the integration of ethylene synthesis and signaling in root development under adverse environments. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of ethylene in regulating root architecture and response to environmental signals can contribute to the genetic improvement of crop root systems, enhancing their adaptation to stressful environmental conditions.

Transcription factors WOX11 and LBD16 function with histone demethylase JMJ706 to control crown root development in rice.

Crown roots are the main components of root systems in cereals. Elucidating the mechanisms of crown root formation is instrumental for improving nutrient absorption, stress tolerance, and yield in cereal crops. Several members of the WUSCHEL-related homeobox (WOX) and lateral organ boundaries domain (LBD) transcription factor families play essential roles in controlling crown root development in rice (Oryza sativa). However, the functional relationships among these transcription factors in regulating genes involved in crown root development remain unclear. Here, we identified LBD16 as an additional regulator of rice crown root development. We showed that LBD16 is a direct downstream target of WOX11, a key crown root development regulator in rice. Our results indicated that WOX11 enhances LBD16 transcription by binding to its promoter and recruiting its interaction partner JMJ706, a demethylase that removes histone H3 lysine 9 dimethylation (H3K9me2) from the LBD16 locus. In addition, we established that LBD16 interacts with WOX11, thereby impairing JMJ706-WOX11 complex formation and repressing its own transcriptional activity. Together, our results reveal a feedback system regulating genes that orchestrate crown root development in rice, in which LBD16 acts as a molecular rheostat.

The ABA synthesis enzyme allele OsNCED2T promotes dryland adaptation in upland rice

Upland rice shows dryland adaptation in the form of a deeper and denser root system and greater drought resistance than its counterpart, irrigated rice. Our previous study revealed a difference in the frequency of the OsNCED2 gene between upland and irrigated populations. A nonsynonymous mutation (C to T, from irrigated to upland rice) may have led to functional variation fixed by artificial selection, but the exact biological function in dryland adaptation is unclear. In this study, transgenic and association analysis indicated that the domesticated fixed mutation caused functional variation in OsNCED2, increasing ABA levels, root development, and drought tolerance in upland rice under dryland conditions. OsNCED2-overexpressing rice showed increased reactive oxygen species-scavenging abilities and transcription levels of many genes functioning in stress response and development that may regulate root development and drought tolerance. OsNCED2T-NILs showed a denser root system and drought resistance, promoting the yield of rice under dryland conditions. OsNCED2T may confer dryland adaptation in upland rice and may find use in breeding dryland-adapted, water-saving rice.

Age-dependent analysis dissects the stepwise control of auxin-mediated lateral root development in rice.

As root elongation rates are different among each individual root, the distance from the root apices does not always reflect the age of root cells. Thus, methods for correcting variations in elongation rates are needed to accurately evaluate the root developmental process. Here, we show that modeling-based age-dependent analysis is effective for dissecting stepwise lateral root (LR) development in rice (Oryza sativa). First, we measured the increases in LR and LR primordium (LRP) numbers, diameters, and lengths in wild type and an auxin-signaling-defective mutant, which has a faster main (crown) root elongation rate caused by the mutation in the gene encoding AUXIN/INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID protein 13 (IAA13). The longitudinal patterns of these parameters were fitted by the appropriate models and the age-dependent patterns were identified using the root elongation rates. As a result, we found that LR and LRP numbers and lengths were reduced in iaa13. We also found that the duration of the increases in LR and LRP diameters were prolonged in iaa13. Subsequent age-dependent comparisons with gene expression patterns suggest that AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR11 (ARF11), the homolog of MONOPTEROS (MP)/ARF5 in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), is involved in the initiation and growth of LR(P). Indeed, the arf11 mutant showed a reduction of LR and LRP numbers and lengths. Our results also suggest that PINOID-dependent rootward-to-shootward shift of auxin flux contributes to the increase in LR and LRP diameters. Together, we propose that modeling-based age-dependent analysis is useful for root developmental studies by enabling accurate evaluation of root traits' expression.

Characterization and in silico analysis of the domain unknown function DUF568-containing gene family in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

BackgroundDomains of unknown function (DUF) proteins are a number of uncharacterized and highly conserved protein families in eukaryotes. In plants, some DUFs have been predicted to play important roles in development and response to abiotic stress. Among them, DUF568-containing protein family is plant-specific and has not been described previously. A basic analysis and expression profiling was performed, and the co-expression and interaction networks were constructed to explore the functions of DUF568 family in rice.ResultsThe phylogenetic tree showed that the 8, 9 and 11 DUF568 family members from rice, Arabidopsis and maize were divided into three groups. The evolutionary relationship between DUF568 members in rice and maize was close, while the genes in Arabidopsis were more distantly related. The cis-elements prediction showed that over 82% of the elements upstream of OsDUF568 genes were responsive to light and phytohormones. Gene expression profile prediction and RT-qPCR experiments revealed that OsDUF568 genes were highly expressed in leaves, stems and roots of rice seedling. The expression of some OsDUF568 genes varied in response to plant hormones (abscisic acid, 6-benzylaminopurine) and abiotic stress (drought and chilling). Further analysis of the co-expression and protein–protein interaction networks using gene ontology showed that OsDUF568 − related genes were enriched in cellular transports, metabolism and processes.ConclusionsIn summary, our findings suggest that the OsDUF568 family may be a vital gene family for the development of rice roots, leaves and stems. In addition, the OsDUF568 family may participate in abscisic acid and cytokinin signaling pathways, and may be related to abiotic stress resistance in these vegetative tissues of rice.

Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis reveals important hub proteins and sub-network modules for root development in rice (Oryza sativa)

BackgroundThe root system is vital to plant growth and survival. Therefore, genetic improvement of the root system is beneficial for developing stress-tolerant and improved plant varieties. This requires the identification of proteins that significantly contribute to root development. Analyzing protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks is vastly beneficial in studying developmental phenotypes, such as root development, because a phenotype is an outcome of several interacting proteins. PPI networks can be analyzed to identify modules and get a global understanding of important proteins governing the phenotypes. PPI network analysis for root development in rice has not been performed before and has the potential to yield new findings to improve stress tolerance. ResultsHere, the network module for root development was extracted from the global Oryza sativa PPI network retrieved from the STRING database. Novel protein candidates were predicted, and hub proteins and sub-modules were identified from the extracted module. The validation of the predictions yielded 75 novel candidate proteins, 6 sub-modules, 20 intramodular hubs, and 2 intermodular hubs. ConclusionsThese results show how the PPI network module is organized for root development and can be used for future wet-lab studies for producing improved rice varieties.

The SMC5/6 complex subunit MMS21 regulates stem cell proliferation in rice.

SMC5/6 complex subunit OsMMS21 is involved in cell cycle and hormone signaling and required for stem cell proliferation during shoot and root development in rice. The structural maintenance of chromosome (SMC)5/6 complex is required for nucleolar integrity and DNA metabolism. Moreover, METHYL METHANESULFONATE SENSITIVITY GENE 21 (MMS21), a SUMO E3 ligase that is part of the SMC5/6 complex, is essential for the root stem cell niche and cell cycle transition in Arabidopsis. However, its specific role in rice remains unclear. Here, OsSMC5 and OsSMC6 single heterozygous mutants were generated using CRISPR/Cas9 technology to elucidate the function of SMC5/6 subunits, including OsSMC5, OsSMC6, and OsMMS21, in cell proliferation in rice. ossmc5/ + and ossmc6/ + heterozygous single mutants did not yield homozygous mutants in their progeny, indicating that OsSMC5 and OsSMC6 both play necessary roles during embryo formation. Loss of OsMMS21 caused severe defects in both the shoot and roots in rice. Transcriptome analysis showed a significant decrease in the expression of genes involved in auxin signaling in the roots of osmms21 mutants. Moreover, the expression levels of the cycB2-1 and MCM genes, which are involved the cell cycle, were significantly lower in the shoots of the mutants, indicating that OsMMS21 was involved in both hormone signaling pathways and the cell cycle. Overall, these findings indicate that the SUMO E3 ligase OsMMS21 is required for both shoot and root stem cell niches, improving the understanding of the function of the SMC5/6 complex in rice.

Salicylic acid inhibits rice endocytic protein trafficking mediated by OsPIN3t and clathrin to affect root growth.

Salicylic acid (SA) plays important roles in different aspects of plant development, including root growth, where auxin is also a major player by means of its asymmetric distribution. However, the mechanism underlying the effect of SA on the development of rice roots remains poorly understood. Here, we show that SA inhibits rice root growth by interfering with auxin transport associated with the OsPIN3t- and clathrin-mediated gene regulatory network (GRN). SA inhibits root growth as well as Brefeldin A-sensitive trafficking through a non-canonical SA signaling mechanism. Transcriptome analysis of rice seedlings treated with SA revealed that the OsPIN3t auxin transporter is at the center of a GRN involving the coat protein clathrin. The root growth and endocytic trafficking in both the pin3t and clathrin heavy chain mutants were SA insensitivity. SA inhibitory effect on the endocytosis of OsPIN3t was dependent on clathrin; however, the root growth and endocytic trafficking mediated by tyrphostin A23 (TyrA23) were independent of the pin3t mutant under SA treatment. These data reveal that SA affects rice root growth through the convergence of transcriptional and non-SA signaling mechanisms involving OsPIN3t-mediated auxin transport and clathrin-mediated trafficking as key components.

Does zaxinone counteract strigolactones in shaping rice architecture?

ABSTRACT The cleavage of plant carotenoids leads to apocarotenoids, a group of metabolites including precursors of the hormones strigolactones (SLs) and abscisic acid, regulatory and signaling molecules. Zaxinone is a recently discovered apocarotenoid growth regulator that improves growth and suppress SL biosynthesis in rice (Oryza sativa). To test if zaxinone also counteracts the growth regulatory effects of SLs in rice, we co-supplied zaxinone and the synthetic SL analog rac-GR24 to the rice SL-deficient DWARF17 (d17) mutant. Results showed that co-application of GR24 and zaxinone still rescued d17 phenotype, indicating that zaxinone and GR24 act independently in regulating root and shoot growth and development in rice.

Water Stress Induced Changes in Root Traits and Yield of Irrigated Rice under Subtropical Condition

The presence of water or the degree of soil saturation has a direct impact on the root development and function in rice. In this regard, a pot investigation was performed to test the response of root traits and yield components of boro (irrigated) rice. Three boro rice varieties named Binadhan-10, Hira-2 and BRRI dhan 29 were grown at four irrigation regimes, viz. continuous flooding (CF), saturation (S), 75% S and 50% S at Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh, throughout the boro period of 2020–2021. The study was replicated three times by employing a completely randomized design (CRD) method. The study revealed a drastic decline in root attributes at 75% and 50% S. A significant increase in root number (RN), root length (RL), root volume (RV), total dry matter (TDM) and grain yield (GY) under S condition followed by CF was observed. Binadhan-10 exhibited the largest scores of RN (359.00), RL (1577.83 cm) and RV (8.34 cm3 hill−1) at 80 DAT under S condition. Root attributes and GY were found to be substantially and positively associated in all observations. Binadhan-10 performed best with regard to seed output (26.13 g pot−1) under S condition. S condition increased the yield of Binadhan-10 in CF, 75% S and 50% S by 4.06%, 23.72% and 46.00%, respectively.