Rice Dust Research Articles

Structural Morphology of Organic Waste-derived Fiber in X–band Frequency

Sawdust is a by-product or waste product of woodworking such as cutting, sanding, machining, planning, and routing. Saw dust consists of small woodcutting intending to study the structural morphology of organic waste fiber derived in an X-band frequency and synthesis of the rice dust and sawdust. The solid-state method was employed to mix the husk, to obtain the fine power, and the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscope was used to determine the sample absorption rate. The FTIR results show that the best samples are 6.5 g and 6.5 g rice bark and sawdust, with an absorbance rate of 86% and 14% transmission, which will be used for the manufacture of electronic and communication devices.

DEVELOPMENT OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS FOR TRICYCLE BRAKE PADS

Coconut fiber and rice dust are locally sourced, developed, and evaluated as agro-waste materials to replace carcinogenic asbestos fibers in brake pad production. The process involves crushing, grinding, and sieving coconut fiber into a powder, mixing it with steel dust, carbon black, and epoxy resin, filling a mould, adding hardener, and pressing and curing samples at 250 °C. The produce is tested for mechanical properties, with optimal brake pad properties achieved using a 100μm sieve grade, enhancing interfacial bonding between resin and coconut shell particles. The hardness, compressive strength, ash content, specific gravity, wear rate, and water absorption values were found to be 258, 113 N/mm2, 40%, 1.91, 3.23 mg/m, and 0.63%. The study found that coconut shell has qualities similar to those needed for brake pad material and asbestos replacement in brake pad production. Coconut shell, with its 100μm particle size, has the potential to replace asbestos-based brake pad manufacturing, reducing harmful components and environmental impact.

Explosion Severity of Rice Dust in a Spherical System

AbstractRice is relatively rich in minerals, including iron, magnesium, and selenium. In the presence of a spark, rice dust suspended in air in a range of concentrations can ignite and explode. The explosion characteristics of brown, black, white, glutinous, and Bario rice were studied in a 20‐L spherical vessel. Brown rice recorded the highest explosion pressure and rate of pressure rise in both dried and undried forms, while Bario rice recorded the lowest. Brown rice was more combustible and tended to develop a fast flame mechanism once ignited owing to its low moisture content and high volatility, which made its explosion more severe compared to that of black, white, glutinous, and Bario rice.

SISTEM PENENTUAN GUDANG BERAS BERBASIS IOT MENGGUNAKAN METODE SAW PADA PLATFORM THINGSBOARD

Sistem Penentuan Tempat Penyimpanan Gudang Beras, Kasomalamg merupakan suatu system yang dapat membantu petugas dalam pemeliharaan Tempat Penyimpanan Beras. Terdapat beberapa faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi ketahanan kualitas beras yaitu, suhu, kelembaban, dan debu. Yang dapat mempengaruhi kualitas beras menjadi cepat berjamur dan berkutu.
 Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui ketahanan tempat penyimpanan beras dengan kualitas suhu, kelembaban, serta kebersihan ruangan dengan nilai yang berbeda. Data yang dihitung Menggunakan menggunakan Mikrokontroller dengan Sensor DHT11 untuk membaca parameter suhu dan parameter kelembaban serta sensor debu yang dapat membaca ketebalan debu dengan berbasis Internet of Things. Kemudian data di olah menggunakan perangkingan dengan Metode Simple Addictive Weight (SAW) untuk mengetahui tempat penyimpanan beras dengan hasil perhitungan tertinggi sebagai tempat penyimpanan beras terbaik.

Work Lung Disease Due to Rice Dust

Indonesia is one of the third largest rice producers globally; therefore, rice dust-related lung diseases will be more significant. Rice dust is easily exposed to humans, triggers lung damage, and decline the lung function. Rice dust exposure is associated with occupational lung diseases, for instance, acute reversible airflow obstruction, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, grain fever, organic dust syndrome, and hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Smoking and the environment might aggravate rice dust-related respiratory problems. The average tolerated dose of rice dust is about less than 3 mg/m3. Avoiding exposure to rice dust is primer prevention.

Caracterización del valor nutricional de los residuos agroindustriales para la alimentación de ganado vacuno en la región de San Martín, Perú

Se realizó una caracterización nutricional de 10 residuos agroindustriales disponibles en San Martín, Perú. Se colectaron 19 muestras de residuos provenientes de 11 plantas agroindustriales dedicadas a la producción de aceite de palma, arroz, cacao, café, coco y chontaduro. Se determinó la materia seca (MS), proteína cruda (PC), extracto etéreo (EE), fibra cruda (FC), extracto libre de nitrógeno (ELN), ceniza, digestibilidad aparente in vitro de la materia seca (DIVMS), fibra detergente neutro (FDN), fraccionamiento de proteína, proteína cruda utilizable (uCP), nutrientes digestibles totales (NDT) y energía neta de lactación (ENL). Se encontraron diferencias significativas entre subproductos con respecto a su potencial nutricional (p < 0,05), siendo el nielen, arrocillo y polvillo de arroz, insumos energéticos con valores altos de ENL (2,1 ± 0,02, 2,1 ± 0,02 y 1,7 ± 0,02 Mcal/kg en base seca, respectivamente) y alta DIVMS (99,3 ± 0,25 %, 90,5 ± 0,42 % y 99,0 ± 0,68 %, respectivamente). Insumos con mayor aporte proteico fueron torta de coco y cascarilla de cacao (21,9 % y 21,8 ± 1,34 % de pc, respectivamente). La fibra de palma y cascarilla de arroz fueron residuos fibrosos con menor potencial de uso por su baja DIVMS (27,8 ± 2,45 % y 27,7 ± 5,02 %, respectivamente) y alto contenido de FDN (69,8 ± 4,17 % y 72,6 ± 6,45 %, respectivamente). La cáscara de palmito tuvo regular DIVMS (57,2 %) y alto FDN (60,4 %). Los residuos agroindustriales de San Martín tienen un variado potencial energético y proteico de utilidad en la alimentación de ganado vacuno.

Dust Collection Performance of Bag Filters in Rice Processing Facilities

HighlightsThe rice dust collection performance of bag filters was investigated.The pressure drop and rice dust collection efficiency were measured with various parameters.Correlation equations are suggested for the pressure drop across a clean filter medium and across the dust cake.Abstract. Because rice dust constitutes a form of air pollution, bag filters are widely used in rice processing facilities. Rice dust has various particle sizes, and the dust concentration in air is low with rice dust. Research on the rice dust collection performance of bag filters is necessary for effective dust collection in rice processing facilities. The objective of this study was to investigate the rice dust collection performance of bag filters. The pressure drop and rice dust collection efficiency were measured with various face velocities, dust concentrations, and fabric filter media. The dust collection efficiency decreased slightly with increases in the face velocity and in the maximum pressure drop in normal conditions. In addition, correlation equations of the pressure drop across a clean filter medium and across the dust cake are suggested to predict the pressure drop in overloaded conditions in rice processing facilities. The average error was 20.2%, and it decreased with increasing pressure drop. Using the correlation equations, bag filters can be managed to remove the deposited dust before the pressure drop significantly increases or reaches its maximum value. Keywords: Bag filter, Dust collection efficiency, Pressure drop, Rice dust.

Development of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) on rice milling components and by-products: Effects of diet and temperature

Development of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), the red flour beetle, was assessed on different rice components and their various by-products (i.e., diets) commonly found in rice mills, in two separate experiments. In the first experiment, eggs did not develop through to the adult stage on rough rice hulls, paddy rice dust, and milled rice dust, while eggs developed to the adult stage to some extent on rice flour, milled whole kernels, brown rice, milled broken kernels, and bran. For the diets where development occurred, the lowest percentage was on brown rice, and adults that emerged on brown rice had smaller elytra compared to adults emerging on the other diets. In the second experiment, 1–2-day old neonates were exposed on the diets listed above and held at 22, 27, 32, and 37 °C. At all temperatures, development to the pupal and adult stages was slowest on rice flour. At 22 °C, development to those stages took about twice as long compared to development at 27 °C. As temperature increased developmental times were reduced. Even though neonates developed slowest on rice flour adult emergence rates were not affected. Predictive models were used to estimate potential population development on the diets. At 22 and 27 °C, adult size as measured by elytra length was greatest when they developed on bran, while body weight was generally lowest for adults that developed on brown rice. Results show that T. castaneum can utilize rice components and by-products produced during the rice milling process, although not all components or by-products were optimal for development, and emphasis should be placed on cleaning and sanitation to remove food sources to limit infestations. Mill managers can use these results to show the importance of sanitation, and potentially improve overall pest management programs inside the mill.

ANALISYS OF DUST LEVELS AND MASKS USAGE BEHAVIOR ON RESPIRATORY DISORDER COMPLAINTS OF RICE MILLING WORKERS

Background: The Impementation of occupational safety and health at home industry in Ponorogo is not yet optimal, one of them is rice milling industry which produces rice dust during the production process. Dust levels that exceeds the threshold limit value may cause respiratory disoder complaints. The use of masks that conform with standard is one of way to reduce dust exposure to workers. The objective of this research is to analyze the dust level and masks usage behavior on respiratory disorder complaints of rice milling workers in Gegeran Village, Sukorejo, Ponorogo. Methods: This research used the observational analytical method with the cross-sectional design. Its population was 23 workers. The samples of research were taken by using the total sampling technique. Measurement of dust level used high volume sampler. Measurement of masks usage behavior and respiratory disorder complaints used questionnaire. Data analysis used Lambda test in SPSS program version 24. Result: Dust levels of rice milling indoor and outdoor exceeds the threshold limit values, each of them is 598,3 mg/m3 and 11,08 mg/m3. Score of use mask behavior is 72,5%. Rice milling workers that have respiratory disorder complaints is 19 workers (83%). The result of Lambda test shows that there is no significant correlation between dust levels and masks usage behavior with respiratory disorder complaints. Conclusion: Dust levels and masks usage behavior has no significant correlation to respiratory disorder complaints of rice milling workers in Gegeran Village, Sukorejo, Ponorogo.

Peningkatan Polymorphonuclear (PMN) Dalam Cairan Nasal Lavage Operator Penggilingan Padi Yang Terpajan Endotoksin Lipopolisakarida (LPS)

Background: Exposure to lipopolysaccharide endotoxin (LPS) in rice dust causes respiratory inflammation which is characterized by an increase in Neutrophils or Polymorphonuclear (PMN) in the nasal lavage fluid of rice milling operators. Objective: The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of endotoxin LPS on the rice mill operators' PM in the rice level operators. Methods: the design of this study was a longitudinal study. Dust sampling was carried out for 8 hours while nasal lavage samples were carried out before and after work (cross shift). Endotoxin PMN and LPS were analyzed using the ELISA method and LPS Endotoxin was analyzed using LAL. Results: The mean level of LPS endotoxin in rice dust was 56.36 ± 5.83 EU / m3. An increase in post-employment PMN (Pired sample t-test: p = 0.000) in all rice milling operators. LPS endotoxin levels correlated with increased PMN in nasal lavage fluid in rice milling operators (multiple linear regression test: p = 0.000). Conclusion: LPS endotoxin is a factor that influences the increase of PMN levels in nasal lavage fluid which indicates the occurrence of inflammation in rice mill operators. Suggestion: Use a rice milling machine equipped with a dust collector. Health checks are given to the rest of their work. Workers are advised to always use masks while working.

Transmission and Suppression of Avian Influenza Virus

The growth of AIV is possible with supply of minerals from aeolian desert dust, as cofactors of enzymes, and thus the blockage of the aeolian desert dusts to the poultry farmhouse is important to suppress the enzymatic activity of AIV. South Georgia of Subantarctic Islands may be the source of Continental AIV, so that Continental AIV can become endemic within the local bird population when surrounding environments are close to Subantarctica of South Georgia. There are food webs in sequence of aquatic virus, bacteria, phytoplankton, zooplankton, krill, fish and squid while penguins feed on the fish or squid infected by mutant virus to generate LPAI after an incubation period. When migratory birds move to the Continents, HPAI can spread in the Continents due to low UV-B radiation, enough feed of rice, wheat, corn, wetland, and mineral-enriched desert dust. The clean room is equipped with air washers to remove aeolian dusts and migratory birds feces from working personnel and equipments, heaters to keep the pasteurisation of ultra-high temperature at 135°C for 1 - 2 seconds to inactivate AIV, humidifier to keep wet state above 65% relative humidity for weak virus activity, and the UV-C lamps (254 nm) to finally inactivate AIV. Since AIV doesn’t like the high salinity and high relative humidity, seawater is blanketed as sprayer to maintain high salinity (>20 ppt) and high relative humidity (>65%) from the top to the bottom of the poultry farmhouses for suppression of AIV transmission from infected aeolian dust coming from outside.

Physical properties of rice husk and bran briquettes under low pressure densification for rural applications

Agriculture generates large amount of by-products that could be used to produce energy and reduce the amount of fuelwood required to meet the daily cooking needs, especially in developing countries. Rice is a major crop grown in West Africa and rice husk is a by-product of the milling process. The goal of this study was to develop a low cost system to produce biomass briquettes from rice husks in the context of a rural village. A manual press generating a pressure of 4.2 MPa was developed and used. The influence of the briquette formulation (type of binder, binder content, water addition, and bran content) was studied. The binders investigated were cassava wastewater, rice dust, and okra stem gum. The physical properties (density, moisture content, calorific value, durability, and compressive strength) were tested to identify the briquettes with the highest quality, i.e. greatest physical integrity. The briquettes made with rice dust had the highest durability (91.9%) and compressive strength (2.54 kN), while the briquettes made with cassava starch wastewater had the greatest density (441.18 kg m−3). Water added to the rice husk before densification positively influenced the briquette quality while bran seemed to mostly increase the density, but not necessarily the briquette quality. The briquette formulation did not significantly influence the calorific value. With a higher heating value of 16.08 MJ kg−1 dry basis, rice husk briquettes represent an interesting alternative to fuelwood.

Association of Aeroallergen Sensitization with Asthma Severity and Treatment.

Relationship between atopy and asthma is complex. Studies evaluating association between markers of atopy with asthma severity or lung function tests have failed to yield consistent results. A prospective cohort study was done at the Pediatric Chest Clinic at tertiary care university hospital, Delhi, India. Children with physician diagnosed, moderate to severe persistent asthma, between 5 and 15 years of age, were enrolled from May 2007 to June 2009. Sensitization to aeroallergens was assessed by the skin prick test using 12 common aeroallergens. Asthma was managed according to the National Asthma Education and Prevention Program-Expert Panel Report 3 guidelines and children were followed up as a cohort every 2 months for 6 months. Correlation between aeroallergen sensitization, atopic markers with asthma severity, and treatment outcome was studied. Seventy-eight (57 boys) patients with mean age of 109±27 months were subjected to the skin prick test. Forty-nine (62.8%) children were sensitized to at least one aeroallergen. Common aeroallergens to which children were sensitized: cockroach (37%), rice dust (31%), mosquito (29%), housefly (29%). Sensitized patients had a higher rate of breathlessness, seasonal symptoms, and atopic dermatitis than those who were nonsensitized, (P<0.05). Children with high absolute eosinophil count had decreased spirometry parameters after 6 month of follow up, (P=0.04). Sensitization rates were independently associated with children having breathlessness (P=0.04) and seasonal symptoms (P=0.01). No significant association was found between sensitization, asthma severity, and treatment outcome. Aeroallergen sensitization was found in two-third patients. The most common aeroallergens were insects and rice dust. Sensitization was neither related to asthma severity nor to asthma control.

Immunotherapy – 2066. A study on skin prick test patterns of atopic patients managed in a tertiary care setting of Sri Lanka

according to AREA classification 1 . Presence of coexisting Asthma and allergic conjunctivitis was documented. The severity of asthma was assessed using the GINA guidelines. Informed written consent was obtained by a member of the research team. SPT was performed using a panel of 19 allergens. Positive control was done using a standard solution of histamine and the negative was performed with glycerol buffer. The resultant induration was measured using a standard scale and recorded in millimeters. A wheel of 3 mm was considered as positive. The results were analyzed in percentages. Results We studied 25 males and 29 females. The age range of patients was from 09 to 68 yrs with a mean age of 33.5yrs. A positive reaction to at least one allergen was seen in 87.1% of patients. Intermittent Rhinitis was seen in 53.7% and persistent disease was seen in 46.3%. Moderate to severe disease was found in 72.2% and the rest had mild disease. Coexisting asthma was seen in 43.6% and conjunctivitis was seen in 29.6% of the study population. The results of SPT expressed in percentages showed, Dermatophagoides farina spp. 59.3%, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus spp. 63%, Wheat Dust 33%, Cotton Gin 33%, Rice Dust 14%, Aspergillus flavus 18.5%, Aspergillus fumigates 7.4% Aspergillus niger 11.1%, Aspergillus glaucus/amstelodami 11%, Tricho. mentagrophytes 7.4%, Candida spp. 18.5%, Cladosporum herbarium 11%, Epidermo floccosum 22.2%, German Cockroach 51.9%, American Cockroach 40.7%, Bermuda Grass 11%, Red Mulberry 7.4%, White Mulberry 11.1% and Acacia 3.7% positivity.

Aspergillus Section Flavi and aflatoxins in dusts generated by agricultural processing facilities in the Philippines

AbstractRelatively few data exist regarding concentrations of aflatoxins and their causative organisms in dusts within occupational environments. Here, we examined Aspergillus Section Flavi populations and aflatoxin levels in 54 samples of dusts generated by agricultural processing facilities as possible indicators of aflatoxin exposure in the Philippines. The average incidence of Aspergillus Section Flavi expressed as a percentage of total mould populations in rice dust, corn dust, feed dust and copra dust were 8, 4, 31 and 10%, respectively. Predominant aflatoxigenic fungi isolated were Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus with ratios of 31:1, 40:5, 16:4 and 1:1 in rice dust, corn dust, feed dust and copra dust, respectively. Aflatoxins produced by selected isolates in in vitro rice culture ranged from 100 µg kg−1 to 100.5 mg kg−1. Toxigenicity of isolates based on the average aflatoxin concentrations produced by positive isolates were in the order of copra dust &gt; corn dust &gt; rice dust &gt; feed dust. Average natural concentrations of aflatoxins in rice dust, corn dust, feed dust, and copra dust were 25, 6, 15 and 10 µg kg−1, respectively. Estimates of the amount of inhaled aflatoxins by workers in an 8‐h work shift ranged from 0.06 to 114 ng, the average of which is higher than the amount of aflatoxins ingested by Filipinos due to the consumption of polished rice. The presence of highly toxigenic Aspergillus Section Flavi and aflatoxins in agricultural dust is a critical health risk for workers, considering the frequency of exposure and the possibility of inhalation and subsequent absorption of aflatoxins in the respiratory tract. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry

Amelioration of a heavy clay loam soil with rice husk dust and its effect on soil physical properties and maize yield

Two types of rice husk dust (RHD) with five application rates were tested for their influence on selected soil physical properties and growth of maize in a heavy clay loam soil. The research was conducted in the 1996 and 1997 farming seasons in a Dystric Leptosol at Enugu State University Teaching Farm, Abakaliki, Nigeria. Two types of RHD (burnt and unburnt) with five rates of application (0.0, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5 and 6.0 ton ha −1) comprising 20 experimental units were set up in the field using split-plots in randomized complete block design replicated four times. The results indicated that neither the seed yield, plant height nor soil physical properties were affected ( P < 0.05) by the two types of RHD. However, the two rates of application affected seed yield and plant height of maize at harvest (90 days after planting (DAP)). Similarly, soil dry bulk density, total porosity and penetration resistance at 48 and 60 DAP were significantly affected ( P < 0.05) by the treatments, while saturated hydraulic conductivity was affected at 90 DAP. The highest average seed yield and plant height of maize were obtained in plots amended with 4.5 tons ha −1 rice dust. These were approximately 53% and 22% higher than the control, respectively. Seed yield and plant height of maize increased significantly with improvement of soil physical properties. The results of the work indicate that RHD applied at 4.5 ton ha −1 is appropriate to ameliorate the physical properties of a clayey soil by improving water transmissivity and soil aeration and hence soil productivity.

Artificial groats from rice‐processing by‐products

AbstractBroken rice and rice dust middlings are valuable raw materials to be used in food industry. The protein content increases in the following succession: white rice &lt; broken rice &lt; rice dust middlings. The content of lysine and sulfur‐bearing amino acids in protein increases in the same order. The rice dust middling protein substantially differs from white rice protein by its fractional composition. This protein is balanced with regard to all essential amino acids except tryptophane. The method is developed to process broken rice and rice dust middlings into artificial groats. Casein is added to increase groat biological value. The broken rice groats possess good technological properties. Meals made from these groats have organoleptic properties similar to the properties of natural rice. The rice dust middling groat have inferior technological properties as compared to the broken rice. The biological value of artificial groats is much higher than that of natural rice. In these aspects they are similar to or even better than casein.

Care and feeding of albmo rats and mice I

An attempt was made to prepare a dried food, commonly known as dry ration, that are to be produced healthy rats and mice, because raw meat has been used with less advantage, since it tends to ferment or decompose after a few hours. After several trials it was found that the food elements to produce combinations which are attractive and effective to animals are as follows:Wheat meal 3kg, rice dust 1.5kg, wheat dust 1.5kg, corn meal 1kg, soy bean dust 2kg, fish meal 1kg and salt 0.1kg.After the elements were mixed well with the addition of 7 litre of water, the dough-like mass is spread out in layers and dried in an electric oven.