Rhizopus Sp Research Articles

Study on the anti-vibrio activity of marine fungi Aspergillus sydowii and Rhizopus sp. using OSMAC Approach

Shrimp is one of the major aquaculture products in Indonesia. However, shrimp culture faces the peril of Vibriosis, a disease caused by the bacteria genus of Vibrio. Marine sponge-associate microbes are recognized for their potential as sources of antibacterial agent. The fungus Aspergillus sydowii isolate that used in this research originally isolated from marine sponge collected in Lampung Bay. The fungus was grown in various media e. g. Malt extract agar (MEA), MEA-Tempeh broth (MEA-T), and tofu dregs (TD) under various pH (5.5, 7.5, and 9.5). The fungus also be culture as mono-culture and co-culture with Rhizopus sp. The anti-vibrio assay was conducted using disk diffusion method. Based on anti-vibrio assay, the fungus A. sydowii and Rhizopus sp. didn’t show any correlation with the anti-vibrio compound produced. The fungus Rhizopus sp. cultivated in tofu dregs media (TD) at pH 5.5 exhibited the highest potential for inhibiting against V. alginolyticus (5.85±0.24 mm), V. harveyi (5.20±0.20 mm), and V. vulnificus (4.33±0.15 mm), while the co-culture (A. sydowii and Rhizopus sp.) in TD media and pH 7.5 against V. parahaemolyticus (5.55±0.86 mm). The fungus cultured in pH 7.5 can promotes the potential inhibition zone than a pH 9.5.

Secondary Metabolites of Trichoderma sp. as Antifungal Against Rice Seed-borne Pathogen Fungi

The use of quality seeds is necessary to increase rice productivity. The existence of pathogenic fungi infections causes the quality of rice seeds to decrease and impacts the ability to grow plants. Trichoderma sp. is known to produce secondary metabolites that can inhibit the growth of pathogens. This study aimed to examine the ability of the secondary metabolites of Trichoderma sp. at various concentration levels and immersion time to suppress pathogenic fungi infections carrying rice seeds. The research was carried out by giving seed immersion treatment. Then identify the pathogenic fungi the seeds carry for further testing with the blotter test method. The parameters tested were infection rate, infection suppression, and seed viability. The identification results showed types of pathogenic fungi carried by rice seeds included Fusarium sp., Alternaria sp., Aspergillus sp. Penicillium sp., and Rhizopus sp. Research also shows that the secondary metabolites of Trichoderma sp. are effective in improving the quality of rice seeds. The test results showed that the secondary metabolites of Trichoderma sp. can suppress the level of pathogenic fungi infection. There was no interaction between the treatment of metabolite concentrations and immersion time on all test parameters. Seed immersion treatment with secondary metabolites in the 5-20% concentration range has effectively reduced fungi infection rates and increased seed viability. Meanwhile, various levels of soaking time did not affect reducing the level of fungi infection but instead affected the viability of the rice seeds.

Microbiological quality and proximate analysis of locally produced soymilk drinks sold in Calabar Metropolis; a public health assessment.

This study was aimed at evaluating the microbial quality and proximate analysis of soymilk produced and sold within Calabar Metropolis. Soymilk samples were purchased in pairs from five locations in Calabar Metropolis. The samples collected were subjected to microbiological and proximate analysis to ascertain the hygienic standards of the products and nutrient contents. The result showed that the highest heterotrophic bacterial count of 5.3 × 105 cfu/ml was recorded in soymilk sample sold in Goldie market while the least (2.7 × 104 cfu/ml) was recorded at Watt market. The mean fungal count was highest in Akim market samples (5.8 x 104 cfu/ml) and lowest in Atimbo market samples (2.4 x 103 cfu/ml). The probable bacterial and fungal isolates were identified as: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus sp, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp, Salmonella sp, Streptococcus sp, Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus sp, Rhizopus sp, Penicillium sp and Mucor sp. All the isolated bacteria species were found to be resistant to more than 50% of the antibiotics used. Proximate composition analysis of the soymilk samples revealed high moisture, carbohydrate and protein contents. The microbial population detected in terms of number and types reflected poor hygienic standard of production.

Exploration and macroscopic characterization of microbiomes (fungi and bacteria) on anthracnose-Infected chili plants in lowlands fields of Deli Serdang North Sumatra

Anthracnose is one of the main obstacles in chili cultivation. This disease reduces chili production by 40% to 100% during the rainy season. Most techniques used to control anthracnose is using synthetic fungicides that potentially cause resistance and environmental pollution. Disease management by the microbiome of plants with antagonistic properties is an alternative biological control. The aim of the study was to explore the diversity of the microbiome (fungi and bacteria) in various tissues (rhizosphere, endosphere and phylosphere) of large red chili plants infected with anthracnose macroscopically. The object of this research was the leaves, stems, and roots of 5 months old of chili plants affected by anthracnose from two different locations of planting areas. The exploration of the microbiome of anthracnose- infected chili plants in a lowland area in Sumatera Utara in 3 DAI discovered 13 fungi and 12 bacteria, whilst 10 fungi and 11 bacteria in the second location by tissue cropping technique. Besides that, by grinding technique, resulted in 14 fungi isolates dan 13 bacteria in the first location and 16 fungi isolates and 14 bacteria in the second location. At 7 DAI, there found 130 bacteria in the first location and 146 bacteria in location 2 by grinding technique. By tissue cropping technique, there were 124 bacteria in the first location and 102 bacteria in the second location. Morphologically, fungi were identified as Fusariumsp, Aspergillus sp, Penicillum sp, Trichoderma sp, Humicola sp, Colleotetrichum sp, Idriella sp, Alternaria sp, Rhizopus sp and Curvularia sp while the bacteria obtained 9 different isolates based on the morphology of colony.

Quantitative analysis of rhizosphere microbial population obtained from main-croplands in South Sulawesi

The study aims to investigate microbial species and quantify population richness associated with main crop rhizosphere in South Sulawesi. Survey was conducted in two areas including healthy and infected croplands. In each area about 1 ha, samples were collected to consist of 250 g bulk soil of rhizosphere in healthy and infected farms 1 month after transplanting. For analysis, those samples were carried out at the Plant pathology Lab, Department Plant Pest and Disease, Faculty of Agriculture. 10 g bulk soil separation out of 250 g obtained from rhizosphere was sterilized into water 25 mL and sieved 50-100 mesh prior to transfer to growth medium. After that, 4 % (g/mL) potato dextrose agar (PDA) in the petri dish was earlier prepared. The soil mixture (1g/10 mL) was diluted and transferred into a series dilution and parallelly loaded into solid media kept in dark room with at room temperature. Microbiota successfully growing in the solid media were split and transferred into petridish contained PDA for morphological identification and quantified through a series dilution. The study found 23 native fungal isolates consisting of Genera: Rhizopus sp. Phytophthora sp., Fusarium sp., Rhizoctonia sp., Geotrichum, Aspergillus sp., Gliocladium sp., Gongronella sp., and 14 unknown groups of fungi. Three bacterial isolates were discovered as gram-positive bacteria (GPB) in the infected cropland and the other two were gram-negative bacteria (GNB) found in healthy farm. The finding evidenced that population of microbiota ‘bacterial and fungal’ richness was twofold much higher in the healthy farm than infected farm. Bacterial population was the highest in both healthy and infected farms. There is a tendency of the higher fungal population richness, the lower rice disease incidence in croplands, vice versa.

Assessment of microbial flora, characterization and public health implications of two species of smoked fish sold in ‘Otuocha’ Market in Anambra State

Microbiological assessment of fresh and smoked Synodontis schall and Oreochromis niloticus fish species was conducted. Three replicates of fresh and smoked fish samples were aseptically obtained from fishermen and open market in Otuocha area of Anambra State, Nigeria. The culture from organs of fresh fish and smoked samples were inoculated on Nutrient agar (NA.), Salmonella Shigella Agar (SSA), MacConkey Agar (MCA) and Potato Dextrose Agar respectively for heterotrophic bacteria and fungi counts. Colonial and microscopic characterizations of the isolates from the cultured media were examined. There no growth of coliform and Salmonella sp from tissue of the fresh fish and the smoked fish samples. Total plate counts of bacteria and fungi from gills, intestine and skin were found above 1 x 106 cfu/g safety limit recommended for foods. Bacteria count ranged from 1.27 x 107 cfu/g to 2.95 x 107 cfu/g and 1.0 x 106 cfu/g to 2.88 x 108 cfu/g for fungi. Six genera of bacteria namely Salmonella sp, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus sp, Enterococcus sp, Bacillus sp and Pseudomonas sp were suspected from fish samples. Four fungi genera: Saccharomyces sp, Penicillium sp, Rhizopus sp and Mucor sp were indicated in this work. This assessment has revealed the level of gross contamination of fresh fish and safety of smoked fish samples from foodborne microorganisms.

Microbiological Assessment of Indoor Air Quality in Selected Patient Wards at a Tertiary Hospital in Nigeria

Aims: Patients are at higher risk of nosocomial infections from pathogenic microbes contaminating the indoor air of hospitals. This study evaluated selected patient wards at University of Calabar Teaching Hospital (UCTH), for bacterial and fungal contaminants. The study also determined the microbial contamination level when compared to recommended sanitary standards.
 Methodology: To determine microbial load, petri-plate gravitational settling method was used. The set-ups were exposed for one hour (at morning and noon) for passive sampling onto growth media plates, in accordance with the 1/1/1 scheme as stipulated by the index of microbial air contamination standard. Petri-plates were subsequently covered with lids and placed in a cold box. Samples were then transported to the laboratory for further evaluation. Sampling was performed in duplicates within three months, and further analysis were conducted based on standard protocols. Mean counts of bacteria and fungi was recorded and expressed as colony forming units (CFU/m3).
 Results: Microbial counts in all wards surveyed ranged from ‘intermediate’ to ‘high’ when compared to the sanitary standards of the European Commission for non-industrial premises. However, the counts were within the WHO acceptable sanitary standard (<1000 CFU/m3). Eleven bacterial genera and seven fungal genera were identified. Isolated bacteria were Staphylococcus aureus (18.3%), CoNS (6.7%), Bacillus sp (13.3%), Streptococcus spp (6.7%), Corynebacterium sp (1.7%), and Micrococcus sp (1.7%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (15%), Escherichia coli (10%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (10%), Acinetobacter baumannii (8.3%), Salmonella sp (5%) and Enterobacter sp (3.3%). Conversely, isolated fungal contaminants were A. niger (25.9%), A. flavus (20.4%), Penicillium sp (16.7%), Candida sp (9.3%), Rhizopus sp (3.7%), Mucor sp (7.4%), Cladosporium sp (14.8%), and Fusarium sp (1.9%).
 Conclusion: Regular monitoring of indoor air quality in health-care settings is encouraged to effectively guide infection prevention and control strategies and to limit nosocomial infections occurrence.

Isolasi dan Identifikasi Jamur Mikroskopis Pada Ikan di Danau Perintis Provinsi Gorontalo

Perintis Lake is a lake that is used by the community to fulfill their daily needs. Various types of fish that live in this lake are used as food for the community. Apart from that, Lake Perintis also has various organisms that live in it, including mushrooms. Fungi that live in waters are usually parasitic or saprophytic which if consumed can cause allergies or cause poisoning in humans. This study aims to isolate and identify the types of fungi present in fish in Lake Perintis. The method used in this study was the plate count method which included dilution, embedding into saburaud medium, and counting colonies. The results showed that there were three types of microscopic fungi in the fish in Lake Perintis, namely Saprolegnia sp, Aspergillus flavus, Rhizopus sp.

Yeast and Filamentous Fungi in the Jerry Cans of Water Vendors (Meruwa) in Toru–Orua, Sagbama. Bayelsa State

Access to safe portable water have long constituted a challenge to man. majority of the people in Toru - Orua, Bayelsa State depend on water vendors for their water supply and hence the need to examine the yeast and filamentous fungi associated with the Jerrycan used by these water vendors (Meruwa). Culture dependent method was used to investigate the microbial quality of the vendors jerry can and the water from three different locations. The result from the study showed that the swab samples in location 1 recorded Candida spp (70%), Aspergillus sp (16%) Geotrichum sp (9%) and Rhizopus sp (5%). in location 2, swab sample showed three different genera that showed Candida spp recording the highest percentage (66%) Aspergillus sp (19%) and Fusarium spp (15%). Candida spp was observed to be the most dominant yeast specie associated with the Jerry cans while Aspergillus was the most dominant in the water sample. The prevalence of the yeast and filamentoud fungi in the Jerry cans used by water vendors may result to illnesses, therefore the Jerry cans ought to be properly and regularly cleaned.

Prodigiosin pigment from Serratia marcescens MBM‐17 from facial acne as antimicrobial agent

AbstractA pigment is a naturally occurring colored substance that is created by plants, animals, and microbes. Pigments are utilized in a variety of industries, including food coloring, pharmaceuticals, fabric dying, cosmetics, ink plastics, coloring paints, and so on. The Natural pigments /Bio pigments are very expensive because mass production is difficult. There are more pigments in nature, but only a small number are available in large enough amounts to be useful for industry. This study is attempted to isolate a bacterial red pigmented organism from facial acne was identified as Serratia marcescens MBM‐17 according to Bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology and molecular characterization and production of red pigment was optimized at various growth factors, maximum pigment production was at pH 4, 72 h and 37 ± 2°C, that is, 15.56 g/ L. The partial purified pigment was characterized by UV–Vis, and maximum absorbance was at 533.5 nm. SEM analysis shows that the surface morphology and FTIR spectroscopy revealed the presence of prodigiosin. Prodigiosin has antibacterial efficacy against gram positive bacterial strains, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus sp, and gram negative bacterial strains. Klebsiella sp, Pseudomonas sp, Salmonella sp, antifungal potency against Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium sp, Rhizopus sp, and Mucor sp, and checked the fabric dying effects of pigments. Prodigiosin used as fabric dye is applied on clothes, which shows good color tone. This study is highlighting the production of a natural pigment/drug, Prodigiosin with antimicrobial activity may be used for the manufacture of dyed dress materials and masks having antimicrobial action for public especially health workers in this pandemic situation.

Quality of seed lots of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] genotypes produced in a guinea savanna agroecology of Ghana

Crop yield is a derivative of the number of plants harvested. In Ghana, soybean fields are mostly sparsely populated with less than the optimum number of plants, a phenomenon that contributes to poor yields of only 46% of the crop’s potential in farmers’ fields. The low plant population could be the result of the poor quality of the seed planted. Meanwhile, the quality of seed is determined by crop production practices, the environmental conditions of the mother plant, and postharvest handling technologies used. Over 90% of the country’s soybean seed comes from the northern part of Ghana, predominantly the Guinea Savannah. In this study, seed lots of soybean genotypes produced within the Savanna Agroecological Zone of Ghana, were evaluated for physical and physiological traits, and the prevalence of seed borne fungi. Results showed that seed lots produced within the zone and stored under ambient conditions have medium-sized (100 to 140 g/1000 seeds) seeds with an average seed weight of 133 g/1000 seeds. The seed lots evaluated had physical purity values higher than the minimum certification standard of 98% for soybean seed in Ghana. Wrinkled seeds were the most dominant component of the seed with visual defects followed closely by seeds that were discoloured, cracked, and those with purple stains. Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Chaetomium globosum, Rhizopus sp and Macrophomina phaseolina were the main fungi identified. Furthermore, the seed lots had an average germination percentage of 86%, which is within the acceptable minimum certification standards for soybean seed in Ghana. Though germination and vigour were variable among the seed lots tested, these parameters were not affected by the presence of the fungi species identified and the amount of seed with visual defects. The findings of this study strongly suggest that the low plant density and the resultant poor yields of soybean usually recorded in farmers’ fields in Ghana are likely due to suboptimal seeding rates at planting coupled with the low use of good agronomic practices with only a small fraction attributable to poor seed quality. Key words: Soybean, Ghana, fungi, savanna agroecology, viability, vigour, shrivelled seeds, germination

Microbiological Assessment of Rainwater and Air Quality of Some Areas in Port Harcourt

The microbiological quality of Rainwater and air of the market, hospital, and residential area was evaluated. Roof-harvested and direct rainwater samples were collected from the three aforementioned locations. The air quality was investigated using the plate sedimentation method. Culture-based techniques were used for the enumeration and isolation of microorganisms in water samples, while the identities were confirmed using morphological, microscopic, and biochemical tests. The range of the total heterotrophic bacterial counts (THBC) of rainwater was 1.2±7.1x106 to 6.1±1.1 x106 cfu/ml, total coliform count (TCC) ranged between 8.0±0.00 x103 to 30.5 ±2.1 x103 cfu/ml, faecal coliform counts (FCC) ranged between 1.0±0.00×103 to 6.0±0.00×103 cfu/ml, fungal counts ranged from 2.0±0.00x103 to 11.0±0.00x103 cfu/ml. The THB, TCC, and FCC of the air samples, ranged between 0.04±0.02 to 0.13±0.04 cfu/min-m2, 0.01±0.00to 0.03±0.00 cfu/min-m2, and 0.01±0.00 to 0.02±0.00 cfu/min-m2, respectively. There was a significant difference (P≤ 0.05) in the total heterotrophic bacterial load of the roof-harvested rainwater and the direct rainwater of the residential area, roof-harvested and direct rainwater of the hospital. Statistically, there was a significant difference (P≤ 0.05) in the total coliform counts of the water with the coliform counts of the roof-harvested rainwater of the market being significantly higher than the coliform counts recorded in other locations. Seven bacterial genera belonging to Micrococcus sp, Staphylococcus, Escherichia coli, Proteus sp, Pseudomonas sp, Enterobacter sp, and Bacillus sp were isolated. The fungal isolates were Candida sp, Mucor sp, Rhizopus sp, Penicillium sp, Aspergillus niger, and Aspergillus flavus. The results showed that rainwater is not fit for consumption due to its components and can cause harm to individuals if consumed without treatment. proper treatment is recommended before consumption. The results also showed that the microbiological quality of the air samples was influenced by their environment.

Phytochemical and Antifungal Activity of Kigelia Africana and Artocarpus Communis

Food spoilage and food losses became an important issue for human beings as regard the food safety and food security, since people started producing and storing food products. This study aims at investigating the antifungal activity of the leaves of Kigelia Africana and Artocarpus communis. Twenty grams of each plant was weighed and then soaked in 100 ml of distilled water, hot water and also organic solvent and they were shaken at intervals and left for 24 hours. The extracts were sieved using cheese cloth then centrifuged, and afterward filtered using Whatman no 1 filter paper. These extract solutions (100%) were diluted with water to give 75% concentration of the extracts while distilled water served as control. After extraction, phytochemical screening was carried out on the extracts. Isolation of test organism from spoilt yoghurt and bread was carried out using pour plate and serial dilution method. Fungi isolates were identified based on cultural characteristics, morphological examination and also using fungi atlas. Test organisms ; Rhizopus sp, Candida sp and Fusarium sp were subjected to antibacterial effect of varying concentration of these extracts using agar well diffusion method. The data obtained were analyzed using ANOVA. The screening of the methanol and aqueous extract of K. Africana and A. communis indicated the presence of glycosides, flavonoids, phenol, saponins, quinone, steroid and terpenoids. There was antifungal activity of both methanol and aqueous extract of K. Africana and A. communis. The aqueous extract exhibited antifungal activity against the test organism at varying concentrations with zone of inhibition values ranging from 26.00±2.00 to 12.00±3.00 for K. africana while the range of inhibition zone for A. communis range from 27.00±3.00 to 13.50±1.50. The leaf extract of K. Africana and A. communis have broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity. The extract of K. Africana and A. communis showed antifungal activity and hence might be useful in the industry in replacing synthetic preservative. Keywords: Kigelia africana, Artocarpus communis, extracts, phytochemical, fungi

INOVASI MAGGOT (Larva Black Soldier Fly) FERMENTASI SEBAGAI PAKAN BENIH IKAN TOMAN (Channa micropeltes)

Toman fish is a pure carnivore fish which so far has used wild catches as its entire diet. Alternative feed with high animal protein and easy to obtain needs to be done. Fermentation activities using tempe yeast can usually increase the protein content of a material. Studies on the use of fermented maggot for toman fish seed feed have not yet obtained sufficient information, so in-depth research on this matter really needs to be done. This study aims to analyze the nutritional content of fermented maggot on the growth of toman fish. Observations were made for 60 days with A1B1 treatment (Maggot + 0% Rhizopus sp). A1B2 (Maggot+5% Rhizopus sp), A1B3(Maggot+10% Rhizopus sp), A2B1(Maggot pres+0% Rhizopus sp), A2B2 (Maggot pres+5% Rhizopus sp), and A2B3 (Maggot pres+10% Rhizopus sp.). Parameters measured were maggot nutritional content, as well as growth, survival, feed efficiency, protein retention and fat retention in toman fish. The best research results showed that the nutritional content of maggot with the highest protein was found in the A2B3 treatment (Maggot pres + 10% Rhizopus sp) while the best growth and feed efficiency were found in the A2B2 treatment (Maggot pres + 5% Rhizopus sp). The nutritional content of maggot feed which was treated with fermentation using tempeh yeast could increase the protein content of maggot and after it was given to the toman according to the treatment it showed an increase in growth in each treatment.

Antifungal Potential of Black Mangrove Leave Extracts on Isolates of Smoked Bonga Fish Sampled from Oju-Ore and Iyana Markets in Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria

The contamination of dried fishes by fungi poses serious threat to food safety and public health. This study was carried out on fungal contaminants found in smoked Bonga fish and to determine if there are any antifungal properties in the ethanol extract of Black Mangrove leaves. To achieve this, the study made use of six bonga fish samples purchased from two different markets, with six samples from three different retailers in each market, making a total of thirty-six samples. The antifungal properties of Black Mangrove (Avicennia germinans) were determined; the leaves were dried in the open air, followed by blending and extraction using absolute ethanol. Mycological examination of samples revealed the prevalence of seven types of fungi namely, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, Rhizopus sp, Alternaria, Candida sp, Mucor sp. Concentration of 1% and 0.1% was applied, using the agar well diffusion method. The 1% ethanol extract showed very small zone of inhibition on the fungal isolates. Rhizopus, A. niger, A flavus, A. Fumigatus, Alternaria sp, Candida sp, Mucor sp showed zones of inhibition 2mm, 1mm, 0mm, 1mm, 0mm, 1mm, 2mm, respectively. The 0.1% ethanol extract showed no zone of inhibition. This showed that the extract had little or no antifungal effects on the isolates.

Lactic acid production by immobilized Rhizopus sp. IIUM-G05 in air pulsed ALR using agriculture waste substrates

The demand for lactic acid (LA) in various fields has increased significantly due to its functional properties. Rhizopus sp. IIUM-G05 has been used before to produce lactic acid using various substrates, but the low production yield remains an issue. This is due to the difficulty in finding a suitable low-cost substrate and controlling the fungal morphology during fermentation to maintain high oxygen concentration. Therefore, this study aimed to address these issues by selecting the best substrate for higher LA yield and using loofah immobilized Rhizopus sp. to increase the yield through semi-continuous simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) in an air pulsed airlift reactor (ALR). The study compared banana peel (BaP) and beet pulp (BeP) as substrates and found that BaP produced a 3-fold higher yield than BeP. The study also tested different air pulsation frequencies in loofah immobilized ALR with BaP to increase LA yield. The results showed that the 0.0384 s-1 frequency was the best to increase LA yield to 0.091 g/g after three days of fermentation, which was 2.1-fold higher than the free-cell non-pulsed shake flask culture in the first part of the study. SEM images showed that the 0.1667 s-1 frequency resulted in oxygen transfer limitation in the ALR due to irregular formation and trapped BaP particles between mycelium. This study demonstrates that BaP can be used for LA production by Rhizopus sp. The air pulsation system with suitable pulsing frequency may help improve production yield by controlling fungal growth inside submerged cultures.

The Phytochemical and Antifungal Efficiency of Bean Leaf and Root against Some Pathogenic Fungi Isolated from Spoilt Vegetables Sold within Anambra Metropolies

Investigated in vitro were the phytochemical and antifungal properties of bean leaf and root against certain pathogenic fungi isolated from spoiled vegetables marketed in Anambra metropolises. By combining 100g, 100ml of sterile distilled water, and ethanol with each plant part, two (2) distinct extract concentrations were produced from each plant component. The plants were subjected to phytochemical screening using several conventional techniques, which identified the presence of alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, phytate, oxalate, and phenol in all of the plants but at various amounts. The effects of common antibiotics (Fluconazole 30 g/ml) were compared to those of plant extracts. According to a pathogenicity test, good vegetables rot was caused by Aspergillus niger, Fusarium solani, Penicillium sp, Rhizopus sp, and Mucor spp. The ethanol extract from beans root turned out to be more effective. The extraction solvent, extract concentration, and test pathogens all had an impact on the extract's effectiveness. When extract concentration rose, the amount of fungal growth inhibition also rose. All of the test fungi's mycelia development was effectively/highly inhibited by beans root, although water extracts exhibited a lower degree of inhibition. Farmers should utilise bean root ethanolic extracts instead of synthetic or commercial fungicides due to their fungitoxic potential against vegetable storage fungi.

Effect of Packaging Material Types on Antioxidant Activity, Fat Content, and Ash Content in the Imported and Local Yellow Soybean Tempeh

Tempeh known as indigenous food that has high nutrients and antioxidant compounds. Tempeh was produced from the fermentation of soybean with Rhizopus sp. Tempeh usually was wrapped with plastic or banana leaf. The purpose of this study to know the effect of soybean originated (import and local soybean) and the packaging material types (plastic, teakwood leaf, hibiscus leaf, and banana leaf) on antioxidant activity, fat content, and ash content of tempeh. The methods of this research were antioxidant activity analyses with DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazil) Radical Scavenging Activity method, fat analyses with soxhlet method, ash analyses with dry method. The results of this research showed that the tempeh from local soybeans with waru leaf packaging had the highest antioxidant activity (53,43%), tempeh from import soybeans with plastic packaging had the highest fat content (48,89%), and tempeh from import soybeans with waru leaf packaging had the highest ash content (2,19%). We found that the soybean origin (import and local soybean) and the packaging types (plastic, waru leaf, jati leaf, and banana leaf) had significant effect (p<0,05) on antioxidant activity, fat content, and ash content of tempeh. Keywords: Antioxidant activity, Ash content, Fat content, Soybean, Tempeh.

Study of the effect of some fungi on the yield of biogas

Agricultural and agro-industrial activities generate large quantities of waste which are harmful to the environment. This waste, rich in organic matter, can be recycled and transformed by biotechnological processes which constitute a solution of choice for remedying pollution problems. The aim of this study is the treatment of the organic fraction of waste by anaerobic digestion, which consists of degradation in the absence of oxygen of the organic matter into a mixture of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) called biogas. For this we have chosen the following samples (manure ; manure mixed in bananas, oranges, lemons, potatoes and tomatoes ; manure mixed in breads, zucchinis, carrots, cucumbers and strawberry). We used a biogas plants based on simple tools. Among these samples, the T container (manure) the most productive mixture of biogas and the T (manure) and F2 mixture (manure + breads + zucchinis + carrots + cucumbers + strawberry) degraded faster than the F1 manure + mixture (bananas, oranges, lemons, potatoes and tomatoes). The micromycetes that these samples contain are Penicillium italicum, Penicillium digitatum, Rhizopus sp, Mucor, Aspergillus sp, Cladosporium. Micromycetes give good biogas yield. The genus Aspergillus accelerates the degradation of organic matter. Anaerobic digestion not only prevents pollution, but also produces energy, compost and replenishes nutrients. Anaerobic digestion can turn a waste problem into a source of wealth. This technology is becoming essential in the process of reducing waste and producing biogas, a source of renewable energy.

DESCRIPTION OF DERMATOPYTA FUNGUS ON OJEK HELMETS ONLINE IN KOTA SELATAN DISTRICT GORONTALO CITY

Dermatophyta is a group of fungi that cause diseases of the skin that attack keratin parts such as the hair. Tinea capitis is a scalp disorder caused by the fungus Dermatophyta of the genus Trichopyton and Microsporum .
 This study aims to determine the results of examination of dermatopyta fungi on online motorcycle taxi helmets in Kota Selatan District, Gorontalo City.
 The method in this study used a qualitative approach, namely examination of dermatopyta fungi on online motorcycle taxi helmets for each inspection method . The type of research in this research is descriptive observational research .
 The results showed that from examining 10 samples on online motorcycle taxi helmets, it was found that 8 samples (80%) were positive for fungus and 2 samples (20%) were negative for Dermatophyta fungus . The 8 samples examined were not from Dermatophyta fungi . The types of fungi found in 8 samples were Rhizopus Sp 2 samples (20%), Aspergillus niger 3 samples (30%), Aspergillus fumigatus 3 samples (30%) and Aspergillus oryzae 2 samples (20%).