Rhetorical Elements Research Articles

Polish federalist ideas between utopia and Realpolitik: geopolitical dimension and ideological entanglements (1863–1921)

ABSTRACT The essay deals with the history of Polish federalist ideas, which have evolved from an ideological utopia to a broadly defined tool of Realpolitik politics. After the defeat of the January Uprising in 1863, Polish elites placed geopolitics at the core of the development of federalism in Polish political thought, especially in the context of ascertaining the geopolitical position ‘between Germany and Russia’. This model of situating Polish lands on the European map also determined the extensive circulation of federalist ideas among various political camps. After the outbreak of the First World War, the idea of federalism/federation/confederation became an important element of political rhetoric. Subsequently, federalist ideas turned into the ideological slogans of socialist circles and the National Democrat Party. Both political forces considered federalism merely as an instrument of Realpolitik and under the influence of specific political circumstances, without thinking about its implementation as a form of political structure. The tradition of Polish historiography on the two influential political doctrines – ‘federative’ and ‘incorporative’ – is questionable. This division needs to be revised.

Tentativeness vs Assertiveness: Metadiscourse Choices of Russian Engineering Writers

The communicative features of academic discourse have been explored from different perspectives. However, these studies have been predominantly carried out on English-language material. Little is known of how rhetorical elements, including stancetaking markers, are used in Russian academic prose. The сurrent study assumed that in order to ensure effective communication academic writers use a repertoire of stancetaking features. The theoretical basis of the study is Hyland’s model of stance markers which is frequently used in studying interactional strategies found in academic discourse. As research material the articles by Russian engineering scholars derived from six academic journals were used. The analysis revealed a large number of stance items with a predominance of boosters in the article introductions selected to build the corpus. It is suggested that the differences in the employment of stance markers identified in the study reflect discipline-specific writing peculiarities of the engineering academic community, while the discursive choices made by engineering writers are constrained by discursive conventions and depend on the level of the writers’ language proficiency. Despite some data limitations, the research results can be seen as a starting point for the future research of stancetaking in Russian research articles from different perspectives.

Famines and ‘Poor Numbers’

The article shows how the data of the Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC) remain ‘poor numbers’. First, because of the intrinsic uncertainty that presides over their production, but above all because of their necessary translation into the media system to trigger responses to crises. Drawing on Boltanski’s thesis on the politics of pity, it emphasises how figures are seen as a partial element of media rhetoric. The figures becomes a performative number when combined with registers of emotion and collective representations of famine. Two examples are developed through interviews with humanitarian practitioners: the crisis in Yemen (2018) as an ‘overexposed crisis’ and the crisis in Madagascar (2021) as a ‘silent crisis’.

Media Ideology and Representation of The National Police Image in The Online Media Frame (Framing Analysis of Teddy Minahasa Drug Case in the October 15, 2022 Edition of Koran Tempo Online)

One of the advantages of online journalism compared to conventional media is accessibility and speed in getting news. However, despite these advantages, online news portals are not automatically superior to conventional media in terms of the value of journalism products or news content. However, media ideology is very influential in the process of news construction, especially through the framing of news. No exception about the news of the drug case that is entangling a Two-Star Police General, Teddy Minahasa, of course, the media is interested in reporting the issue. The method used in this study includes framing analysis developed by Pan and Kosicky, while the approach used is qualitative. In this study, results were obtained that showed that the online tempo newspaper in reporting the tragedy was critical, informative and provocative. This indication can be seen from the results of the framing analysis carried out, namely the main framing of the news is that a Two-Star General is entangled in drugs is a controversial thing and certainly damages the institution of the National Police. With syntactic elements is the strengthening of framing by using unbalanced source quotes so that they are not neutral in reporting. As for the script element, strengthening and enriching the news paragraph related to the How element is carried out to minimize the why element in the news. For thematic elements, there are 3 major themes, namely: 1. A Two-Star General Dragged into a Drug Case 2. Chronology of occurrence of the case 3. Suppression of the negative image of the Indonesian National Police. In addition, the selection of sources as a closing news, to emphasize that the condition of the National Police organization is very bad, is used as a whip for the National Police institution to improve its organization. The last is the rhetorical element, in this element the use of newspaper covers and some graphics to emphasize the element of news that seems hyperbole and provocative and even seems negative. In addition, it can be concluded that the tempo tempo online newspaper according to its media ideology constructs reality through a framing process for the purpose of representing the negative image of the Indonesian National Police in a news story.

Framing Analysis of Earthquake News on CNN Indonesia Online Media

This research aims to provide information related to news framing analysis on CNN Indonesia online media in the Bali earthquake. This framing analysis research uses the approach by Zhongdang Pan and Gerald M. Kosicki. The method used is descriptive qualitative. The results of this study are based on the use of four structures including 1) The syntactic structure in this news has a headline, 2) the script structure in this news shows that the main purpose of this news is to provide information about the natural earthquake disaster that occurred in Bali, 3) The theme emphasized in this news is about the M 4.8, 4) There are three rhetorical structures in the news, which are shearing, landslides, rock falls. It can be concluded that the syntactic aspect in the headline section is mentioning the Earthquake in Bali. The lead and background information contains information from BMKG. For the quotation section, there is only one source, namely Daryono. Then, CNN Indonesia online media does not write statements and opinions in the news. The script element in this media has reached perfection, where CNN has used the 5W + 1H elements in writing its news properly and correctly. The thematic element in CNN Indonesia media is explanatory coherence. Lastly, the rhetorical element in the media uses a choice of substitute words that are rarely known by the public

Strategi Dakwah Bil Lisan Gus Iqdam Dalam Meningkatkan Religiusitas Mad’u Melalui Majelis Ta’lim Sabilu Taubah

Da’wah is an obligation of every Muslim that must be carried out continuously, which aims ultimately to change human behavior based on the right knowledge and attitude. Starting from the presence of the Prophet Muhammad SAW who was sent to the earth and began his da’wah for the first time. Da’wah activities are often interpreted in a narrow sense. Along with the times, in the 21st century there has been a globalization syndrome. A new taklim assembly known for its success in garnering public attention is Sabilu Tawbah. The Taklim Assembly has a congregation of 2875 members and is recorded up until the beginning of 2022. This research uses descriptivequalitative method.This accomplishment cannot be separated from the duties of a da'i and a taklim assembly supervisor. In Karanggayam Village Srengat District, Blitar Regency, he is Agus Muhammad Iqdam, a youthful preacher and NU leader. Gus Iqdam does more than just preach; he also pays attention to certain elements that are necessary for a da'i to succeed, such as the rhetorical elements of ethos (hikmah), pathos (al-mau'idah hasanah), and logos ('al-Jidal billati hiya ahsan). Which of these three has the greatest impact on a person's level of religiosity?

A Critical Discourse Analysis of the Microstructure of Covid-19 Health-Protocol Advertisements in Tourist Facilities

To alleviate the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on tourism, tourist facilities in Bali are informing visitors of the relevant health protocols, using posters to describe the appropriate behaviours. Using critical discourse analysis, this study examines the microstructure of the texts in these posters to identify their semantic, syntactic, lexical, and rhetorical elements. The study findings show that the semantic aspects consist of background, intention, and detail. The syntactic elements involve coherence and the use of the pronouns ‘you’ and ‘we’, and of the imperative, and the declarative. The lexical aspects include abbreviations and vocabulary, related to the health protocol. The textual messages are delivered in official language, supported by pictures and photographs.

Discovering the role of rhetorical devices in the text of a political speech through back-translations to improve the translation process

Politics has always been important for civilized societies. It is an amazing tool for rulers aiming to manipulate the masses by the sole magic of words. Thus, the power of language is the most helpful and efficient way of implementing political goals and revealing specific ideologies. The aspect of internationality in – either written or oral – political texts requires translations into different languages in that a better understanding of political texts worldwide is possible through better translations. This study aimed to examine the most common rhetorical devices used in political speeches and find out how the translators of the texts of political speeches deal with these devices in their translation process. To this end, lexical, semantic, syntactic and grammatical aspects of the texts of political speeches including rhetorical elements were identified, and an evaluation was done with respect to the quality and the accuracy of the translations to find out whether it was possible through using back-translation method in the light of theories of translation studies and some back-translation guidelines. The sample political text was a speech delivered by one of the ex-Presidents of the U.S.A. Barack Obama, who was also known as a great orator with his eloquent speeches, at Ebeneezer Baptist Church. The research participants were the senior students of the Department of Translation and Interpretation at Trakya University in Turkey. The feedback given to the students when the research was completed were thought to contribute to the prospective translation practices of the students upon rhetorical devices.

The Analysis of Figurative Language on The Novel Tarian Bumi by Oka Rusmini: A Hermeneutic Approach

The Novel of Tarian Bumi is one of the novels that tells about a woman who is of a different caste than men, both related to social status, culture, injustice and violence. In this novel, Oka Rusmini uses figurative language in telling the phenomenon of caste differences between men and women.The purpose of this research is to describe the using of the kinds of figurative in the novel of Tarian Bumi by Oka Rusmini. The research method is reading hermeneutic, that is the reading which can find out the meaning of the text readed. The result of this research showed that Oka Rusmini used two figurative language categories, namely namely figure speech and elements of rhetoric. The figure of speech used by Oka Rusmini in the novel Tarian Bumi is a figure of speech of simile, metaphor, hyperbole, while the rhetorical elements contained in the novel are repetition, anaphora and parallelism. Oka Rusmini many times used figurative language in the novel of Tarian Bumi image is to unable can give the effect to the readers and the readers are curious to know the messages that delivered because figurative language has the big impression on getting the good effect to Novel of Tarian Bumi. Besides, figurative language make people easy to understands about the meaning which are contained in the novel.

Trump’s advocacy of nationalism: A rhetorical analysis of selected speech

This paper examines the political persuasion strategies employed by Donald Trump in his speech at the United Nations General Assembly on September 24, 2019. The qualitative study explores the reality and authenticity behind Trump’s claim “nationalism, not globalism, promotes peace, prosperity and economic growth of a sovereign nation like the US”. He attempted to persuade American to work for the prosperity of a nation; not for globalism. The study analyzes the ways to project political ideologies of Trump through the propagation of self-presentation and political persuasion. As the world leader with enormous political power wielded by the US, Trump’s speech under reference provides valuable insights into the ways how rhetoric links with power. This paper focuses on Trump’s nationalism which he exploited to motivate the Americans being experience as the losers of globalization to give him their vote in the next election. Toulmin’s model of sound argumentation has been employed as the qualitative interpretative method in the study to analyze the rhetorical elements of political persuasion contained in the speech. Trump’s behavior and speeches are full of contradictions. He held the populist political agenda of anti-globalization to appear as a true nationalist leader amongst the working-class American voters who could contribute to re-elect him as the President of the USA. However, his political rhetoric did not work as the majority of American voters cast their votes against him in the 2020 Presidential election.

Between Adversarialism and Cooperation: Rhetorical Strategies of Interviewers and Interviewees in Presidential Elections

ABSTRACT This article aims to examine the rhetorical strategies employed by interviewers and interviewees to understand how adversarialism unfolds in television broadcasts. While most studies to date analyze a single interview or compare how the same interviewer confronts several interviewees, we capture how different panels of interviewers address adversarial questions in the same program format. We use mixed methods to assess nine interviews with Brazilian presidential candidates on the Roda Viva program aired during the 2018 elections. The results reveal that the structural characteristics of Roda Viva reduce the opportunities for equivocation gaps. In addition, while media professionals adopt a more assertive stance toward candidates (seeking to deauthenticate them), some interviewers from outside journalism offered the interviewees moral support. In turn, politicians avoided tricky questions and criticized the media coverage when placed in “embarrassing” situations. We also discuss how adversarial questions may help populist candidates since they use such opportunities to play the victim's role and attack the interviewers’ credibility. Besides scrutinizing the media's performance in a non-Western setting, the paper contributes to the work of journalists, candidates, and political consultants by highlighting which rhetorical elements favor or harm the efficiency of those participating in such interviews.

Social Issues Shared Through Posters and Videos: A Way for Enhancing Productive Skills in ESL Students

According to experts, students respond better to challenges where creativity and innovation are boosted than in the classical teaching-learning model, this also includes the English classroom. Based on this premise, this mixed and pre-experimental design research seeks to share the effect of a social poster project on tertiary education students’ productive skills performance in a public institution in Peru. The data was collected from 71 participants who were assessed before and after this through pre and post-test. In addition, a closed and open-ended questions survey was carried out to know the participants’ views on their posters’ creation experience and look for the most common rhetorical elements in their creation. The most noteworthy findings were the statistically significant score improvements in productive skills in the participants, upon project completion, and the favorable opinion about this, in conjunction with their preference for Logos design, at the time of persuading people.

Letter or Sermon? The Analysis of Augustine’s "De Bono Viduitatis"

St. Augustine’s work De bono viduitatis written in 414 is not a treatise but a letter addressed to widow issued from a noble Roman family named Juliana. She with her daughter and mother-in-law attempts to live the consecrated way of life. Under the strong influence of the ascetism and moralism of Pelagius, she begs Augustine to acquire the essential instructions for their devotion. Augustine in his answer proposes the original teaching on the widowhood based on the Holy Scripture, especially on the letters of apostle Paul, and encourages the women in their consecration to observe the goods of the widowhood. Nevertheless, St. Augustine does not write this letter only to Juliana. He desires that this letter will be spread to the other widows as well. The aim of our paper is to analyse the Augustine’s letter to Juliana and focus our interest on the homiletical forms used by St. Augustine. Our argumentation is based on the analyse of this letter and on its comparison with Augustine’s style of preaching. Examining the rhetoric elements used and known by St. Augustine as they are summarized in the Book Four of his treatise On Christian Doctrine it enables us to present the style of Augustine – preacher and consequently to find some similarity and differences.

Human-centric vs. technology-centric approaches in a top-down smart city development regime: Evidence from 341 Chinese cities

With smart city (SMC) initiatives proliferating worldwide since the 2000s, the theoretical debates around SMC development have evolved from a technology-centric approach to a more human-centric approach. Investing in human capital and improving quality of life have become the major elements of SMC rhetoric. However, few studies have examined the approaches adopted in real-world SMC policymaking or why different cities follow different approaches. We statistically examine the factors behind the human-centricity of SMC policies through a text analysis of policy documents from 341 Chinese prefectural cities published between 2009 and 2020. We find divergent approaches to SMC development across these Chinese prefectural cities. Unexpectedly, the more economically developed and dense cities tend to be more technology-centric in SMC policymaking. Cities at the initial and advanced stages of SMC development also prefer a technology-centric approach, albeit with very different underlying mechanisms. These findings suggest the need for a greater prioritization of human capital in SMC creation in developed cities and for context-specific interpretations of technology-centricity for cities at different SMC development stages.

필자의 텍스트 반성에 대한 화용론적 접근

Objectives The purpose of this study is to suggest a way to overcome the limitations of process-centered writing education by identifying the cognitive action in which the writer reflects on his/her text during the writing process.
 Methods According to pragmatic semiotics, the interpreter of signs constitutes an immediate, dynamic and final interpretive body. In the writing situation, the writer is both a producer and an interpreter of signs, so he must be able to actively construct such interpretations. Each interpretive body can be specified as a text representation, a reader representation, and a discourse community representation. The cognitive strategies constituting each representation can be explained by the suitability theory, which is a model of pragmatic reasoning.
 Results The composition of text representation is related to bottom-up reading, while reader representation and linguistic community representation are related to connotation and contextual meaning, respectively, both of which involve top-down reading. When the author reads the text he is writing for the purpose of text reflection, a conscious effort is required to exclude the meaning and background knowledge he is trying to convey. Therefore, when reflecting on text, it is necessary to distinguish between bottom-up reading and top-down reading, and to divide top-down reading into reader representation and linguistic community representation, and select and perform one reading method at a time.
 Conclusions In the process of text reflection, the representations that can be constructed are related to the subject, purpose, reader, and language community, so it is necessary to teach them in sequence by rhetorical element. Just as the layers of reading are divided into factual, inferential, and critical understanding, it is possible to sequence the layers of my text reflection into three representations. Cognitive actions that form an inference model centered on each rhetorical element can be strategically made into educational content.

Examining Chief Executive Officer’s Narcissistic and Humility Rhetoric

Chief Executive Officer (CEO) narcissism has received considerable attention across academia and practitioner-orientated outlets. While the voluminous research stream of CEO narcissism is mostly linked to a dark personality trait, research indicates that humility has the potential to counterbalance the detrimental effects of CEO narcissism. Given the important individual and firm-level outcomes of both constructs, a systematic assessment of how rhetorical elements (i.e., language reflective of a construct) in CEO speech is still missing. We exploit conceptualizations of both constructs as “polar opposites” to derive the dimensions of both constructs and to distinguish them analytically. We further argue that subtle yet observable rhetorical cues reveal important aspects of CEOs' personality inclinations. Our results, based on qualitative documents from publicly available CEO speeches, suggest that CEOs differ in using narcissistic and humility rhetoric. This holds true even if we change the coding scheme (i.e., assessing alleged narcissistic CEOs with humble rhetoric and vice versa). Although alleged humble CEOs use narcissistic rhetoric, indicating a general trend towards confidence-inducing vocabulary and CEO speech, alleged narcissistic CEOs employ more than twice as much narcissistic rhetoric than alleged humble CEOs. Alleged narcissistic CEOs use a third of humility rhetoric as alleged humble CEOs do. Therefore, we conclude that these differences are more likely to stem from CEO personality inclinations. We discuss the value of these unobtrusive measures and warning signs in theory and practice.

Argumentação jurídica: o modelo de Douglas Walton

The aim of this article is to present a very comprehensive and useful argument analysis model for the study of law, built from the 1980s onwards by Canadian professor Douglas nº Walton, which includes, in an integrated and systematic way, logic, dialectic, and rhetoric. The logic that interests the model is the informal one, based on the study of arguments as they appear in everyday language. The dialectical dimension resides in considering arguments as components of a dialogue. The rhetorical element inhabits the argumentation schemes, which are also logical and dialectical tools. The completeness and versatility of the model make it a very interesting option for understanding various legal phenomena. It can also be of practical interest for the parties to a legal dispute.

REPRESENTATION OF YOON SUK-YEOL AND LEE JAE-MYUNG IN SOUTH KOREA PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION NEWS


 
 
 
 
 This study focuses on examining the representations of Lee Jae-myung and Yoon Suk-yeol contained in the Chosun and Hankyoreh media in terms of the dimensions of the microstructure text based on the theory of critical discourse analysis of Teun A. Van Dijk. The objects of this research are two news stories in the media Chosun and Hankyoreh which report on the first round of the presidential debate in 2022. This study uses a qualitative method with a critical approach. The data collection techniques in this study were documentation, literature study, also reading, listening, and note-taking techniques. The results show that the Chosun and Hankyoreh media have their own tendencies in showing the image of Lee Jae-myung and Yoon Suk-yeol. In Chosun news, there is a tendency to portray the presidential candidate debate that was held on February 3, which tends to portray Lee Jae-myung as a person who is careless in answering questions, while Yoon Seok-yool as a person who is not ready to become a presidential candidate. This is seen from the data that Chosun media based on the content of propositions that explain Lee Jae-myung's weakness amounted to 6 propositions compared to Yoon Seok-yool which only amounted to 2 propositions. Meanwhile, in the Hankyoreh media, the news describing the weaknesses of Lee Jae-myung and Yoon Seok-yool amounted to two propositions. This shows that Hankyoreh is trying to convey the representation of the two candidates in a balanced way. As for the perspective of Van Dijk's discourse theory, it can be concluded that in terms of the dimensions of the microstructure text, there are several elements not found in the news, namely the semantic element - presupposition in the Hankyoreh news. Then, there are no graphic and metaphorical rhetorical elements in the two analyzed news.
 
 
 

The Reading of the Mencius by Korean Confucian Scholars: Rhetorical Exegesis and the Dao

When Joseon Korea scholars were interpreting the Mencius (孟子: K. Maengja or Mengzi), they were focusing on its content and on its rhetorical elements at the same time. For a given commentator, selecting various rhetorical features (such as grammatical and lexical specificities) meant to read the dao 道 (K. do) of the Mencius in a fashion different from the one expounded by other scholars. In this article, I examine the relationship these commentators were establishing between the textual patterns of the Mencius and the encompassing reality, dao, as understood by this latter work. Specifically, I focus upon the works of two Joseon scholars—Yi Hwang 李滉’s Maengja seogui 孟子釋義 and Wi Baekgyu 魏伯珪’s Maengja chaui 孟子箚義. Through their reading, I notably attempt to (a) describe how rhetorically oriented exegeses had been maturing throughout this era; and to (b) elucidate how Korean commentators, through their rhetorical commentaries, put forward interpretations that differed from the ones propounded by the orthodox tradition as exemplified by Zhu Xi.

Retorika Komunikasi Aa Gym dalam Kajian Al-Hikam “Jangan Sia-Siakan Waktu”

The purpose of this study is to find out what the rhetorical element in Aa Gym's oral discourse looks like when delivering its da'wah message to the congregation regarding the study of Al-Hikam with the topic “don't waste time" and then how to use the rhetorical function of Aa Gym in conveying its da'wah message to the congregation. This research uses a qualitative-descriptive approach with content analysis. The data source is taken from a youtube video, the Media Da'wah Hikmah TV channel. The findings of the study conducted are that speakers have great persuasion in every sentence that is simple and easy to understand, conciliatory intonation and calm body language. In the content of the conversation, everything is assembled and conceptualized with a good plot. The opening, body and closing sentences are able to arouse the feelings of those who hear them. Judging from the audience, they are very happy and comfortable when listening to Aa Gym's lectures that are in accordance with the realities of life. The rhetorical function used by Aa Gym when delivering its da'wah is corrective, instructive and suggestive rhetorical functions. The expected implication in this research is knowledge of da'wah strategies that can be applied with a rhetorical approach to be able to convey sentences in oral discourse that are able to give influence and have a good impact on listeners.