RFID Network Research Articles

Energy Based Performance Evaluation of Passive EPC Gen 2 Class 1 RFID Systems

This paper analyzes performance of RFID networks that are based on passive tags using EPC Gen2 Class1 communication protocol. For the first time, all the main factors impacting tag read efficiency and read latency are considered - inclusive of MAC layer collision, link layer packet loss and the impact of the use of energy harvesting in passive tags. Specifically, the impact of tag {duty cycling} due to limited harvested energy is considered - a first in the analysis of RFID systems, to the best of our knowledge.

Development of Quality Control and Breeding Management System of Goats Based on Information and Communication Technology

In the context of the occurrence of infectious diseases in livestock and the increasing demand for animal products in the Asian region, it is necessary to establish information management systems for animal production and the prevention of epidemics. In this study, we propose a next-generation information management system of animal production that utilizes information and communication technology such as RFID, cloud systems, and mobile communication network. Also, we conducted operational test of the information system by using goat as a model for the target animal in order to evaluate the requirements for the dissemination of the system and the remaining issues.

The 2012 CLSR-LSPI seminar on privacy, data protection & cyber-security – Presented at the 7th international conference on Legal, Security and Privacy Issues in IT law (LSPI) October 2–4, 2012, Athens

This has been a big year for privacy with so much going on within the EU regarding reform of data protection. What are the implications of reform here and what are the issues that concern us about the proposed new data protection regime contained in the proposed Regulation? We hear a lot about the ‘right to be forgotten’. How is that possible in the digital age within the online world? And what can be done about the big players who stand charged with the erosion of privacy viz Facebook, Google, Skype & YouTube etc? How can the law keep up with technological change when the latter is moving so fast e.g. with RFID, Cloud and social networking? To what extent can data breach notification, net neutrality and privacy impact assessment help and how should the law approach issues of liability and criminality in relation to privacy? What is the state of play too in the relationship between privacy policy and state surveillance and, given its implications for privacy, what obligations should governments adopt in response to cybersecurity regulation and data management? Is there a place for privacy self-regulation and if so in what respects and how effective are the Information Commissioners who often complain of being under resourced? In reviewing the way privacy law has emerged do we now need a completely new approach to the whole issue? Has the law crept into its present form simply by default? Do we need some new thinking now that reflects the fact that law is only one dimension in the battle for privacy? If so what are the other factors we need to recognise?

Dynamic Frame Sizing with Grouping Slotted Aloha for UHF RFID Networks

Tag collision in a radio frequency identification system (RFID) is an important parameter that affects the overall system performance. Different algorithms have been proposed to efficiently utilize the slots during data transmission between reader and tags that need to be identified. Dynamic Frame slotted Aloha is a widely used anti collision algorithm that can be further divided into two main categories depending upon how the frame selection is performed. It has been found that dynamic frame sizing with grouping yields highly efficient results. In this study, the proposed algorithm modifies the mechanism used for dynamic grouping as implemented in the EPC global class 1 generation 2 algorithm and results have been presented showing improvement in the number of slots utilization and iterations required to successfully detect different number of tags. General Terms Algorithms, RFID Anti collision

An Algorithm for Elimination of Redundant Sensors in RFID Network Based on The Degree of Overlap

An Algorithm for Elimination of Redundant Sensors in RFID Network Based on The Degree of Overlap

EMU: An expectation maximization based approach for clustering uncertain data

Real world applications as sensor networks and RFID networks usually generate data with uncertainty. Data uncertainty comes from many sources, as measurement errors, limited precision, data aggregation and so on. Classical data mining applications need to be modified and extended for uncertain data; otherwise, their performances might be dramatically downgraded by data uncertainty. In this paper, we define an uncertain data model for both numerical and categorical uncertain data, and propose a new Expectation-Maximization based algorithm EMU for clustering uncertain data. This approach is well designed to find the distribution parameters that maximize model qualities based on uncertain data, therefore correctly identify the clusters. Our clustering algorithm can process both numeric and categorical uncertain data. In our experiments, we use both synthetic and real data sets to evaluate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed algorithm.

Minimalist security and privacy schemes based on enhanced AES for integrated WISP sensor networks

Extensive development has yielded the improved version of the radio frequency identification RFID called the wireless identification sensing platform WISP. Recent research suggests the combined system of integrated RFID and wireless sensor network WSN used for coupling the virtual and physical world, bridging the gap between WSN and RFID. The possibility of having an integrated WISP sensor network might be a starting point for the new future smart system's application. And yet, in every system there will be sensitive data that requires various degree of data encryption. Given the steep design challenge and the limited resources provided on both WSN and WISP's platforms, we can foresee that the design trend has to be memory and hardware efficient. In this paper, we present a minimalist approach to securely encrypt, authenticate and exchange secret keys with a minimal instruction set computer MISC processor based on the AES algorithm, termed the enhanced AES NAES processor.

ベイズ推定を用いた部品エージェントによる機械部品の再利用支援

Effective reuse of parts is necessary to achieve a sustainable society. For that purpose, individual parts should be used with little environmental load. Moreover, because of variety of consumers' preferences and usages, parts should be used with consideration of consumer's characteristics as well as the information on parts. We have developed the part agent system using network agents and RFID technology to manage parts throughout their life cycle. In previous researches, functions of part agents have been developed that supports recall of parts and replacement of parts in consideration of consumers' preference. However, it is also required for part agents to accommodate the state of parts and consumers' characteristics. For that purpose, we developed a function to propose maintenance activities of part using Bayesian Network model. The function calculates the probability of uncertain phenomenon on the part using the model based on the situation surrounding the part such as sensory information and choice of consumers.

RFID Network Scheduling Using a Discrete Multi-swarm Optimizer

The operation of RFID systems often involves a situation in which multiple readers physically located near one another may interfere with one another's operation. Such reader collision must be minimized to avoid the faulty or miss reads. Specifically, scheduling the colliding RFID readers to reduce the total system transaction time or response time is the challenging problem for large-scale RFID network deployment. This paper, therefore, aims to use a successful multi-swarm cooperative optimizer called PS2O to minimize both the reader-to-reader interference and total system transaction time in RFID reader networks. The main idea of PS2O is to extend the single population PSO to the interacting multi-swarms model by constructing hierarchical interaction topology and enhanced dynamical update equations. As the RFID network scheduling model formulated in this work is a discrete problem, a binary version of PS2O algorithm is proposed in this study. Numerical results for four test cases with different scales, which ranging from 30 readers to 200 readers, have been presented to demonstrate the performance of the proposed methodology.

On the privacy offered by (k, δ)-anonymity

The widespread deployment of technologies with tracking capabilities, like GPS, GSM, RFID and on-line social networks, allows mass collection of spatio-temporal data about their users. As a consequence, several methods aimed at anonymizing spatio-temporal data before their publication have been proposed in recent years. Such methods are based on a number of underlying privacy models. Among these models, (k,δ)-anonymity claims to extend the widely used k-anonymity concept by exploiting the spatial uncertainty δ≥0 in the trajectory recording process. In this paper, we prove that, for any δ>0 (that is, whenever there is actual uncertainty), (k,δ)-anonymity does not offer trajectory k-anonymity, that is, it does not hide an original trajectory in a set of k indistinguishable anonymized trajectories. Hence, the methods based on (k,δ)-anonymity, like Never Walk Alone (NWA) and Wait For Me (W4M) can offer trajectory k-anonymity only when δ=0 (no uncertainty). Thus, the idea of exploiting the recording uncertainty δ to achieve trajectory k-anonymity with information loss inversely proportional to δ turns out to be flawed.

Integration of an IEEE 802.15.4 RFID network with mobile readers with a 802.11 WLAN

In this paper, we propose a coexistence scheme that allows radio-frequency identification readers or sinks to collect data from radio-frequency identification tags or sensors that use IEEE 802.15.4 wireless personal area network standard and send it to the access point via an IEEE 802.11 wireless local area network. The proposed scheme uses time scheduling and bridging via readers to allow for simultaneous operation of heterogeneous wireless networks that operate in the industrial, scientific, and medical frequency band at 2.4GHz. A simple sleep management approach is developed that allows tags to reduce their power consumption as well as collision rate. To provide timely reaction to sudden changes in tag population or reader availability, we devise a scheme where the scheduling parameters are adjustable and readers are mobile. We evaluate the performance of our solution in four scenarios and confirm the flexibility of the proposed approach. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

On the Transfer of Information and Energy in Multi-User Systems

The problem of joint transfer of information and energy for wireless links has been recently investigated in light of emerging applications such as RFID and body area networks. Specifically, recent work has shown that the additional requirements of providing sufficient energy to the receiver significantly affects the design of the optimal communication strategy. In contrast to most previous works, this letter focuses on baseline multi-user systems, namely multiple access and multi-hop channels, and demonstrates that energy transfer constraints call for additional coordination among distributed nodes of a wireless network. The analysis is carried out using information-theoretic tools, and specific examples are worked out to illustrate the main conclusions.

Analysis of key management and Quantum Cryptographyin RFID networks

Analysis of key management and Quantum Cryptographyin RFID networks

Parking Management System with RFID and Sensor Networks

As the development of the society and economy, more and more cars are used in the people life. Parking the car in a busy mall is often frustrated for us due to lack of the parking spaces. The problems mainly consist of two aspects. First, when we go to the destination, we do not know where the parking lot is and how many parking spaces is free. We have to spend a lot of time to find a parking lot. Besides, the parking lot usually is great, it is difficult for us to find the free space efficiently. Traditional solutions are implemented based on the TCP/IP networks or sensor network. TCP/IP solutions often require a lot on the infrastructure. Solutions with sensor network can not navigate the driver precisely. In this paper, we propose a novel parking management system with RFID and sensor networks, which can not only detect and locate the free parking space quickly, but also navigate the car to the parking space effectively. Our experiment shows that the proposed system is desirable for us to use in the life.

A Discrete Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm for RFID Network Scheduling

The operation of RFID systems often involves a situation in which multiple readers physically located near one another may interfere with one another's operation. Such reader collision must be minimized to avoid the faulty or miss reads. This paper, therefore, aims to use a successful swarm intelligence technique called artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm to minimize both the reader-to reader interference and total system transaction time in RFID reader networks. As the RFID network scheduling model formulated in this work is a discrete problem, a binary version of artificial bee colony (BABC) algorithm is proposed in this study. Unlike the original ABC algorithm, the proposed BABC represents a food source as a discrete binary variable and applies discrete operators to change the foraging trajectories of the employed bees, onlookers and scouts in the probability that a coordinate will take on a zero or one value. Numerical results for two test cases with different scales, which contain 30 and 60 readers respectively, have been presented to demonstrate the performance of the proposed methodology.

Mobile RFID Mutual Authentication and Ownership Transfer

In this paper, we propose an ownership transfer scheme that applies in mobile RFID networks. The scheme includes a mutual authentication protocol and a role-based ownership transfer protocol. A tag will decide what actions are allowed for a reader according to the reader's role class, and the back-end server will send to the reader the requested information about the tag. Keyed-hash functions are used to secure the protocols. Last, we prove that our protocol can do against the threats of replay attacks, distributed denial of service (DDoS), Man-in-the-Middle (MITM) attacks that change users' data, interception of data and location privacy, and tracking of tags' ownership transfer. Keywords-RFID;authentication; ownership transfer

Application of RFID System in Manufacturing Production Control

Aimed at the characteristic of manufacturing, it analyses application demands of RFID technology in manufacturing production, expatiates the operational principles of applying RFID technology in the manufacture industry to improve production efficiency in details. Through integrated application, which based on RFID technology, network technology and wireless communication technology, a structure of RFID application system, facing the management of production has been established for enterprises. Functional modules of the application system have been described according to the design requirements.

RFID reader collision problem: performance analysis and medium access

AbstractThe RFID reader collision problem, in which an RFID reader's interrogation is interfered by other concurrent readers' transmission, is considered an important issue to reliable operation and thus to the wide‐spread deployment of RFID networks. In this paper, we present modeling and analysis of the RFID reader collision problem. We observe asymmetry between an RFID reader's and a tag's communication capabilities and develop an RFID radio model based on the asymmetry. By the model, we characterize the spatial reuse of RFID reader networks, and derive concurrent interrogation distance beyond which readers can transmit simultaneously without causing collision and the carrier sense threshold corresponding to the distance. We also examine the dual‐channel mode where available bandwidth is divided into two channels by which reader‐to‐tag communication and tag‐to‐reader communication are separated. We analyze and evaluate the performance of the dual‐channel mode in terms of spatial reuse and interrogation completion time. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Connected Coverage for RFID and Wireless Sensor Networks

We introduce a localized distributed algorithm for the connected RFID coverage problem which we name LCTC (Local Connect Then Cover). Given a set of RFID readers V and tags T, the problem is to find the minimum number of readers Va such that they form, with a gateway node vg, a connected network. That is the induced graph of {Va ∪vg} is connected where any two readers are connected if they are in proximity of each other. Algorithm LCTC which builds a connected dominating set and add to it more nodes to cover every tag in the network. Algorithm LCTC was shown through simulation experiments to give excellent results in terms of the number of non-redundant readers generated and execution time. Algorithm LCTC can be applied to the targets connected coverage problem found in the field of wireless sensor networks and RFID/Sensors networks.

The Security and Application of the RFID-Based Vehicle Security Monitoring and Administration System of the Internet of Things

With the development of the technology and industry of the Internet of Things, the application of the Internet of Things of government and industry has been one important subject for the further development of information construction in China. The paper presents the RFID-based vehicle security monitoring and administration system of the Internet of Things in order to assure the real-time monitoring and security administration in the process of the vehicles going and coming through the gates and the vehicle’s united administration, and designs the security implementation framework of the application of the Internet of Things, and discusses the key technology including super high frequency RFID and boundary security network gateway, and the system and the key technology can broadly apply to the united security monitoring and administration of many vehicles such as buses, cars, trains, and the system of the Internet of Things has been primary implemented and achieved good effects in actual applications.