Motor neuron diseases (MNDs) encompass a clinically heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative conditions with varying impact on dexterity, mobility, decision making, respiratory and bulbar dysfunction. While consensus best-practice recommendations exist for genetic screening, diagnostic work-up, pharmacological and respiratory management, disease-specific facets of driving safety, assessment approaches and intervention strategies to support patients for safe driving have not been comprehensively reviewed. MNDs have unique, phenotype-specific clinical features, which are distinct form other neuromuscular conditions which necessitate a careful and systematic approach to evaluate driving safety. While MNDs are primarily associated with progressive motor impairment, extrapyramidal, cerebellar, cognitive, behavioural, and respiratory manifestations of the disease also affect driving safety and necessitate comprehensive driving assessments and individualised strategies to enable patients to continue to drive. The majority of existing papers focus on amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and low-incidence MND phenotypes, such as PLS, SBMA, PPS, are glaringly understudied from a driving safety perspective despite the relatively slower progression of these conditions. Beyond the review of specific aspects of driving in MNDs, the main objective of this review paper is to raise awareness of non-motor aspects of MNDs with regard to driving safety and to explore viable strategies to support patients to maintain their independence. Despite the considerable differences in driving regulations around the globe, there are core, disease-specific aspects of MND which are universal. The careful consideration of these clinical factors, comprehensive domain-by-domain assessments, and the implementation of practical, individualised adaptations may enable patients to continue driving safely, maintain their independence and enhance their quality of life.

Cholestatic liver diseases such as Alagille syndrome (ALGS), progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC), primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) cause significant morbidity and mortality. Chronic pruritus is common, debilitating, and impairs health-related quality of life. Recently, pharmacological inhibition of the ileal bile acid transporter (IBAT) has emerged as a therapeutic target. To review the current landscape of IBAT inhibitors, summarise emerging clinical data, discuss their role in the treatment of cholestatic liver diseases and future directions for their development and use. This narrative review summarises current data on IBAT inhibitors, exploring their mechanisms, efficacy, and safety across ALGS, PFIC, PBC and PSC. References were identified through searches of PubMed from January 2000 to August 2025. In phase 2 and 3 trials involving paediatric patients with ALGS and PFIC, IBAT inhibitors (odevixibat and maralixibat) significantly reduced pruritus and serum bile acid concentrations. In post hoc analysis, responders demonstrated improved event-free and transplant-free survival compared to historic control cohorts. The phase 3 trial of linerixibat in PBC demonstrated an improvement in pruritus compared to placebo. Mild to moderate gastrointestinal side effects, most commonly diarrhoea and abdominal discomfort, are common with IBAT inhibition, particularly in PBC and PSC. IBAT inhibitors represent the first upstream pharmacotherapy targeting enterohepatic bile acid recirculation and are effective at reducing pruritus in ALGS and PFIC. Their role in PBC and PSC is promising yet undefined. Long-term studies are needed to assess effects on fibrosis progression, hepatocellular carcinoma risk and transplant-free survival.

Chronically ill patients with a weak immune system are at increased risk of severe infections, often as a result of immunomodulatory therapy rather than the underlying disease. Many patients in this group exhibit reduced vaccine responses and require tailored vaccination regimens. Following the launch of the national Adult Immunisation Programme, all doctors must stay abreast of current guidance on vaccination in immunosuppressed patients. This clinical review article summarises interdisciplinary knowledge on patients with a reduced vaccine response.

Radical lobectomy, proposed as a curative treatment for lung cancer in 1960, has long been regarded as the standard surgical approach. The findings of two phase III randomized controlled trials comparing limited resection versus lobectomy for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) ≤2 cm have challenged the long-standing evidence supporting lobectomy as the universal surgical option for all patients with lung cancer. The Japanese clinical oncology group (JCOG) and West Japan Oncology Group (WJOG) (JCOG0802/WJOG4607L) demonstrated both the non-inferiority and superiority of segmentectomy, while the Cancer and Leukemia Group B trial (CALGB140503) conducted by the Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology in North America, confirmed the non-inferiority of limited resection, including wedge resection for NSCLC measuring ≤2 cm. As both trials demonstrated non-inferiority of limited resection in NSCLC ≤2 cm, their results are often summarized together. However, patient background, radiological findings, prognosis, and extent of resection differ significantly between the two trials and should be interpreted with caution. Previous trials have demonstrated that preserving lung parenchyma helps maintain pulmonary function and improves patient prognosis by enabling appropriate management of subsequent malignancy or other diseases. Limited resection, including segmentectomy, is currently the standard of care for early-stage NSCLC. The JCOG and WJOG are conducting trials to determine whether the indications for limited resection can be expanded to include patients with NSCLC >2 cm or those with stage I NSCLC. This review article outlines the results of previous trials, provides an overview of ongoing trials, and discusses prospects for limited resection.

Fisheries in the Pacific region are facing increasing pressure from overfishing, climate change, and weak governance, which threaten food security, economic stability, and marine biodiversity. This review paper examines the current state of offshore and coastal fisheries across the Western and Central Pacific Ocean (WCPO), highlighting the dominance of industrial tuna fishing, the vulnerability of coastal resources, and the heavy reliance of the Pacific Island Countries (PICs) on marine ecosystems for subsistence and income. Findings of the review show that while important key tuna species remain abundant in some areas, some are at risk of overexploitation, and coastal fisheries are broadly overharvested and poorly monitored. The existence of regional management bodies and community-based initiatives such as marine protected areas (MPAs) and Vessel Day Schemes (VDS) is faced with challenges associated with a lack of local capacity and data. These findings underscore the urgent need for stronger regional collaboration, investment in data-driven management, and support for local governance. For aquaculture and fisheries practitioners, these results emphasize the necessity of integrating sustainable practices and ecosystem-based approaches to support resilience and address food security issues across the Pacific Island communities.

Human metabolism has been investigated to understand disease onset for the discovery of new selective pharmaceuticals and the development of diagnostics for early disease detection. Metabolomics, as an interdisciplinary research field, has been implemented to investigate the entirety of the complex metabolite profiles predominantly using mass spectrometry. In the past two decades, the development of chemical biology tools for the detailed metabolism investigation has received a boost to advance metabolomics analyses. Especially, the identification of the microbiome and its importance for human physiology were the main motivation for these strategies. These new tools at the intersection of Chemistry and Biology have especially aided to uncover previously unknown metabolites in humans and have slowly elucidated metabolites produced by microbial communities. These Chemical Biology tools, integrated with metabolomics tools and technologies, build the foundation for Chemical Metabolomics investigations, which have led to the discovery of important metabolites that are modulators or readouts for disease development and human homeostasis. This overview article focuses on the recent developments and the diversity of Chemical Biology tools and technologies, particularly methods involving chemoselective probes, in vivo analysis, host-microbiome co-metabolism, and activity metabolomics, in the context of understanding human metabolism at the molecular level.

Jathyadi Ghritha is a well-known Ayurvedic medicine for treating various types of ulcers. It mainly indicated in deep routed ulcers, fistula-in-ano, Pilonidal sinuses etc. Ancient texts mention more than one yoga for Jathyadi Ghritha, which vary in their ingredients and preparation methods. Similarly, pharmaceutical companies produce multiple versions of Jathyadi Ghritha, often modifying traditional formulations. A comparison of ingredients showed that while some retain classical combinations, others include or exclude certain herbs. Information was collected through electronic databases, classical Ayurvedic texts and reviewing various Jathyadi Ghritha formulations made by different pharmaceutical companies. These variations create difficulty in determining the most effective formulation for clinical use. Without standardization, it is hard to ensure consistent therapeutic outcomes. Establishing a standardized formulation of Jathyadi Ghritha would support scientific research, improve treatment results, and preserve the integrity of traditional Ayurvedic practices. This paper is a review article on different formulations of Jathyadi Ghritha by different Pharmaceutical companies along with different references of Jathyadi Ghritha in Ayurvedic literature.

This review article addresses a major problem in the dairy industry, namely the role that protease-producing bacteria, Pseudomonas, play in the deterioration of the quality of cold-stored milk. Although cooling slows the growth of most bacteria, it creates an ideal environment for the proliferation of psychrotrophic bacteria, such as Pseudomonas. These bacteria are widespread in dairy environments and can contaminate milk after pasteurization. The main problem is the ability of Pseudomonas to produce heat-resistant protease (proteolytic) and lipase (lipid-lyzing) enzymes, which remain active even after pasteurization. These enzymes target and break down essential milk proteins (such as casein), resulting in: Changes in texture: gelation, increased viscosity and undesirable texture, changes in flavor: release of bitter peptides due to casein degradation, free fatty acids that cause rancid or soapy flavors due to lipolysis, synergistic effects: Proteolysis and lipoprotein work together to accelerate the degradation process and produce unwanted flavor compounds at a faster pace. The article reviews in detail the protease systems in Pseudomonas, which include mineral enzymes (e.g. AprX) and serine enzymes, and how their production is regulated at the genetic and environmental level (e.g., temperature, pH, quorum sensing). It also discusses the impact of storage conditions, especially temperature fluctuations and oxygen availability, on bacterial growth and enzymatic activity. In terms of detection and monitoring, the article points out that traditional methods (microbial transplantation) are slow and impractical for routine monitoring. Therefore, biochemical methods (e.g., enzymatic activity assays) and molecular methods (e.g., PCR and metagenomics techniques) are being used for rapid and accurate diagnosis of degrading potential.

Neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Schizophrenia, anxiety, Parkinson's disease, and migraine are serious conditions that continue to threaten mankind. The cases of brainrelated disorders are increasing worldwide and are closely related to physiological, genetic, and environmental factors. Direct drug delivery to the brain is crucial for the effective treatment and prevention of these conditions. However, due to the presence of a lipophilic barrier, i.e., the bloodbrain barrier, the entry of therapeutic agents into the brain is restricted, resulting in a lower concentration at the targeted site. As a solution to this problem, the direct nose-to-brain connection is attracting attention for its effective, precise, non-invasive delivery of drugs via the olfactory and trigeminal pathways. However, there are some limitations, like permeability across the nasal mucosa and mucociliary clearance. Therefore, to overcome these restrictions, the use of nanocarriers, particularly ethosomes, is being attempted. This review paper delves into recent research papers and reports on ethosomes developed for intranasal delivery towards the management of neurological conditions. Ethosomes demonstrated an exceptional capacity to facilitate drug accumulation at targeted sites, owing to their ability to bypass first-pass metabolism, their flexible nature, and the presence of penetration enhancers. The high ethanol content in the composition significantly increases the fluidity of the lipid bilayer, allowing for better interaction of this vesicular system with the blood-brain barrier. Furthermore, the functionalization of ethosomes can enhance the specific delivery of drugs, increase patient compliance, and minimize side effects. However, no intranasal ethosomes for direct brain delivery have progressed from preclinical testing to the bedside of patients. They are still in the experimental phase, particularly in animals or in vivo lab models. The possibilities of toxic effects, the use of high amounts of ethanol, and irregular nasal absorption are a few concerns that need to be addressed. The increasing demand for intranasal delivery suggests that ethosomes may play a pivotal role in the management and treatment of brain-related conditions, but this will only occur after a substantial number of clinical trials confirm their safety and efficacy for human consumption. This review explores such possibilities and highlights current trends and future perspectives in targeting the brain with ethosomal formulations.

BeN4, a remarkable new N-based two-dimensional nanomaterial having anisotropic Dirac cones, has recently been synthesized. BeN4 shows excellent physical and chemical properties, viz., Dirac cones at the Fermi level, high-symmetry electron-hole pairs, high stiffness, and high Fermi velocity. The band structure and density of states analyses reveal that pristine BeN4 exhibits characteristics of a semi-metal. The electronic properties of BeN4 can be tuned through defect, doping, hybridization and strain engineering to make it suitable for various applications. BeN4 has been assessed theoretically and practically for various applications in materials science, viz., gas sensing, energy storage devices, and catalysis. Despite their promising properties, N-based 2D nanomaterials have been underexplored in the past, leaving an excellent opportunity for future study to discover novel properties and applications. This review article covers the synthesis methods, properties, and applications of BeN4, mentioning recent research work from both experimental and computational areas. Although a considerable amount of research has been carried out on this promising 2D material, there is no review article reported so far which generates the need for a review article on this fascinating 2D material. Hence, by comprehensively analyzing recent advancements and outlining prospective research avenues, this article serves as a valuable resource for researchers engaged in the study of 2D materials.

In cancer treatment, immunotherapy can be used as an adjuvant therapy in combination with chemotherapy. This review article provides a comprehensive analysis of immunotherapeutics used in combination with chemotherapy that are in clinical trials, focusing on their synergy and applications. An in-depth literature search was conducted across various scientific databases, including PubMed, ClinicalTrials.gov, Scopus, and Web of Science, using relevant keywords. Both research studies and relevant data from clinical trials were thoroughly analyzed to provide a comprehensive overview of the field. The analysis indicated that immunotherapy, when used as an adjunct to established chemotherapy regimens, is more effective than when used as a standalone treatment. Immunotherapeutics enhance the body's defenses against malignant cells, while chemotherapy directly targets rapidly dividing cancer cells. Moreover, interesting recent findings have suggested that certain chemotherapy agents at low doses selectively inhibit regulatory and suppressor cells, thereby enhancing the body's immune response against cancer cells. The findings further underscore the potential synergy between chemotherapy and immunotherapy. This review delves into the concept of integrating chemotherapy and radiotherapy, which induces cell death, with immunotherapy. Specifically, emphasis is placed on ongoing clinical trials investigating immunotherapeutics in combination with chemotherapeutic agents, offering a glimpse into the future landscape of cancer treatment. Immuno-chemotherapeutic combinations offer an immense opportunity, as demonstrated by numerous clinical trials. In the future, a deeper understanding of their interactions and mechanisms, identifying the optimal combination, and careful assessment of clinical responses are key to successful product development.

Cardiac imaging and in particular transthoracic echocardiography and computed tomography play a major role in the selection of the patients for surgical or transcatheter aortic valve replacement, for the assessment or procedural success and early prosthetic valve hemodynamics following aortic valve replacement, and for the evaluation and follow-up of the prosthetic valve structure and function in the longer-term, which is key to demonstrate the valve durability. The purpose of this review article is thus to present the role of cardiac imaging, and particularly transthoracic echocardiography and computed tomography, in: (1) patient selection for intervention; (2) assessment of procedural and device success, and of intended performance of the valve; and (3) assessment of the long-term success, valve durability, and prognosis, for clinical trials of intervention in patients with aortic stenosis. Transthoracic echocardiography is the primary imaging modality to detect and stage bioprosthetic valve dysfunction. However, multimodality imaging, including transesophageal echocardiography and computed tomography, is often necessary to determine the cause of bioprosthetic valve dysfunction and make the differential diagnosis between prosthesis-patient mismatch, structural valve deterioration, thrombosis, pannus, or endocarditis. The clinical trials in the field of structural heart disease, and particularly in the field of aortic valve intervention, include imaging end points as part of the primary or key secondary end points. Standardized methods and definitions should be applied to adjudicate these imaging end points, and ideally, these trial end points should be analyzed by independent imaging core labs.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder first described more than one century ago. Over this time, many features of the disease have been discovered and, consequently, many different approaches in the diagnosis and treatment of AD have been developed. A major assumption has guided research on AD in the past: this fatal form of cognitive decline is believed to have a pathogenic basis in the deposition of amyloid beta (Aβ) aggregates throughout the brain. Consequently, a main goal of AD therapy is to reduce Aβ load, and several monoclonal antibodies targeting amyloid are among the most recent approaches to AD treatment. However, the effectiveness of these drugs is limited, as they cannot block the progression of the disease; they only slow it down in certain conditions. Many other causative factors are known to promote the development of the disease, with immune system involvement being the most investigated. Indeed, it has been well documented that the microglial response enhances the deposition of other altered proteins, such as Tau, and induces a neurotoxic microenvironment that promotes neuronal loss. In this scenario, the interaction between microglia and astrocytes is known to accelerate pathogenic processes, and a possible role for peripheral T lymphocytes in AD pathology has also been described. An interesting hypothesis is that immune cells driving chronic inflammation might worsen AD progression and, therefore, could represent a target for treatment strategies in this disease. Thus, this review article aims to summarise the role of brain and peripheral immune molecules and cells in AD. Also, immune-based treatments for AD are described, including those targeting microglia and T cells.

The effectiveness of pharmacotherapy depends not only on the drug molecule's pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, but also on how well it is delivered to the target site at the therapeutic concentrations. Conventional dosage forms often pose significant obstacles, such as insignificant solubility, inadequate absorption, quick systemic elimination, absence of target specificity, and dose-dependent adverse effects. These issues are especially undesirable for drugs that are not effective well in small doses, fails to readily travel through membranes, or are easily metabolized by enzymes. Also, the fact that conventional formulations need patients to consume their medications more often may render them less likely to adhere to their regimens, which can make the therapy less effective. When consuming a drug by ingestion, the liver metabolizes the drug down first, which lowers the amount of the active ingredient in the blood. Novel Drug Delivery Systems (NDDS) were created to solve these significant problems. NDDS make it possible to regulate, maintain, or optimize drug release, which maximizes the benefits of drugs and minimizes their side effects. Nanoparticles, liposomes, microspheres, transdermal patches, implants, dendrimers, and microneedles are among the many of the technologies that have worked very well in clinical practice over the past few decades. These systems are frequently utilized to treat cancer, diabetes, neurology, and to give vaccines. One example is the mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines. NDDS constantly encounters problems, like high development costs, complicated regulatory requirements, stability issues, and trouble in scaling up. But NDDS continue to evolve significantly with contribution of nanotechnology, biotechnology, and artificial intelligence. This comprehensive review article addresses about various types of NDDS, how they perform, their benefits and drawbacks, and potential future development in modern medicine. Keywords: Novel Drug Delivery Systems, liposome, nanoparticles, controlled release, targeted therapy.

Atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor (AT/RT) is a rare, highly aggressive embryonal central nervous system malignancy occurring predominately in infants and toddlers. Spinal AT/RT (spAT/RT) cases are even more limited, and as a result, little is known regarding prognostic factors and optimal treatment regimens. Molecularly, AT/RT is divided into three groups: AT/RT-SHH, AT/RT-TYR and AT/RT-MYC. spAT/RT is predominantly of the MYC subtype. Additionally, a third of patients with AT/RT have a germline Rhabdoid Tumor Predisposition Syndrome (RTPS) that increases the likelihood of developing additional rhabdoid tumors, including renal rhabdoid tumors. Due to the rarity of these tumors, there is a lack of consensus on treatment strategies to be employed. This review paper details the published literature on spAT/RT, with particular emphasis on the recent advances in understanding the biology of these aggressive tumors and currently available therapeutic options, and highlights the challenges associated with the management of this extremely rare condition.

This article titled “Survey Paper on Agri360 – AI Powered Smart Agriculture and Farmer Support System” published in Volume 09, Issue 10 (October 2025) has been temporarily retracted following a complaint regarding intellectual property concerns. The journal has initiated an editorial and ethical review of the article. During this period, the full text has been removed from public access. The journal remains committed to publication ethics and will take appropriate action based on the outcome of the investigation. — Editorial Office International Journal of Scientific Research in Engineering and Management (IJSREM)

With modern medicine and a better understanding of the ulcerative colitis disease process, there have been many changes in how we manage ulcerative colitis-related dysplasia over the past 20 years. One of the biggest concerns for these patients, given the inflammatory nature of their disease, is the progression from chronic inflammation to cancer. Patients with ulcerative colitis have about a 2.4-fold increased risk of developing colorectal cancer compared to the general population, which is concerning since colorectal cancer is the 2nd leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States. Traditionally, surgery was the preferred treatment for ulcerative colitis patients with dysplasia, but now, with advances in surveillance such as high-definition colonoscopy and chromoendoscopy, the management approach is more nuanced. Understanding the risk for different individuals within this patient population is key to comprehensive and personalized care management. In this review article, we will explore risk factors, surveillance methods, and classification.

Meeting global climate targets and sustainable energy demands requires carbon‐neutral fuels and innovative conversion pathways. Solar fuels via methane valorization offer a promising approach by harnessing concentrated solar energy to convert abundant methane resources (e.g., natural gas or biogas) into clean hydrogen and synthetic fuels, effectively storing solar energy in chemical bonds while mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. This review article provides a comprehensive assessment of solar‐driven thermochemical methane conversion pathways including solar reforming, methane pyrolysis, and chemical looping. It introduces a unified performance benchmarking framework, establishing consistent metrics for efficiency, conversion, and yield to enable fair cross‐comparison of these diverse pathways. Furthermore, techno‐economic analysis and life‐cycle assessment are integrated, offering a holistic evaluation of each pathway's practical viability and environmental impact. By bridging fundamental solar‐thermal reactor performance with economic and environmental perspectives, the review highlights key trade‐offs and opportunities, guiding the development of scalable solar fuel technologies for a carbon‐neutral future.

There is marked heterogeneity in the clinical response to omega-3 fatty acid therapy with many authors documenting futility in large-scale trials, secondary re-analysis, and meta-analysis. The question of failure in the context of omega-3 therapy is multifactorial and complicated by the observation that fish intake has been broadly linked to significant risk reductions across a range of conditions. The question that remains is how can we resolve the discrepancy between pre-clinical evidence and epidemiology, which dually emphasize the benefit of omega-3 therapy against the limited success of large-scale clinical trials and smaller scale clinical studies that do not consistently report benefit and may even report harm, especially as it pertains to atrial fibrillation. We present three primary considerations that may clarify the supposed failures of omega-3 therapy: 1) correction for omega-3:omega-6 ratio and competition, 2) variation in the fatty acid composition and quality of omega-3 products, and 3) fundamental concerns pertaining to the omega-3 vehicle and its impact on omega-3 metabolism. While the predominant source of omega-3 therapy is supplements, they are typically not regulated prior to market like drugs and have significant variability in fatty acid composition, vehicle, oxidation, and quality control. Further, the individual response to omega-3 therapy is likely variable and dependent on ambient dietary conditions and inherited differences in endogenous desaturase activity, which has infrequently been accounted for in large studies. The net effect of these concerns should engender pharmaceutical and consumer companies alike to consider 1) refining trial design and 2) consider the role of oxidation in the failure of omega-3 products.

This review article focuses on the biological synthesis, characterisations and mechanism of action of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as an anticancer agent. The article explores various aspects, such as reactive oxygen species, cytotoxicity, and targeted delivery. Several research reports illustrate that green-synthesised AuNPs act as a reducing and stabilising agent. Biosynthesised AuNPs were characterised by various techniques like UV–Vis spectroscopy, SEM, TEM, and FTIR to determine attributes of nanoparticles. Cytotoxicity and anticancer activity were evaluated against cancer cell lines. This article summarises several research reports where AuNPs showed lower toxicity towards normal cell lines than cancer cells via ROS, disruption in physiological and metabolic processes, and apoptosis. AuNPs provide a versatile and efficient approach for cancer due to their ability to target specific sites and biocompatibility. Nanotechnology, by using green synthesis of AuNPs, holds promise for creating advanced and personalised treatment against cancer in the future.