To limit energy costs and environmental impacts related to road lighting, luminance-based designing is the best solution to provide the right amount of light on the surfaces to be lit. But this exercise requires knowledge of the reflection properties of the road surface, which are generally unknown. Therefore, the design is often done in terms of illuminance, and luminance is estimated using the standard r -tables provided by the CIE 50 years ago. This review article presents the current state of knowledge on the reflection properties of road surfaces and the external factors (age, traffic, climatic conditions) that may influence them for road lighting applications. These factors are closely connected, and they were not addressed in isolation. However, this article illustrates the evolving and dynamic nature of the reflection properties of road surfaces over time. To characterise a road surface in a state representative of most of its life, it is preferable to wait 2 years after application, especially for bituminous roads with no initial surface treatment. Furthermore, spatial heterogeneity could be considered by taking measurements in the centre track and in the wheel track.

Contemporary social work faces mounting pressure to transcend its historically Eurocentric theoretical foundations and engage more meaningfully with diverse epistemological traditions. Indigenous value systems, characterised by holistic well-being, relational ontologies, communal responsibility, and deep ecological connectedness, offer substantial conceptual resources for enriching social work practice in ways that are culturally responsive, community-centred, and structurally transformative. This review article examines the theoretical and practical dimensions of synergising social work with Indigenous value systems to address pressing contemporary social challenges, including mental health crises, child welfare concerns, environmental degradation, and entrenched social inequalities. Drawing on a narrative review of peer-reviewed literature and authoritative international reports, the article identifies key convergence points between social work and Indigenous epistemologies, critically analyses the decolonisation imperative within the profession, and proposes a conceptual framework that integrates Indigenous knowledge systems into mainstream social work theory and practice. The framework emphasises four interlocking principles: epistemic pluralism, relational accountability, cultural safety, and structural transformation. The article further discusses implications for social work education, policy formulation, and frontline practice, whilst acknowledging the significant challenges posed by institutional inertia, tokenism, and unresolved tensions between Western and Indigenous paradigms. It is suggested that the genuine integration of Indigenous value systems into social work holds considerable promise not only for improving outcomes for Indigenous populations but also for reinvigorating the broader social work profession in its pursuit of social justice and human dignity.

Depression and anxiety in patients with eye diseases represent a significant medical and social problem, as they remain underdiagnosed by ophthalmologists, leading to reduced quality of life, social isolation, and disability. Timely detection of mental disorders and an interdisciplinary approach improve rehabilitation and prognosis. This review article presents data on the prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD) and anxiety in patients with eye diseases. The average prevalence of depression is 25%, with the highest rates in dry eye syndrome (29–40%), glaucoma (10–32%), age-related macular degeneration (2–44%), and diabetic retinopathy. Depression and anxiety remain underdiagnosed, worsening patients’ quality of life and leading to social isolation. The authors emphasize the need for screening mental disorders by ophthalmologists and an interdisciplinary approach involving psychologists and psychiatrists to improve rehabilitation and preserve psychoemotional health in patients of all age groups.

ABSTRACT This review article examines jet‐propulsion mechanisms in underwater soft robotic systems, focusing exclusively on physically fabricated and experimentally validated robots. Covering research published from 2013 to 2025, this study classifies and evaluates jet‐propulsion robots based on their actuation mechanisms. This review outlines the fundamental working principles, discusses the key advantages and limitations, and assesses the practicality of these mechanisms for underwater applications. Additionally, a list of robots employing each actuation method is presented, illustrating the diversity of approaches within the field. By systematically comparing these studies, this review identifies critical performance trade‐offs, potential challenges, and opportunities for innovation in jet‐propulsion‐based underwater robotics. Ultimately, this work serves as a valuable resource for researchers and engineers, facilitating advancements in the design and application of bioinspired underwater jetting robots.

Arsenic, a toxic metalloid, may cause significant public health impact due to its cumulative toxicity upon chronic exposure. Continuous low-level ingestion of arsenic, often through contaminated groundwater or food, leads to gradual accumulation and a spectrum of health effects over time. Long-term arsenic exposure is associated with dermatological lesions (pigmentation changes and keratosis), various cancers (skin, lung, bladder, etc.), cardiovascular disease, neuropathy, diabetes, and other systemic effects, reflecting its classification as a Group 1 human carcinogen. Ayurveda Classics describe a unique concept of cumulative toxicity under Dushi Visha (latent poison). A comparative analysis of clinical features shows that many symptoms of chronic arsenic toxicity (fatigue, gastrointestinal disturbances, skin changes, neuropathy, etc.) mirror the descriptions of Dushi Visha. Management of chronic arsenic toxicity is challenging, as no specific antidote exists apart from chelation therapy; hence, modern treatment focuses on eliminating exposure and supportive care. Ayurveda offers detoxification (Shodhana) therapies and herbal formulations aimed at expelling latent toxins and mitigating symptoms. This review paper discusses the concept of cumulative arsenic toxicity in modern toxicology and draws parallels with the Ayurvedic notion of Dushi Visha. An integrative understanding of arsenic's cumulative toxicity through both modern and traditional lenses can enrich prevention and management strategies for arsenic poisoning.

Liquid biopsy is the analysis of tumour components in bodily fluids and is increasingly considered a complementary approach to conventional diagnostics. Although tissue biopsy is the gold standard in clinical diagnostics, this approach is invasive, spatially restricted, and often difficult to perform repeatedly. Liquid biopsy is a minimally invasive approach for molecular analysis of tumours using circulating tumour DNA, cells, and extracellular vesicles, including exosomes. Although significant progress in this field has been made, a comprehensive synthesis of the biological basis, analytical methods, and clinical utility of these circulating markers still seems fragmented, with considerable methodological heterogeneity hindering standardised clinical use. This, in turn, underscores the need to understand the appropriate approach to the clinical utility of liquid biopsy. This review article is a concise and comprehensive synthesis of important liquid biopsy markers, a review of detection methods and their utility in cancer management, and an examination of the methodological limitations of this approach, including sensitivity, standardisation, and interpretation. This review article consolidates current evidence and highlights the importance of liquid biopsy and its utility for disease monitoring and precision oncology-based therapeutic decisions.

The preparation of parenteral nutrition (PN) admixtures involves a high degree of technical and clinical complexity, requiring standardized and safe procedures. This review article, developed within the framework of the Spanish consensus on PN preparation, presents practical recommendations on key aspects of the formulation and use of PN, including the order of component addition, final product labeling, appropriate storage conditions, and essential quality control measures prior to administration. The guidelines provided here were developed using an adapted Delphi methodology, based on a comprehensive review of scientific evidence and the clinical experience of expert professionals. A logical sequence of addition is proposed to reduce the risk of physicochemical incompatibilities, such as calcium phosphate precipitation or lipid emulsion destabilization. Furthermore, the importance of accurate labeling is emphasized as a tool for traceability and clinical safety, especially in high-risk settings. Quality control procedures-including gravimetric, physicochemical, and microbiological checks-are detailed, alongside recommendations for proper storage (refrigeration, light protection) and the use of in-line filtration during administration. This document offers a comprehensive and updated framework to standardize pharmaceutical and clinical practices, ultimately improving the quality, safety, and efficacy of intravenous nutritional therapy.

This review article, developed within the framework of the Spanish consensus on parenteral nutrition (PN) preparation, analyzes the role of two technological approaches that have significantly transformed clinical practice in this field: automated compounding systems (ACS) and multi-chamber bags. ACS enable full individualization of PN formulations, improve dosing accuracy, and reduce errors associated with manual handling through the integration of peristaltic or volumetric pumps managed by dedicated software. However, their implementation requires substantial initial investment, technical validation, ongoing staff training, and a robust system for quality oversight. In contrast, multi-chamber bags provide a standardized and safe alternative in clinical settings where nutritional requirements are predictable, such as conventional hospitalization or home parenteral nutrition. Their low level of manipulation results in reduced operational costs, shorter preparation times, and a lower risk of compounding errors. This document reviews optimal conditions for use, advantages, limitations, and selection criteria for both strategies. When correctly implemented, both approaches represent a significant advancement in the safety, efficiency, and quality of parenteral nutrition services. The choice between them should be individualized based on patient profile, available technical resources, and the organizational structure of each healthcare facility.

Surgical excision is the gold standard treatment for T1b renal cell carcinoma (RCC). However, due to the comorbidities especially in elderly patients, not all are candidates for surgery or prefer surgical approaches. This has raised the interest in minimally invasive ablation therapy for such patient population given that ablation techniques have shown favorable long term oncologic and survival outcomes for T1 a renal tumor. This review article delves into the application of ablation technologies, including percutaneous cryoablation (PCA), radiofrequency ablation (RFA), and microwave ablation (MWA), for managing T1b renal tumors (4.1-7cm). This review comprehensively explores patient selection, contraindications, clinical evaluation, ablation procedures, imaging modalities, technical considerations, complications, and follow-up care. Additional insights of the efficacy, safety, and outcomes of ablation techniques for treating T1b renal tumors are presented. As the field continues to evolve, understanding the nuances of ablation as an alternative treatment modality for T1b renal tumors becomes essential for optimizing patient care and decision-making.

Diplopia is a common symptom of interdisciplinary significance that can lead to marked impairment of function. Its causes range from harmless to life-threatening conditions that must be precisely distinguished. For this CME review article, a PubMed search was conducted in an interdisciplinary collaboration of ophthalmologists and neurologists. Systematic history-taking and a structured clinical examination are the basis for topographic-anatomical diagnosis and the differentiation of peripheral and central causes. It is important to distinguish monocular from binocular diplopia. Monocular diplopia persists when one eye is covered and is not dangerous. Binocular diplopia may arise from disturbances at a variety of anatomical levels that can result from many different causes: disturbances of fusion in strabismus, diseases of the eye muscles such as thyroid eye disease or mitochondropathies, orbital trauma, impaired neuromuscular transmission in myasthenia gravis, fascicular or nuclear lesions of the three nerves that supply the extraocular muscles (oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens), supranuclear lesions "above" the cranial nerve nuclei, and cerebellar diseases. The most common causes, together accounting for ca. 70% of cases, are decompensated latent strabismus and cranial nerve palsies, followed by orbital, brainstem, and cerebellar diseases. Diplopia can be accurately diagnosed through a systematic approach that includes precise history-taking and clinical examination of eye position and eye movements. On this basis, there can be a targeted and specific search for the various underlying causes. When the patient's leading symptom is isolated diplopia, the ophthalmologist is generally the specialist to whom the primary care physician should turn next.

Abstract Several theories explain how adults understand verbal irony, but only a few have been generalized to explain children’s comprehension of verbal irony. In this narrative review paper, we identify cues to verbal irony (Theme 1), related cognitive skills (Theme 2), and social experience (Theme 3) as three main themes in the existing developmental verbal irony literature. Next, we review papers where researchers have directly tested theories with children to determine which theories have been generalized to explain these themes. This allows us to identify which research domains have received a theoretical interpretation, and which ones should be theoretically examined in future research. Based on our summary, we suggest that the Parallel Constraint Satisfaction (PCS) framework provides a promising verbal irony theory, and we identify directions for future research for testing the PCS framework.

To limit energy costs and environmental impacts related to road lighting, luminance-based designing is the best solution to provide the right amount of light on the surfaces to be lit. However, this exercise requires knowledge of the reflection properties of the road surface, which are generally unknown. Therefore, the design is often done in terms of illuminance, and luminance is estimated using the standard r -tables provided by the CIE 50 years ago. This review article presents the state of knowledge on the reflection properties of road surfaces and the internal factors (family and nature of road surface, composition, type of aggregates, binders used, surface treatments) that may influence them for road lighting applications. Although some trends emerge based on the family of road surface, the wide variety of these factors, their interactions, or the extent to which they have been studied make it difficult to establish generalisable rules. The main international consensus is the need to revise the CIE standard r -tables. This article also identifies the need for further research, and the descriptive summary of the characteristics of road surfaces and their field of use that we propose is a solid basis for carrying this out in a unified manner.

Bioanalytical method validation is a foundation of drug development, ensuring that pharmacokinetic (PK), toxicokinetic (TK), and biomarker assays produce accurate, precise, reliable, and decision-enabling data. Over the past several decades, advances in analytical technologies including ligand-binding assays (LBAs) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) platforms have transformed the field of bioanalysis. Regulatory guidance from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the European Medicines Agency (EMA), and the International Council for Harmonization (ICH) has evolved to reflect these advancements. This review provides a comprehensive comparison of PK and biomarker assay validation, highlighting critical parameters such as selectivity, sensitivity, calibration, accuracy, precision, dilution/parallelism, specificity, and stability. Best practice recommendations are provided for method development, qualification, and validation, with a focus on fit-for-purpose (FFP) approaches and context-of-use (CoU) considerations. Areas of ambiguity in current regulatory expectations for biomarker validations, common pitfalls encountered during regulatory interactions, and emerging trends in bioanalysis are also reviewed. This review paper aims to guide bioanalytical scientists in developing robust, compliant assays that support regulatory submissions and facilitate informed drug development decisions.

Modern intensive care medicine enables many patients to recover and return to normal life despite suffering from very severe acute illnesses. However, as intensive care patients are increasingly elderly and frail or suffer from advanced incurable chronic diseases, it is important to discuss the limits of intensive care medicine. Some medical interventions in the intensive care unit (ICU) may not support patients' individual therapeutic goals which are tailored to patients' conditions and in accordance with personal wishes. Such interventions can be experienced as ethically challenging by ICU staff and can be burdensome and stressful for patients and their relatives. This review paper discusses the issue of potentially inappropriate care in ICUs from the perspective of patients and their relatives, ICU staff and society. Possible reasons for the occurrence of potentially inappropriate treatment are identified and possible ways for avoidance are shown. The reasons for potentially inappropriate treatment are multifaceted and include patient-related and staff-related reasons. Treatment teams, patients and family members are facing numerous uncertainties concerning the patient's will and medical prognoses, e.g. possible future cognitive impairment. Structured communication and time-limited trials are possible strategies to avoid potentially inappropriate treatment, to explore patient wishes and decide upon individually tailored treatment strategies. It is indispensable to regularly re-evaluate therapeutic goals. Interprofessional support by palliative teams, psychologists, counselling and ethics advisory boards can be useful to improve patient-centered care. Astructured approach is needed when deciding to withhold or withdraw care. There are anumber of strategies that treatment teams in ICUs can implement to reduce the stress caused by potentially inappropriate care. Ultimately, however, asocietal debate on the topic is indispensable.

Abstract- The safety of railway transportation is a burning issue because of the growing number of rail traffic, the deteriorating infrastructure and constant track-related failures. Track cracks and structural faults are among other reasons of railway accidents that cause derailments and disruption of services. The old methods of manual inspection are time consuming, labor intensive and can be subject to human error and as such, cannot be used effectively in proving continuous monitoring. The latest trends in the embedded systems, wireless sensor networks, and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies have made it possible to design smart railway track monitoring systems. This review paper is a detailed discussion of the currently available railway track crack detection systems that are grounded on the IoT, embedded systems, vibration sensors and wireless monitoring systems. It is a critical analysis of sensor technologies, data transmission techniques, detection precision, cost-efficiency, and scalability of the system. Moreover, the article identifies gaps in research in real-time monitoring, remote reporting and fault localization. This review will shed light on how effective, cost-effective and scalable railway track crack detection systems can be designed to promote operational reliability and passenger safety by synthesizing findings of recent research on this topic. The Development of an IoT-Based Smart Railway Accident Detection System based on Ultrasonic Sensing Technology tries to improve the safety of railways by providing real-time monitoring and automatic detection of faults. The ultrasonic sensors identify any obstacles, cracks or abnormalities on the railway tracks and the IoT technology sends the alerts to a control center. The system facilitates the early identification, minimization of accidents, and efficient maintenance and safety management of the railways. Keywords— Railway Track Monitoring, Crack Detection, Internet of Things (IoT), ultrasonic sensor, IR Sensors, Railway Safety etc.

Abstract Background Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) PET/CT has transformed prostate cancer (PCa) management by improving lesion detection and guiding treatment decisions across disease stages. Following the first paper of the Italian PSMA Survey focused on technical aspects and primary staging, this second analysis explores its clinical use in PSA persistence after radical prostatectomy, biochemical recurrence (BCR), hormone-sensitive metastatic (mHSPC), and castration-resistant metastatic (mCRPC) settings. Methods A national cross-sectional survey was conducted jointly by five Italian scientific societies involving nuclear medicine physicians, medical oncologists, radiation oncologists, and urologists (AIMN, AIOM, AIRO, SIU, SIUrO) and the Meet-URO cooperative group. Dedicated sections addressed the adoption, timing, and perceived clinical impact of PSMA PET/CT in PSA persistence after radical prostatectomy, BCR, mHSPC, and mCRPC. Responses were analysed descriptively and stratified by medical competences (clinicians versus nuclear medicine physicians). Results PSMA PET/CT emerged as the preferred imaging modality in all clinical scenarios. In PSA persistence and BCR, 87–95% of respondents selected PSMA PET as first-line imaging, most often performed at PSA levels of 0.2–0.5 ng/mL. When negative, more than two-thirds recommended repeating PSMA PET/CT after PSA further rise. In mHSPC, over 80% of clinicians applied the CHAARTED criteria directly to PSMA PET findings, while PSMA PET/CT was also widely used for restaging and therapy monitoring. In mCRPC, PSMA PET/CT was routinely used for baseline and follow-up imaging. Most clinicians considered the low-dose CT component sufficient for radioligand therapy (RLT) eligibility, while [ 18 F]Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET was reserved for selected high-risk or discordant cases. Conclusion PSMA PET/CT has become the central imaging modality in the management of advanced PCa in Italy. Its adoption has progressed faster than supporting evidence, underscoring the need for prospective validation, implementation of harmonised interpretation criteria, and unified national recommendations.

Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) reporting has emerged as a significant framework for evaluating sustainability performance and promoting ethical accountability in modern development systems. Increasing global concerns about environmental degradation, social inequality, and governance failures have encouraged organizations to adopt ESG frameworks to integrate sustainability into their strategic and operational practices. ESG reporting provides structured disclosures related to environmental impacts, social responsibilities, and governance mechanisms, enabling stakeholders to assess organizational commitment to sustainable and responsible practices. This review article examines the conceptual foundations of ESG, its dimensions, reporting mechanisms, and the role of ESG disclosures in promoting transparency and ethical governance. The study also explores the transition from Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) to ESG frameworks and discusses how environmental, social, and governance indicators contribute to evaluating sustainability performance. In addition, the article highlights key benefits of ESG reporting, including improved organizational credibility, enhanced stakeholder confidence, stronger sustainability strategies, and better environmental performance monitoring. However, the review also identifies several challenges associated with ESG reporting, such as greenwashing, ESG fatigue, inconsistencies in reporting standards, and difficulties in measuring ethical performance. Case illustrations including the Volkswagen emissions scandal and the Rana Plaza disaster further demonstrate the limitations of sustainability monitoring systems and the need for stronger governance and transparency mechanisms. The study concludes that improving reporting transparency, strengthening governance structures, and developing standardized ESG evaluation systems are essential for enhancing the credibility and effectiveness of ESG reporting in supporting sustainable development and ethical accountability.

African food systems are at a crisis point. Climate change, rapid population growth, hyperinflation, wars, conflicts, and pandemics are among the causes of this disarray. Deliberations on transforming the system and empowering it to meet its mandate are ongoing. This article contributes to these ongoing deliberations by exploring the diagnostic potential of financial technology (FinTech) to improve African food systems, focusing on Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). This is achieved by identifying the challenges of SSA food systems and exploring how FinTech can be used to address these challenges. The review article draws from a content analysis of secondary literature on food systems and FinTech, focusing on the possibilities of intersection. The article shows that Fintech can help streamline financial processes in SSA food systems, facilitating digital payments and lending, making it easier for food system actors to access credit and insurance, thus improving their operations. FinTech solutions like blockchain can also improve supply chain transparency and traceability. FinTech enables AI-powered tools for monitoring crop and animal health and optimising operations, ultimately contributing to food systems' efficiency, sustainability, and resilience. Despite several challenges, the article concludes that FinTech wields much potential to transform SSA food systems by improving financial access, enhancing transparency, promoting sustainability, and optimising operations across the food chain.

The manyfold salivary gland and cutaneous adnexal tumors exhibit a confusing mixture of striking similarities and analogies, but also major discrepancies. Scientific literature focusing on a comparison of these two tumor groups is largely lacking so far. This 2-part review article presents a comparison of both tumor groups, investigating similarities and discrepancies in their clinical aspects, terminology, (immune)-histology, and molecular pathology. An initial comparison of the basic microscopic and functional anatomy of normal salivary and cutaneous adnexal structures is followed by a topographic assessment of practical differential diagnostic difficulties, anatomically highlighted in the overlapping periparotid and perioral areas. Altogether, 21 of 36 benign and malignant salivary tumor entities display histological similarities to adnexal tumors of eccrine, apocrine, and rarely sebaceous, but not trichofollicular differentiation. In this first part of the review on related tumor entities, major histological and partly terminological and/or molecular similarities are compared for salivary pleomorphic adenoma/myoepithelioma versus cutaneous mixed tumor/myoepithelioma, for basal cell adenoma and carcinoma versus spiradenoma, cylindroma, and spiradenocarcinoma, as well as for the principle of secondary malignant transformation ex different types of benign adenomas.

Abstract The concept of hybrid quasiparticles has emerged as a cornerstone of modern condensed matter physics, offering powerful means to control material properties and engineer new functionalities. Among these, the magnon polarons (MPs), a mixed state arising from the strong coupling between magnons (spin wave excitation) and phonons (lattice vibration), have recently garnered significant attention. This review article comprehensively investigates recent advancements in the field of MPs. We begin by elucidating the fundamental magnetoelastic coupling mechanisms that underlie the formation of MPs. A detailed account of the primary experimental techniques, including inelastic neutron scattering and light scattering, are provided, highlighting their unique roles in probing the spectral and spatial properties of MPs. Furthermore, we explore the profound implications of the formation of MPs on spin and heat transport phenomena, such as the spin pumping, spin Seebeck effect, and spin Peltier effect. We then present a panorama of material systems where MPs have been experimentally observed, ranging from rare-earth iron garnets to antiferromagnets, multiferroic materials, and van der Waals magnets. Finally, we discuss emerging devices, applications and future research directions, underscoring the potential of MPs as integral components in next-generation spintronic and quantum information devices.