• A dual taxonomy is introduced linking generative AI tools with reinforcement learning. • First review to analyze RL training and fine-tuning of generative policies for robotics control tasks. • Covers 245 papers integrating Transformer and Diffusion-based architectures into RL pipelines. • Highlights key roles of LLMs, VLMs, diffusion models, world and video prediction models in robotics policy learning. • Identifies open challenges in grounding, scalability, and safety of robotics generative policies. Recently, generative AI and reinforcement learning (RL) have been redefining what is possible for AI agents that take information flows as input and produce intelligent behavior. As a result, we are seeing similar advancements in embodied AI and robotics for control policy generation. Our review paper examines the integration of generative AI models with RL to advance robotics. Our primary focus is on the duality between generative AI and RL for robotics downstream tasks. Specifically, we investigate: (1) The role of prominent generative AI tools as modular priors for multi-modal input fusion in RL tasks. (2) How RL can train, fine-tune and distill generative models for policy generation, such as VLA models, similarly to RL applications in large language models. We then propose a new taxonomy based on a considerable amount of selected papers. Lastly, we identify open challenges accounting for model scalability, adaptation and grounding, giving recommendations and insights on future research directions. We reflect on which generative AI models best fit the RL tasks and why. On the other side, we reflect on important issues inherent to RL-enhanced generative policies, such as safety concerns and failure modes, and what are the limitations of current methods. A curated collection of relevant research papers is maintained on our GitHub repository , serving as a resource for ongoing research and development in this field.

Life cycle assessment of hydrogen delivery pathways: a review

Background: Differentiating iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) from anaemia of chronic disease (ACD) in hospitalised adults is a clinically critical yet diagnostically challenging task. Conventional iron indices, especially serum ferritin, are confounded by inflammatory acute-phase responses, reducing their reliability in patients with co-existing inflammatory or malignant conditions. The serum ferritin-to-transferrin receptor ratio (Ferritin/TfR ratio) operationalised as the soluble transferrin receptor to log-ferritin index (TfR-F index) has emerged as a composite biomarker that integrates iron store assessment with cellular iron demand, offering superior discrimination in inflammatory clinical contexts. Objectives: This review critically evaluates the biochemical basis, diagnostic performance, comparative utility, and clinical integration of the Ferritin/TfR ratio in distinguishing IDA from ACD in hospitalised adult patients and identifies key gaps and future research priorities. Methods: A structured narrative review of peer-reviewed literature was conducted across PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, and Web of Science (1990–2024). Studies reporting diagnostic accuracy metrics (AUC, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values) for sTfR, ferritin, and composite indices in IDA/ACD differentiation were identified, critically appraised, and synthesised. Results: Soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) concentrations are unaffected by the acute-phase inflammatory response and are significantly elevated in IDA and ACD/IDA but normal or minimally elevated in pure ACD. The TfR-F index (sTfR/log ferritin) consistently outperforms individual markers, achieving AUC values of 0.87–1.00 across diverse patient populations and study designs. In the diagnostically challenging ferritin grey zone (10–100 ng/mL), where conventional ferritin loses discriminative utility, the TfR-F index achieves AUC values of 0.962–0.994. Validated performance is demonstrated in rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, chronic kidney disease, and other inflammatory conditions prevalent among hospitalised adults. Conclusion: The Ferritin/TfR ratio represents a robust, inflammation-independent composite biomarker for discriminating IDA from ACD in hospitalised adults. Integration of the TfR-F index into clinical diagnostic algorithms, particularly for patients with ambiguous ferritin values in inflammatory contexts, is strongly warranted. Assay standardisation, population-specific cut-off derivation, and prospective longitudinal studies constitute the most pressing research priorities.

The increasing integration of digital technologies into daily life has significantly altered student behavior, giving rise to concerns about screen time addiction. This review article presents findings from a survey conducted among 1,200 students to assess patterns, causes, and consequences of excessive screen use. Results show that 70.8% of students primarily use digital devices for social media, followed by 25% for entertainment, 2.5% for academic purposes, and 0.8% each for gaming and online shopping. Device preference patterns revealed that 52% regularly use smartphones, 20.3% laptops, 15.5% TV or gaming consoles, and 12.3% smartwatches. Daily screen time was reported as 4–6 hours by 56.3% of students, 6–8 hours by 19.4%, 2-4 hours by 16.2%, over 8 hours by 4.2%, and less than 2 hours by only 4%. Notably, 70.4% of respondents often felt anxious or restless without digital access, while 17.7% experienced it sometimes, 7.7% always, and 3.5% never. Despite awareness of the problem, 61.8% had unsuccessfully tried to reduce screen time. Alarmingly, 80.7% admitted to staying up late daily due to device use. Additionally, 65% of students reported difficulty concentrating without checking their phones, 84.5% used screens during meals or social settings, and 73.3% experienced sleep disturbances. Other reported health issues included eye strain (8.6%), neck/back pain (3.5%), and anxiety or irritability (3.3%). Most students (63.6%) slept for 4-6 hours, 32.3% for 6–8 hours, 2.2% for over 8 hours, and 2% for 4 hours or less. Alarmingly, 85.5% were unaware of the term "screen time addiction," and 96.9% did not consider it a serious issue. These findings highlight a significant behavioral health challenge in student communities, emphasizing the need for awareness campaigns, digital hygiene education, and institutional interventions to promote healthier screen habits.

Induction motors are extensively used in industrial and electric vehicle applications due to their robustness, costeffectiveness, and low maintenance requirements. However, their performance is often affected by electrical, mechanical, and environmental faults, leading to reduced efficiency and unexpected failures. This review paper presents a comprehensive analysis of recent advancements in induction motor monitoring, fault diagnosis, and control techniques, with a focus on integrating soft-start mechanisms and Internet of Things (IoT)-based systems. Conventional methods such as Motor Current Signature Analysis (MCSA), vibration analysis, and thermal monitoring are discussed alongside modern approaches including artificial intelligence and data-driven techniques for enhanced fault detection. Furthermore, the role of IoT in enabling realtime monitoring, remote control, and predictive maintenance is critically examined. Recent developments in energy-efficient motor drives and soft-start technologies are also reviewed to highlight their impact on reducing inrush current and improving operational reliability. The study identifies key challenges such as lack of integrated systems and limited real-time decisionmaking capabilities. Finally, it emphasizes the need for intelligent, IoT-enabled, and energy-efficient solutions to enhance motor performance, reliability, and lifespan in modern industrial environments.

The increasing global demand for sustainable and environmentally friendly energy has intensified research on renewable power generation systems. Among various renewable sources, solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind energy have emerged as the most reliable and widely adopted technologies. However, their intermittent nature due to changing weather conditions limits their standalone performance. To overcome this challenge, hybrid solar–wind energy systems have been developed to ensure continuous and stable power supply. This review paper presents a comprehensive analysis of solar–wind hybrid systems, focusing on their modeling, simulation, control strategies, and performance evaluation using MATLAB/Simulink. Various system configurations, energy storage techniques, power electronic interfaces, and optimization methods reported in recent literature are discussed. The study highlights the importance of effective synchronization, energy management, and control mechanisms in improving system reliability and efficiency. Additionally, current challenges and research gaps related to storage integration, real-time monitoring, and economic feasibility are identified. The findings emphasize that hybrid systems can significantly enhance energy availability and reduce dependency on fossil fuels. This review aims to provide valuable insights for researchers and engineers involved in the design and implementation of hybrid renewable energy systems.

Urban public transportation systems face significant challenges in providing reliable and transparent services to commuters. The absence of real-time information about bus locations leads to passenger uncertainty, inefficient journey planning, and reduced adoption of public transport. This review paper comprehensively examines the evolution, implementation methodologies, and technological frameworks of real-time city bus tracking systems. The study analyzes existing GPS-based tracking solutions, mobile application architectures, cloud computing integration, and emerging technologies including Internet of Things (IoT), Firebase Realtime Database, and machine learning prediction algorithms. Through systematic review of literature from 2018 to 2025, this paper identifies key technological components, implementation challenges, comparative analysis of existing systems, and future research directions. The findings reveal that modern bus tracking systems increasingly leverage cross-platform mobile frameworks like Flutter, cloud-based backend services, and predictive analytics to enhance user experience and operational efficiency.

The rapid growth of digital systems and internet-based services has significantly increased the risk of cyber threats, making vulnerability assessment a crucial aspect of cybersecurity. This review paper examines various vulnerability scanner tools and techniques used to identify security weaknesses in networks and applications. It analyzes widely used tools such as Nessus, OpenVAS, and Nikto, focusing on their working mechanisms, features, advantages, and limitations. The paper also discusses different types of scanning approaches, including network-based, host-based, and web application scanning. Furthermore, key challenges such as false positives, performance overhead, and limited vulnerability coverage are highlighted. Based on the analysis of existing studies, the paper provides insights into current trends and suggests future improvements, including the integration of artificial intelligence and automated security solutions. This review aims to assist researchers and practitioners in understanding and selecting appropriate vulnerability scanning tools for enhancing system security.

Modern software development has undergone a significant transformation from individual programming practices to highly collaborative and distributed workflows. The increasing adoption of remote work, team-based development, and opensource contributions has created a strong demand for tools that support real-time collaboration and seamless communication among developers. However, traditional Integrated Development Environments (IDEs), despite being feature-rich, often lack built-in mechanisms for synchronous coding and interaction, leading developers to depend on multiple external tools for communication and coordination. This review paper presents a comprehensive analysis of collaborative coding environments, with a particular focus on the proposed system, SyncCode Studio. The study explores the evolution of collaborative IDEs and examines key enabling technologies such as WebSockets, cloud computing, and real-time databases that facilitate multi-user interaction and data synchronization. It also includes a comparative evaluation of existing platforms and discusses their limitations in terms of integration and efficiency.

One way that pathogens develop resistance to pharmaceuticals is by forming biofilms, which are 3-D communities of bacteria. As a result, there is considerable interest in identifying new antibiofilm agents from nature that can be used to treat these infections. This review looked at a very common antibiotic-resistant bacterium (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) that is a major contributor to human disease because it produces large amounts of biofilm and is a huge contributor to antibiotic resistance in humans. Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces many virulence factors and has many virulence-associated genes that make it very troublesome for health care providers because the morbidity and mortality associated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections are exceedingly high. Treatments focusing on the inhibition of virulence factors are generally more effective than antibiotics at reducing Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence. The primary goal of this review was to evaluate how ginger, coriander leaf, Gardenia, algae, Terminalia bellerica, and eucalyptus extracts affect quorum-sensing (QS)-associated virulence factors and biofilm formation in clinical isolates of antibiotic-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Results indicated that the extracts significantly decreased the protease activity, pyocyanin production, and concentration of exotoxin A produced by the isolates. All clinical isolates exhibited substantially reduced swarming and swimming motility and produced far less biofilm.

ABSTRACT As libraries adapt to the digital age and the challenges posed by the evolving information landscape, adopting emerging technologies becomes paramount. With its reputation for security, transparency, and decentralization, blockchain technology has come to light as a potentially revolutionary instrument that might completely change library services and operations. This review paper explores how blockchain has been applied and adopted to suit libraries, shedding light on its transformative capabilities and its benefits. It begins with an introduction to blockchain technology, characterized by critical features and historical context. It then delves into specific use cases within libraries, ranging from cataloguing and metadata management to digital asset preservation and copyright management. Real‐world case studies and examples are presented to illustrate the practical implementation of blockchain in libraries and their consortia. While blockchain technology holds great potential, this article also identifies the implementation obstacles that libraries may encounter, such as budgetary constraints, issues with scalability, and compliance with regulations. Ethical and privacy considerations are examined, emphasizing the need to protect patron data and ensure responsible usage of blockchain technology in a library environment. Additionally, this research review outlines the many advantages and possibilities that blockchain offers libraries, including increased user trust, decreased fraud, and flexibility to accommodate changing user requirements.

Abstract - The growing complexity of residential construction projects in India has exposed limitations in traditional construction methods, including poor coordination, delays, and cost inefficiencies. Building Information Modelling (BIM) has emerged as a modern digital solution to address these challenges by enhancing project integration and performance. This review paper examines existing studies on the use of BIM in residential construction, with a focus on design coordination, scheduling, and cost control. It highlights the application of tools such as Autodesk Revit, Navisworks, and Microsoft Project in improving visualization, collaboration, and early detection of design conflicts. The review also identifies key barriers to BIM adoption, including high initial costs, lack of skilled professionals, and resistance within the industry. Overall, the findings indicate that BIM can significantly improve efficiency, reduce rework, and support better project delivery in terms of time and cost, making it a valuable approach for modernizing construction practices in India. Key Words - BIM, Residential Construction, Revit, Clash Detection, Project Scheduling, Cost Estimation, Digital Construction

Managing Myopic Glaucoma—Beyond Structural Fragility and Diagnostic Challenges: Review Article

Biodegradable plastics are materials that can be decomposed by the action of microbes into water, CO2, and biomass. They are attractive materials to solve the issue of serious environmental pollution due to plastic disposal. Some biodegradable plastics are produced entirely from petroleum-based precursors. The production of new biodegradable plastics and their precursors from CO2 and persistent organic or bio-based compounds using visible-light driven redox with biocatalytic processes is one of the effective resolutions for the environmental issues of plastic pollution and global warming. In this review article, recent research on the visible-light driven production of CO2-based biodegradable plastics and their precursors using a system of light-driven redox and biocatalytic processes is introduced. As a first example, an overview of research into the production of biodegradable plastics, poly(hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and their precursors such as acetate, shikimic acid, acetoin and so on from CO2 using a semiconductor photocatalyst-based photoredox system with a microbial cell as a biocatalytic process is provided. As a second example, an overview is provided of studies on the production of biodegradable plastic precursors, 3-hydroxybutyrate, L-malate and fumarate from CO2 and small organic molecules using an organic dye-based photoredox system with an electron donor, an electron mediator and enzyme-based biocatalytic processes.

Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) have emerged as a powerful strategy for interfacial engineering in organic and molecular electronics, enabling control of surface properties such as wettability, adhesion and electrode work function (WF). The WF is a key parameter for charge injection, transport, and device performance. By adjusting molecular design, dipole orientation, and surface coverage, SAMs allow precise tuning the WF, optimizing energy-level alignment in devices such as organic solar cells (OSCs), organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), and organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs). This review focuses on WF modulation of gold electrodes, a widely used material due to its chemical stability, high conductivity, and compatibility with thiol-based SAMs. We provide a comprehensive overview of thiol derived SAMs for gold surface modification, emphasizing their impact on WF as measured by Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (KPFM), Kelvin Probe (KP), and Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy (UPS). Key parameters including molecular dipole, packing density, chain length, and terminal groups are discussed, along with the advantages of mixed SAMs for achieving precise WF control. These studies demonstrate that strategic molecular selection enables WF tuning across a broad range of 3.7 to 6.0 eV on gold surfaces. This review underscores the potential of SAMs as a versatile tool for advancing organic and molecular electronic through tailored interfacial engineering.

Acute limb ischemia (ALI) is a medical emergency that can be due to prolonged tourniquet application, peripheral arterial disease, arterial embolization, and/or arterial thrombosis. To prevent associated morbidity and mortality, ischemia time should be minimized by urgent or emergent revascularization. However, revascularization can lead to ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), a devastating complication that can cause limb loss, multi-organ failure, and/or death. Currently, management of IRI largely relies on preventative measures and supportive care. In Part 2 of this two-part review article, we will briefly review the pathophysiology of IRI discussed in Part 1, and then discuss contemporary interventions to perfuse an acutely ischemic limb, clinical strategies that have been used to reduce and/or prevent IRI, and lastly, randomized controlled trials that have investigated pharmacological interventions to neutralize or mitigate IRI toxicity.

The field of nanoparticle-based biotechnology has undergone substantial advancement, characterized by progress in targeted drug delivery systems, the development of innovative diagnostic and imaging platforms, the expanded adoption of environmentally sustainable (“green”) synthesis approaches, and an increasing emphasis on the integration of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence and nanorobotics. Conventional nanoparticle synthesis often involves toxic reducing agents; however, recent advances promote eco-friendly green synthesis methods utilizing biological systems such as bacteria, fungi, algae, yeast, plants, and actinomycetes. These biological approaches are safe, sustainable, cost-effective, and capable of producing highly stable Nanoparticles (NPs). The interaction of nanomaterials with biological systems is crucial for developing intracellular and subcellular drug delivery technologies with minimal toxicity, governed by nano–bio interface mechanisms such as cellular translocation, surface wrapping, embedding, and internal attachment. Key factors influencing NP behavior include morphology, size, surface area, surface charge, and ligand chemistry. Magnetic nanoparticles, particularly iron-based forms, exhibit unique superparamagnetic properties that are strongly influenced by particle size, as explained by the Néel relaxation mechanism, in which thermal energy induces flipping of magnetic moments. Nanoparticles demonstrate diverse modes of action, including antimicrobial activity, reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and plant growth promotion. NP performance and biological effects are strongly dependent on their size, shape, dosage, and concentration. This critical review article aims to elucidate evolution, classification, preparation methods, and multifaceted applications of nanoparticles

Peripheral nerves provide a direct connection between the brain and the tumor microenvironment. This connection allows the nervous system to influence processes associated with the development, progression, and metastasis of different tumor types. Therefore, tumor innervation by peripheral nerve fibers is currently emerging as a characteristic that contributes to multiple hallmarks of cancer. Several experimental studies have shown that cancer progression involves actively inducing the ingrowth of autonomic and sensory nerve fibers into tumor tissue. In this process, known as neoaxonogenesis, cancer and other cells in the tumor microenvironment play an important role by synthesizing and releasing neurotrophic factors (e.g., nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor), axonal guidance molecules (netrins, semaphorins, ephrins, slits), exosomes (containing microRNA and axonal guidance molecules), and other molecules present in the tumor microenvironment (e.g., granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, leukemia inhibitory factor), which modulate the ingrowth of nerve fibers into the tumor. This results in an increased nerve supply to tumor tissue, which is primarily linked to its growth. However, there are also studies demonstrating the protective effects of increased nerve fiber density against processes associated with cancer progression in certain types of cancer. The findings from these studies contribute to the complexity of neuro-cancer interactions, which is probably based on the type of cancer and the physiological specializations of the nerve fibers in a given organ. Despite contrasting findings, the stimulatory effects of nerve fibers on cancer growth are supported by several studies that described reducing the negative impact of nerve fibers on tumors and thus inhibiting cancer progression. The most significant approaches to reducing neural effects appear to be denervation, the administration of neurotransmitter receptor antagonists, the administration of local anesthetics, and the administration of antibodies against neurotrophic factors. Other significant approaches include methods that improve quality of life, such as psychotherapy and heart rate variability biofeedback. Despite their therapeutic potential, there are several limitations to using approaches that manipulate cancer innervation in clinical practice. These limitations include impaired normal tissue function and nervous system function, as well as the problematic direct application of the therapeutic agent to the tumor site, dosage-dependent, cancer type-dependent, cancer stage-dependent, duration-dependent, and timing-dependent effects. Procedures that modify neoaxonogenesis and nerve fiber signaling appear to be a promising new therapeutic approach in oncology. However, more research is needed to better understand their effects on cancer progression. In the future, the assessment of the presence and density of nerve fibers in tumors, as well as the evaluation of approaches aimed at reducing their negative impact, could be part of personalized anticancer therapy. As part of this therapy, a fresh tumor sample would be collected from the patient to generate patient-derived organoid models to test and consider the possibility of using supportive therapy and to predict its efficacy. Based on these results, it would be possible to evaluate the applicability of nerve-fiber-targeted therapy for a given patient. This review article summarizes and describes the current knowledge concerning the significance of nerve fibers in cancer progression, with a particular emphasis on neoaxonogenesis in tumors and the various factors that influence this process.

Abstract An active inceptor is a sidestick equipped with electromechanical actuators that provide programmable haptic feedback, offering pilots a tangible sense of control and enhancing their situational awareness. By integrating real-time force feedback mechanisms, active inceptors aim to improve handling qualities, reduce pilot workload, and support safer operations, particularly under dynamic or degraded flight conditions. Unlike conventional passive sidesticks, active inceptor systems (AIS) enable adaptive cueing strategies that respond to flight dynamics, control surface behaviour, and flight control laws. This review paper examines the evolving role of AIS in fly-by-wire (FBW) architectures and emerging aircraft control systems. It outlines fundamental design philosophies, summarises recent research and case studies, analyses its integration within flight control architectures, and reviews existing certification and regulatory considerations influencing AIS deployment. In addition, the paper explores potential handling quality assessment frameworks applicable to AIS. While the primary focus of this paper is the AIS application on fixed-wing aircraft, the review also highlights its established and emerging use in rotorcraft, offers insights into potential directions for future research and integration into next-generation flight platforms.

Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy is a fast Raman imaging technique that combines the molecular specificity of vibrational spectroscopy with the high spatial resolution and speed of laser-scanning microscopy. Building on the historical development of Raman and coherent Raman scattering (CRS) theories, advances in ultrafast lasers, modulation schemes, and detection electronics over the past 2 decades have transformed SRS from a laboratory curiosity into a practical platform for chemical imaging. This review article provides an integrated overview of the fundamentals of Raman spectroscopy and SRS microscopy, and presents the architecture of modern SRS instruments, including single-band and hyperspectral designs, contrast mechanisms, and the use of Raman probes. It also reviews recent technological progress in fiber laser sources, denoising and high-sensitivity detection schemes, hybrid and endoscopic SRS implementations, and emerging quantum-enhanced SRS (QE-SRS) approaches that aim to push sensitivity beyond classical limits. On the applications side, this review highlights label-free metabolic imaging at the single-cell level, bioorthogonal Raman tagging of drugs and metabolites, and tissue studies that link lipid metabolism to disease. A dedicated section summarizes the development of stimulated Raman histology (SRH) for intraoperative rapid diagnosis and surgical guidance, including deep-learning convolutional neural network (CNN) and artificial intelligence (AI) models that enable near real-time interpretation of fresh brain and other neoplastic tissues. Additional topics covered in this review include drug delivery, environmental and materials science, analysis of micro- and nanoplastic particles (MNPs), and imaging of fungal, bacterial, and plant systems. Taken together, the studies summarized in this review show that SRS microscopy has matured into a versatile and reliable modality for non-fluorescent chemical imaging across biology, medicine, and materials science, while continued progress in laser sources, detection, computation, and probe design is expected to further expand its capabilities and impact.